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Inamdar S, Cote GA, Yadav D. Endotherapy for Pancreas Divisum. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2023; 33:789-805. [PMID: 37709411 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas divisum (PD) is a common anatomic variant of the pancreatic duct. Causal association between PD and pancreatitis has been debated for many years. Minor papilla sphincterotomy (miES) is offered in clinical practice to patients with idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis (iRAP) and PD. However, available data originate mainly from observational studies with many limitations. An ongoing international, multicenter, sham-controlled trial is evaluating the efficacy of miES in iRAP and PD. Endoscopic therapy for pain relief has limited to no benefit in patients with chronic abdominal pain or chronic pancreatitis who have PD and is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumant Inamdar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Shorey Building, 8th Floor, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Gregory A Cote
- Division of Gastroenterology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L461, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, M2, C-wing, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ito K, Endo A, Kobayashi M, Otomo Y. Severe pancreatic injury with total disruption of main pancreatic duct successfully managed by multi‐stage endoscopic therapy: a case report. Acute Med Surg 2022; 9:e735. [PMID: 35169488 PMCID: PMC8840899 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The management of pancreatic injury is not well‐established. Recently, endoscopic therapy has been reported as a treatment option for main pancreatic duct disruption. Case Presentation A 68‐year‐old man presented to our hospital and was diagnosed with severe traumatic pancreatic injury that developed 2 days prior. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed main pancreatic duct disruption. Although initial stenting to the distal main pancreatic duct was not achieved because of the widespread intermediate fluid collection, an endoscopic naso‐pancreatic drainage tube was successfully inserted into via the main duodenal papilla. After drainage, the endoscopic naso‐pancreatic drainage tube was replaced with an endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage tube, and a stent was successfully placed into the distal main pancreatic duct via the minor papilla. Conclusion We report a case of severe pancreatic injury managed using multi‐stage endoscopic therapy that could be a possible treatment strategy for pancreatic injury with total main pancreatic duct disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ito
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akira Endo
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Otomo
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Abstract
Introduction: Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital malformation of the pancreas with the majority asymptomatic. The etiological role, pathogenesis, clinical significance and management of pancreas divisum in pancreatic disease has not been clearly defined and our understanding is yet to be fully elucidated.Areas covered: This review describes the role of pancreas divisum in the development of pancreatic disease and the ambiguity related to it. In our attempt to offer clarity, a comprehensive search on PubMed, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception to May 2019 was undertaken using key words "pancreas divisum", "idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis" and "chronic pancreatitis".Expert opinion: Current research fails to define a clear association between pancreas divisum and pancreatic disease. Though debatable, several studies do suggest a pathological role of pancreas divisum in pancreatic disease and a benefit of minor papilla therapy in the setting of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Surgical and endoscopic therapeutic modalities have not been directly compared. With the current data available, it would be imprudent to advise a definitive line of management for pancreatic disease associated with pancreas divisum and should involve a comprehensive discussion with the individual patient to define expectations before embarking on any medical and/or interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Gutta
- Advanced Endoscopy Gastroenterology Fellow, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Evan Fogel
- Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Suite 1602, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Professor of Medicine, Glen Lehman Professor in Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 550 N. University Blvd, Suite 1634, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Tavakkoli A, Bhalla S, Prabhu A. Use of combined methylene blue chromoendoscopy and intravenous secretin for endoscopic therapy in pancreas divisum. VideoGIE 2018; 3:397-398. [PMID: 30506007 PMCID: PMC6251701 DOI: 10.1016/j.vgie.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tavakkoli
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean Bhalla
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anoop Prabhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Brown NG, Howell DA, Brauer BC, Walker J, Wani S, Shah RJ. Minor papilla endotherapy in patients with ventral duct obstruction: identification and management. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85:365-370. [PMID: 27530069 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreatic duct (PD) cannulation via the major papilla may be compromised by downstream obstruction of the ventral PD from a stone or stricture. In patients with a patent accessory PD, cannulation of the minor papilla permits stenting or stone removal upstream of the ventral PD obstruction. Data on this technique are limited. METHODS University of Colorado Hospital and Maine Medical Center endoscopy databases were queried for ERCPs with minor papilla cannulation. Technical success was defined as deep cannulation of the minor papilla. Minor papilla endotherapy included sphincterotomy, stricture dilation, stenting, or stone treatment. Clinical improvement was designated as >50% reduction in pain or narcotic analgesia. Follow-up was obtained by chart review and telephone contact. RESULTS Over a 22-year period, 464 patients had minor papilla cannulation. Congenital and incomplete pancreas divisum were excluded, and 64 patients met study criteria. Technical success was achieved in 58 of 64 patients (91%). In patients with stones, 25 of 34 (74%) had clearance using endoscopic techniques. Median follow-up was 15.5 months. Twelve of 28 patients (43%) on chronic narcotic regimens reported a reduction in narcotic use by >50%, and 32 of 44 patients (73%) reached for discussion noted improved abdominal pain by >50%. Thirteen patients required surgery for symptom control. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter experience, 15% of patients undergoing minor papilla cannulation had acquired a ventral PD obstruction. Access via the minor papilla to the upstream main PD for endotherapy and clinical improvement was achieved in most patients. Increased and early recognition of these intensive therapeutic options may enhance treatment options for this complex group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Howell
- Portland Gastroenterology Associates, Maine Medical Center Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Brian C Brauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John Walker
- Portland Gastroenterology Associates, Maine Medical Center Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Sachin Wani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raj J Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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A systematic review and quantitative analysis of different therapies for pancreas divisum. Am J Surg 2017; 214:525-537. [PMID: 28110914 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreas divisum is the most common anatomical variation of pancreatic ductal system affecting 5-10% of population. Therapy includes different endoscopic and surgical procedures. The aim of this article was to summarize actual evidence of different treatment. METHODS A Medline search was performed to identify all studies, investigating endoscopic or surgical therapy of Pancreas divisum. An individual data simulation model was applied to compare endoscopic and surgical studies. RESULT 56 observational studies (31 endoscopic and 25 surgical studies) were included in analyses. Surgery was significantly superior to endoscopic treatment in terms of success rate (72% vs. 62.3), complication rate (23.8% vs. 31.3%) and re-intervention rate (14.4% vs. 28.3%). CONCLUSION Surgery may be superior to endoscopy in terms of treatment success and complications. There is no study comparing these two therapies. Consequently, a randomized trial is needed to clarify if endoscopy or surgery is superior in the therapy of pancreas divisum.
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Chapman CG, Waxman I, Siddiqui UD. Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Pancreatic Duct Drainage: The Basics of When and How to Perform EUS-Guided Pancreatic Duct Interventions. Clin Endosc 2016; 49:161-7. [PMID: 27012290 PMCID: PMC4821509 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2016.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic duct drainage (EUS-PDD) remains a technically challenging procedure. Technical success rates are greater than 70%; however, the average rate of adverse events is nearly 20%, which increases to 55% when stent migration is included. Until recently, a significant difficulty with this technique was the absence of dedicated devices. Proper patient selection is of utmost importance, and EUS-PDD should be reserved for patients who have failed endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Furthermore, EUS-PDD must be performed by experienced endoscopists who are familiar with the technique. The most common indications include chronic pancreatitis induced strictures and stones, disconnected pancreatic ducts, inaccessible ampulla, and post-surgical altered anatomy. This manuscript will review the accessories used, techniques employed, and published literature reporting outcomes as well as adverse events regarding EUS-PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Chapman
- Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics (CERT), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irving Waxman
- Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics (CERT), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Uzma D Siddiqui
- Center for Endoscopic Research and Therapeutics (CERT), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang W, Gong B, Jiang WS, Liu L, Bielike K, Xv B, Wu YL. Endoscopic treatment for pancreatic diseases: Needle-knife-guided cannulation via the minor papilla. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5950-5960. [PMID: 26019460 PMCID: PMC4438030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the efficacy and safety of meticulous cannulation by needle-knife.
METHODS: Three needle-knife procedures were used to facilitate cannulation in cases when standard cannulation techniques failed. A total of 104 cannulations via the minor papilla attempted in 74 patients at our center between January 2008 and June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS: Standard methods were successful in 79 cannulations. Of the 25 cannulations that could not be performed by standard methods, 19 were performed by needle-knife, while 17 (89.5%) were successful. Needle-knife use improved the success rate of cannulation [76.0%, 79/104 vs 92.3%, (79 + 17)/104; P = 0.001]. When the 6 cases not appropriate for needle-knife cannulation were excluded, the success rate was improved further (80.6%, 79/98 vs 98.0%, 96/98; P = 0.000). There were no significant differences in the rates of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography adverse events between the group using standard methods alone and the group using needle-knife after failure of standard methods (4.7% vs 10.5%, P = 0.301).
CONCLUSION: The needle-knife procedure may be an alternative method for improving the success rate of cannulation via the minor papilla, particularly when standard cannulation has failed.
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Boninsegna E, Manfredi R, Ventriglia A, Negrelli R, Pedrinolla B, Mehrabi S, Gabbrielli A, Pozzi Mucelli R. Santorinicele: secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings before and after minor papilla sphincterotomy. Eur Radiol 2015; 25:2437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Maple JT, Mansour L, Ammar T, Ansstas M, Coté GA, Azar RR. Physician-controlled wire-guided cannulation of the minor papilla. DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY 2010; 2010:629308. [PMID: 20827381 PMCID: PMC2935163 DOI: 10.1155/2010/629308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Minor papilla (MiP) cannulation is frequently performed using specialized small-caliber accessories. Outcomes data for MiP cannulation with standard-sized accessories are lacking. Methods. This is a case series describing MiP cannulation outcomes in consecutive patients treated by two endoscopists between July 2005 and November 2008 at two tertiary referral centers. MiP cannulation was attempted using a 4.4 Fr tip sphincterotome loaded with a 0.035(″), 260 cm hydrophilic-tip guidewire, using a wire-guided technique under physician control. Results. 25 patients were identified (14 women, mean age 45). Procedure indications included recurrent acute pancreatitis in 16 patients (64%) and chronic pancreatitis in 2 (8%), among other indications. MiP cannulation was successful in 24 patients (96%). Sphincterotomy followed by pancreatic stent placement was performed in 21 patients (84%). Mild post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 3 patients (12%). Conclusion. Physician-controlled wire-guided MiP cannulation using a 4.4 Fr sphincterotome and 0.035(″) guidewire is an effective and safe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Maple
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP 1345, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, USA
| | - Lilah Mansour
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP 1345, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, USA
| | - Tarek Ammar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael Ansstas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory A. Coté
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Riad R. Azar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8124, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Martin JA. EUS-assisted ERP: throw me a line or just point out the way? Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:1174-7. [PMID: 20598245 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Barkay O, Sherman S, McHenry L, Yoo BM, Fogel EL, Watkins JL, DeWitt J, Al-Haddad MA, Lehman GA. Therapeutic EUS-assisted endoscopic retrograde pancreatography after failed pancreatic duct cannulation at ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:1166-73. [PMID: 20303489 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannulation of the pancreatic duct (PD) during endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) can fail even in experienced hands. A technique for therapeutic EUS-assisted rendezvous ERP has been described in a few case reports. OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and safety of therapeutic EUS-assisted ERP. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary-care medical center. PATIENTS This study involved 21 patients after failed ERP. INTERVENTION EUS-guided transgastric pancreatography by using a mixture of contrast media and methylene blue was attempted. If that was successful, ERP was attempted by using methylene blue flow as an indicator of the PD orifice or by a rendezvous technique using a wire passed into the PD and the small bowel through the EUS needle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Technical success rate and complications. RESULTS The PD was of a normal diameter in 7 patients and was dilated in 14 patients. EUS-guided pancreatography was successfully done in all patients with a dilated PD but only in 4 of 7 patients (57%) with normal-diameter PDs. In 6 patients, ERP was successfully performed by using methylene blue flow as an indicator of the PD orifice. The rendezvous technique was successful in 4 of 12 cases (33%), and reasons for failure were either a tight stricture (n = 5) or a suboptimal angle of EUS needle insertion (n = 3). Overall, EUS-assisted ERP was successful in 10 of 21 patients (48%). Complications included peripancreatic abscess in 1 patient and mild pancreatitis in 1 patient. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, small sample size. CONCLUSION EUS-assisted ERP is a complex procedure that can provide access to the PD in selected cases after failed standard ERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barkay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Kethu SR, Adler DG, Conway JD, Diehl DL, Farraye FA, Kantsevoy SV, Kaul V, Kwon RS, Mamula P, Pedrosa MC, Rodriguez SA, Tierney WM. ERCP cannulation and sphincterotomy devices. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:435-45. [PMID: 20189502 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guirat A, Abid M, Amar MB, Rebai W, Beyrouti MI. Pancréas divisum. Presse Med 2009; 38:1353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Fogel EL, Toth TG, Lehman GA, DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Does endoscopic therapy favorably affect the outcome of patients who have recurrent acute pancreatitis and pancreas divisum? Pancreas 2007; 34:21-45. [PMID: 17198181 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31802ce068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indiana, IN, USA
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Kamisawa T. ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH TO THE MINOR DUODENAL PAPILLA: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT ON PANCREAS DIVISUM. Dig Endosc 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2006.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Dumont F, Yzet T, Vibert E, Poirier J, Bartoli E, Delcenserie R, Manaouil D, Dupas JL, Bounicaud D, Regimbeau JM. [Pancreas divisum and the dominant dorsal duct syndrome]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:5-14. [PMID: 15664370 DOI: 10.1016/j.anchir.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas divisum, the most frequent congenital malformation of the pancreas, results from the absence of embryologic fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts which keep an autonomy of drainage. The dorsal pancreatic duct is dominant and drains the major part of the pancreatic fluid through a non adapted accessory papilla. The high prevalence of pancreas divisum in patients presenting recurrent acute pancreatitis, the presence of obstructive pancreatitis electively located on the dorsal pancreatic duct and the results of the treatments targeted on the accessory papilla are the arguments pleading for the pathogenic character of the pancreas divisum. Currently, the diagnosis of pancreas divisum is based on magnetic resonance imaging. For symptomatic patients (after exclusion of patients with intestinal functional disorders), results of endoscopic sphincterotomy or surgical sphincteroplasty are favourable in 75% of patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. They are worse in patients with chronic pain. Surgical sphincteroplasty must be discussed in the same manner as the endoscopic treatment for sometimes avoiding multiplication of the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dumont
- Fédération médicochirurgicale d'hépatogastroentérologie, CHU d'Amiens Nord, 80054 Amiens, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Freeman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Klein
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Dewitt J, McHenry L, Fogel E, Leblanc J, McGreevy K, Sherman S. EUS-guided methylene blue pancreatography for minor papilla localization after unsuccessful ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59:133-6. [PMID: 14722569 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Dewitt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5121, USA
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Devereaux BM, Fein S, Purich E, Trout JR, Lehman GA, Fogel EL, Phillips S, Etemad R, Jowell P, Toskes PP, Sherman S. A new synthetic porcine secretin for facilitation of cannulation of the dorsal pancreatic duct at ERCP in patients with pancreas divisum: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind comparative study. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:643-7. [PMID: 12709690 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2003.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretin, a 27 amino acid polypeptide released in response to duodenal luminal acidification, stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from pancreatic ductal cells. To date the only secretin available for clinical use has been a biologically derived compound extracted from porcine duodenums. Although used to facilitate pancreatic duct cannulation, secretin has not been approved for this indication. In this study, a new synthetic porcine secretin with an identical amino acid composition was compared with saline solution for the facilitation of minor papilla cannulation in patients with pancreas divisum. METHODS A multicenter, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative trial was conducted at 4 centers with expertise in pancreaticobiliary endoscopy. Patients with pancreas divisum in whom minor papilla cannulation initially was unsuccessful were enrolled. Either saline solution (placebo) or synthetic porcine secretin was administered. If the minor papilla orifice and/or pancreatic juice flow was noted, cannulation was attempted and success or failure was documented (phase 1), as well as the time taken for successful cannulation. If cannulation was unsuccessful, no juice flow was noted, or the orifice was not seen, the alternate agent was administered (phase 2). RESULTS Twenty-nine patients (7 men, 22 women; mean age 51 years, range 21-76 years) were enrolled. In phase 1, cannulation was achieved in 1 of 13 patients (7.7%) after the placebo was given and in 13 of 16 patients (81.3%) after synthetic porcine secretin was given (p < 0.0001). In phase 2, cannulation was achieved in 12 of 12 patients (100%) after synthetic porcine secretin was given and in 0 of 3 patients (0%) after the placebo was given (p = 0.0022). Overall, cannulation was successful in 25 of 28 patients (89.3%) who received synthetic porcine secretin and in 1 of 16 (6.3%) who received the placebo (p < 0.0001). Mean time to cannulation was significantly greater for the placebo than for the synthetic porcine secretin (4.75 min vs. 2.63 min; p = 0.0001). No adverse events directly attributable to synthetic porcine secretin administration were documented. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the use and safety of synthetic porcine secretin in facilitating cannulation of the minor papilla in patients with pancreas divisum in whom cannulation was difficult. Use of this agent has the potential to further increase the cannulation success rate in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Devereaux
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Park SH, de Bellis M, McHenry L, Fogel EL, Lazzell L, Bucksot L, Sherman S, Lehman GA. Use of methylene blue to identify the minor papilla or its orifice in patients with pancreas divisum. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57:358-63. [PMID: 12612516 DOI: 10.1067/mge.2003.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some patients with pancreas divisum, minor papilla cannulation is difficult because of uncertain identification of the papilla or its orifice, even after pancreatic secretory stimulation with secretin or cholecystokinin agonist. METHODS Two techniques with methylene blue were used to identify the minor papilla and its orifice more clearly in a series of patients: spraying methylene blue over duodenal mucosa in the region suspected to contain the minor papilla with/without secretin or cholecystokinin agonist administration, and injection of contrast medium containing methylene blue into the ventral pancreatic duct by means of the major papilla in cases of incomplete pancreas divisum. Results were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS From January 2001 to May 2002, minor papilla cannulation with conventional methods initially failed in 38 of 305 patients with pancreas divisum because of an inconspicuous minor papilla orifice. Methylene blue was used to identity the minor papilla orifice in 14 of 38 patients (spraying, 13; injection, 1). Minor papilla cannulation was successful in 12 of 14 (86%) patients (spraying 11, injection 1). Mild pancreatitis developed in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue spraying or injection appears to be a helpful technique for identification of the inconspicuous minor papilla orifice in patients with pancreas divisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heum Park
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Devereaux BM, Lehman GA, Fein S, Phillips S, Fogel EL, Sherman S. Facilitation of pancreatic duct cannulation using a new synthetic porcine secretin. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2279-81. [PMID: 12358245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cannulation of the pancreatic duct at ERCP can represent a technical challenge, even to experienced pancreaticobiliary endoscopists. Secretin is a polypeptide hormone that increases the volume and bicarbonate content of pancreatic secretions. We report our single center experience in the use of a new synthetic porcine secretin (sPS) for the facilitation of cannulation of either the major or minor pancreatic orifice during ERCP. METHODS Patients presenting for a variety of indications were enrolled. If identification or cannulation of the desired pancreatic duct was difficult, 0.2 microg/kg of sPS was administered i.v. Cannulation success or failure was recorded. RESULTS Between March, 1999, and May, 2000, a total of 25 patients (seven men and 18 women) were enrolled. The most frequent indication (15 of 25 cases) was facilitation of dorsal pancreatic duct cannulation in patients with pancreas divisum. The overall rate of successful cannulation secretin administration was 24 of 25 cases (96%). No adverse events directly attributable to secretin were observed. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that sPS is safe and efficacious in faciliting cannulation of either the major or minor pancreatic orifice at ERCP in the subset of patients who represent cannulation difficulties. Once commercially available, sPS can be added to the armamentarium of techniques to facilitate ERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Devereaux
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep cannulation of the dorsal duct in patients with pancreas divisum may not be possible, even for the experienced endoscopist. This is a description of a technique to facilitate access to the dorsal duct. METHODS Patients undergoing dorsal ductography in whom endoscopic therapy was indicated and in whom a 4.5F tapered-tip catheter could not be passed into the dorsal duct over a guidewire were prospectively identified. After ductal opacification, either a 0.035- or 0.021-inch guidewire was passed into the dorsal duct; a needle-knife was then passed to the minor papilla alongside the guidewire, and with appropriate orientation, a precut papillotomy was made. RESULTS Eleven patients undergoing dorsal ductography for recurrent pancreatitis (10 patients) or ductal leak (1 patient) were prospectively treated with the above technique. Secretin was used in 1 patient. In all patients, after precut papillotomy the diagnostic catheter was passed without difficulty into the dorsal duct allowing for guidewire exchange and/or stent placement. Extension of the papillotomy could then be performed with the needle-knife over a pancreatic stent. Complications included pancreatitis in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS This technique, which uses widely available accessories, facilitates access to the dorsal pancreatic duct for endoscopic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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26
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Abstract
Pancreas divisum is a common congenital variation that can be associated with pancreatic disease. Symptomatic patients with divisum must be classified according to clinical presentation and morphologic findings. Response to endoscopic therapy is best in patients with ARP, of whom 75% benefit. Results in patients with chronic pancreatitis and pain but without objective pancreatitis are mixed, and patients should be carefully selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cohen
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
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Catalano MF, Lahoti S, Alcocer E, Geenen JE, Hogan WJ. Dynamic imaging of the pancreas using real-time endoscopic ultrasonography with secretin stimulation. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48:580-7. [PMID: 9852447 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive disorders of the pancreas, including strictures, stones, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and pancreas divisum, are diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Conventional extracorporeal ultrasound with secretin stimulation has been used as a noninvasive study to detect obstruction and predict outcome of therapy. Inconsistent results have been obtained because of the inherent limitations of standard ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the main pancreatic duct by endoscopic ultrasonography during secretin stimulation and to diagnose obstructive disorders of the pancreas. METHODS Secretin-stimulated endoscopic ultrasound (SSEUS, 1 IU/kg secretin) was performed in 20 control subjects (no pancreatic or biliary disease), 40 patients with symptomatic chronic pancreatitis, 40 patients with symptomatic pancreas divisum, 20 patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and 20 patients with suspected occlusion of pancreatic duct stents. Ductal diameter was measured by endoscopic ultrasonography at baseline and at 1-minute intervals, after administration of secretin, for 15 minutes. A result was determined to be abnormal when a 1 mm or greater dilation of the pancreatic duct was observed from baseline after secretin administration. RESULTS Of the 40 patients with symptomatic chronic pancreatitis, SSEUS correctly predicted obstructive pathology (stones, strictures) in 12 of 13 patients (92%). Of the 40 patients with symptomatic pancreas divisum, 22 underwent stent therapy (16 of 22 with resolution of symptoms). SSEUS accurately predicted response to stent therapy in 13 patients (81%). Seven of twenty patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction had abnormal sphincter manometry. SSEUS accurately predicted sphincter dysfunction in only 4 of 7 patients (57%). Finally, 20 patients with suspected occlusion of pancreatic duct stents were studied. Of the 14 stent occlusions confirmed at ERCP, SSEUS correctly predicted premature occlusion in 12 patients (86%). CONCLUSIONS SSEUS appears to be a useful diagnostic modality in the evaluation of patients with suspected obstructive disorders of the pancreas and it can predict which patients may respond to endoscopic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Catalano
- St. Luke's Medical Center, Pancreatic Biliary Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Abstract
Pancreas divisum has been claimed to be a harmless congenital variant or to occasionally cause acute relapsing pancreatitis (ARP), chronic pancreatitis (CP), or a chronic abdominal pain (CAP) syndrome. Both surgical and endoscopic approaches to accessory papilla decompression have been promulgated and widely disparate results reported in the literature. We retrospectively reviewed a five-year experience with dorsal pancreatic duct decompression at our institution utilizing a variety of endotherapeutic techniques. Data collected included procedural complications; patient interpretation of pre- and posttherapy pain, frequency, and intensity graded on an analog pain scale; frequency of hospitalization; and patient perception of "global" improvement to endotherapy. At a mean follow-up of 20 months, there was a statistically significant decrease in pancreatitis incidence in 15 patients with ARP (P = 0.016) and 19 patients with CP (P = 0.025). The frequency and intensity of chronic pain was also significantly improved (P < 0.001) in the latter group. In contrast, only one of five patients with CAP and normal dorsal pancreatography and secretin tests experienced global improvement, and there was no improvement utilizing an analog pain scale (P = 0.262) in the group as a whole. There was a 20% incidence of mild procedure or subsequent stent-related pancreatitis and an 11.5% accessory papilla restenosis rate. It is concluded that a subset of carefully selected patients with pancreas divisum may respond to endotherapy but that long-term follow-up will be required to define its ultimate place in the management of symptomatic patients with this anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kozarek
- Section of Gastroenterology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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29
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Abstract
A subpopulation of pancreas divisum patients may have pancreatic pain or pancreatitis as a result of a stenotic minor papilla. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of minor papilla sphincterotomy in 52 pancreas divisum patients who had disabling chronic pancreatic pain (n = 24), acute recurrent pancreatitis (n = 17), or chronic pancreatitis (n = 11). Patients were symptomatic for a mean time of 5.1 years and had failed to respond to conservative therapy. Minor papilla sphincterotomy was performed with a needle knife over a previously placed minor papilla/dorsal pancreatic duct stent. Clinical improvement was assessed by comparison of symptoms (using a 0 to 10 scale) and number of hospital days per month required for pain or pancreatitis for an equal period of time before and after therapy. The average duration of follow-up was 1.7 years. As compared with the chronic pain and chronic pancreatitis groups, the acute recurrent pancreatitis group had a significant reduction in the mean symptom score and number of hospital days per month. Patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis benefited from minor papilla sphincterotomy more frequently than those with chronic pancreatitis (76.5% versus 27.3%, p = 0.01) or chronic pain (76.5% versus 26.1%, p = 0.002). Complications followed 15% of the procedures; they consisted primarily of mild pancreatitis, although one additional patient died of a pancreatic abscess after a failed cannulation. Fifty percent of patients evaluated at the time of stent removal had stent-induced dorsal duct changes. The results of this study support the performance of minor papilla therapy in pancreas divisum patients who have acute recurrent pancreatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lehman
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ghattas
- Department of Gastroenterology, ULB-Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Morrissey
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53792
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