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Nualmalang R, Thanomsridetchai N, Teethaisong Y, Sukphopetch P, Tangwattanachuleeporn M. Identification of Pathogenic and Opportunistic Yeasts in Pigeon Excreta by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Their Prevalence in Chon Buri Province, Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3191. [PMID: 36833884 PMCID: PMC9967633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pigeon excreta can cause environmental and public health issues, particularly in urban and public areas. They are reservoirs of several human pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Epidemiological data of pathogenic and opportunistic yeasts in pigeon droppings in Chon Buri, one of the most reputable tourist cities of Thailand, are scarce. The present study aimed to identify yeasts in pigeon droppings by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and to study their prevalence in Chon Buri, Thailand. A total of 200 pigeon fecal samples were collected randomly from all 11 districts of Chon Buri. A sum of 393 yeast-like colonies were isolated on Sabourand's dextrose agar and CHROMagar media. These isolates were further confirmed for their species by MALDI-TOF MS. Twenty-four yeast species belonging to 11 different genera were identified in pigeon fecal samples. Candida spp., predominantly C. krusei (14.32%), were the most prevalent yeast species. Other yeast species, including C. glabrata (12.73%), C. metapsilosis (11.93%), Lodderomyces elongisporus (10.87%), C. tropicalis (7.16%), C. albicans (5.83%), and Cryptococcus neoformans (4.77%) were identified. This study provides valuable epidemiological data and diversity of yeasts in pigeon droppings in Chon Buri, Thailand, and also supports the use of MALDI-TOF MS for yeast identification and epidemiological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Nualmalang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Natthapaninee Thanomsridetchai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Yothin Teethaisong
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Sensor Innovation (RUSI), Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Marut Tangwattanachuleeporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Sensor Innovation (RUSI), Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Azevedo MJ, Araujo R, Campos J, Campos C, Ferreira AF, Falcão-Pires I, Ramalho C, Zaura E, Pinto E, Sampaio-Maia B. Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother-Child Pairs in Early Life. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021449. [PMID: 36674962 PMCID: PMC9867488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast acquisition begins at birth; however, the contribution of the mother on yeast transmission to the offspring and associated resistance is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to explore the vertical transmission of yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profile in early life. Oral, fecal, and breastmilk samples were collected from 73 mother-child pairs four to twelve weeks after delivery and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The vertical transmission was studied by microsatellite genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility was determined for fluconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, anidulafungin, and nystatin by broth microdilution assay, following CLSI-M60 guidelines. A total of 129 isolates were identified from 53% mother-child pairs. We verified the vertical transmission of Candida albicans (n = three mother-child pairs) and Candida parapsilosis (n = one mother-child pair) strains, including an antifungal resistant strain transmitted from breastmilk to the gut of a child. Most isolates were susceptible to the tested antifungals, with the exception of four C. albicans isolates and one R. mucilaginosa isolate. The vertical transmission of yeasts happens in early life. This is the first work that demonstrated the role of the mother as a source of transmission of antifungal-resistant yeasts to the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Azevedo
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Campos
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Ramalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Aminaee H, Hosseini S, Davood A, Askarizadeh E. QSAR study of indole derivatives as active agents against Candida albicans: a DFT calculation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2022; 42:614-622. [PMID: 36328061 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2022.2140166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Indole and its derivatives are common heterocyclic compounds in nature that have a wider range of medicinal activities such as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-seizure. Virtually all indole derivatives showed outstanding antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to QSAR modeling of indole derivatives and the design of new drugs that have antifungal activity. In this study, 52 compounds were selected. All optimized compounds and quantum descriptors were obtained using Gaussian software and DFT/B3LYP computational method with 6-31 G (d) basis set al, so other descriptors were determined using Dragon software. To examine the relationship between these descriptors and the activity of these compounds, the MLR linear correlation method was used, and the QSAR equation with R2 = 0.7884 and R = 0.8879 was obtained for it. Likewise, MSE = 0.1897, RMSE = 0.2848, and Q2 = 0.68663 approve the acceptability of the obtained model. The obtained equation reveals that the activity of these compounds is related to the negative coefficient of GATS8p, R7e +, and G2e, which means that with increasing the values of these description nodes, the amount of activity declines. On the other hand, the activity of these compounds depended on the positive coefficients of HATS3p, MATS5e, and RDF045, i.e. with increasing these values, the activity of these compounds also increases, and a good correlation was obtained between the experimental and predicted activity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Aminaee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharieh Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Davood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Askarizadeh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Donders GGG, Ruban K, Donders F, Reybrouck R. Lab-Based Retrospective 10-Year Analysis Shows Seasonal Variation of Vaginal Candida Infection Rates in Belgium. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030574. [PMID: 35160026 PMCID: PMC8836942 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida vulvovaginitis is a frequent condition, and although several risk factors are known, its behavior is still enigmatic. The seasonal influence of climate conditions and living habits on its prevalence was studied. In a retrospective lab-based cohort over 10 years, we studied the prevalence of Candida in 12,941 vaginal cultures taken from women attending a vulvovaginitis clinic. The prevalence of non-albicans and albicans species were compared per month to detect differences in positivity rates in summer versus winter months. Chi-square and chi-square for trend were used. Of the 2109 (16.3%) Candida spp. positive swabs, 201 (1.0%) revealed non-albicans species, varying between 1.0% and 2.0% per month, but without significant monthly differences. Over the 10 years, compared to other months, vaginal Candida was more frequent in June (19.0%, p = 0.008) and less frequent in December (14.5%, p = 0.04). The Candida prevalence was 15.5% in summer (June/July/August) versus 14.0% in the winter (Dec/Jan/Feb, p = 0.04). Change in temperature, dietary habits, and bodily adaptations due to increased amount of sunlight were discussed as potential pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the excess of Candida in summertime. Further confirmatory research would be beneficial. Women at risk for Candida vulvovaginitis should pay more attention to living habits in summertime to avoid recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert G. G. Donders
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (K.R.); (F.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Regional Hospital Heilig Hart, Kliniekstraat 45, 3300 Tienen, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Antwerpen, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-808102 or +32-16-809011
| | - Kateryna Ruban
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (K.R.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesca Donders
- Femicare, Clinical Research for Women, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (K.R.); (F.D.)
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Bataineh MTAL, Cacciatore S, Semreen MH, Dash NR, Soares NC, Zhu X, Mousa MK, Salam JSA, Zerbini LF, Hajjo R, Hamad M. Exploring the effect of estrogen on Candida albicans hyphal cell wall glycans and ergosterol synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977157. [PMID: 36268228 PMCID: PMC9578540 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of 17-β estradiol (E2) due to pregnancy in young women or to hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women have long been associated with an increased risk of yeast infections. Nevertheless, the effect underlying the role of E2 in Candida albicans infections is not well understood. To address this issue, functional, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses were performed on C. albicans cells subjected to temperature and serum induction in the presence or absence of E2. Increased filament formation was observed in E2 treated cells. Surprisingly, cells treated with a combination of E2 and serum showed decreased filament formation. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that serum and E2 treatment is associated with downregulated expression of genes involved in filamentation, including HWP1, ECE1, IHD1, MEP1, SOD5, and ALS3, in comparison with cells treated with serum or estrogen alone. Moreover, glucose transporter genes HGT20 and GCV2 were downregulated in cells receiving both serum and E2. Functional pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested major involvement of E2 signaling in several metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The metabolomic analysis determined differential secretion of 36 metabolites based on the different treatments' conditions, including structural carbohydrates and fatty acids important for hyphal cell wall formation such as arabinonic acid, organicsugar acids, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, palmitic acid, and steriacstearic acid with an intriguing negative correlation between D-turanose and ergosterol under E2 treatment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that E2 signaling impacts the expression of several genes and the secretion of several metabolites that help regulate C. albicans morphogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh, ; Mawieh Hamad,
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nihar Ranjan Dash
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences at the University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Beijing Genomics Institute Genomics, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muath Khairi Mousa
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin Abdul Salam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luiz F. Zerbini
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Jordan CDC, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Tahseen AL Bataineh, ; Mawieh Hamad,
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María Fosch SE, Trossero ML, Grosso OA, Reyes AP, Cocucci SE, Payalef SN, Perazzi BE. Vaginal States: Detection of Conversion Processes in Women Using Contraception and Characterization of Vaginal Lactobacillus Species. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e260122200531. [PMID: 35081896 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220126154731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vaginal microenvironment, regulated by an immune system, can be protected or altered by many factors, including contraceptive methods. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of contraceptive methods on the basic vaginal states (BVSs) and to identify culturable vaginal Lactobacillus species. METHODS This is a prospective, consecutive, longitudinal, and descriptive study. The vaginal contents of 208 women were sampled prior to initiating contraception and six months later. The BVSs were established using the balance of vaginal content (BAVACO) methodology that evaluates microbiota and vaginal inflammatory reaction (VIR). Lactobacillus species were characterized by biochemical tests and mass spectrometry. The following contraceptive methods were evaluated: combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), condom (CON) and rhythm method (RHYT). McNemar's test was used. RESULTS Of the 208 women, 171 attended both examinations. In the COCP group (n=127), 83 vaginal contents maintained a normal microbiota, 1 sample became dysbiotic, and 37/43 dysbiotic microbiota samples reverted to normal (p<0.0001). A conversion to BVS with VIR was detected in the CON group (n=31) (p=0.001). The RHYT group (n=13) maintained its initial BVSs. The predominant Lactobacillus species found were L. crispatus and L. gasseri, with a trend toward a positive association between L. crispatus and COCP (OR=2.82; p=0.058). CONCLUSION Hormone administration corrected the dysbiosis and preserved a normal BVS. The CON increased the VIR. The protection of the microbiota observed in the rhythm method probably responds to a systemic hormonal influence. The trend toward a positive association between COCP and L. crispatus, with its protective properties, evidenced an effective hormonal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Elena María Fosch
- Agencia PROSAR Santa Fe Norte, Fundación Bioquímica Argentina, Viamonte 1167, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marta Lucia Trossero
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Omar Agustin Grosso
- Servicio de Atención Médica de la Comunidad, Ministerio de Salud, 9 de Julio 254, Sa Pereira, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Reyes
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Ema Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Noemí Payalef
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Elizabeth Perazzi
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica. Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Córdoba 2351, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F. Exploring the global vaginal microbiome and its impact on human health. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105172. [PMID: 34500016 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Around the world, more than 175,000,000 women are diagnosed every year with gynaecological disease, in many cases contributing to high morbidity and mortality. For this reason, knowledge of the composition of the vaginal microbiome and its variations represents a real health challenge, as this is key to improving therapeutic management. This review traces the history of the poorly known vaginal microbiome and focuses on the latest findings concerning this ecosystem. Studies in the past decade have targeted complex bacterial communities within the vagina. However, due to the development of technology and the emergence of next generation sequencing (NGS), the exact definition of the vaginal microbiome has changed and can no longer be linked solely to the presence of bacteria. In order to reach a global view of the vaginal microbiome, it is essential to take into account all microorganisms that the vagina harbours, including fungi, viruses, archaea, and candidate phyla radiation. Although these communities represent only a minimal percentage of the vaginal microbiome, they may act as modifiers of its basic physiology and may play a key role in the maintenance of microbial communities, as well as metabolic and immune functions. Studies of the complex interactions between these different microorganisms have recently begun and are not yet fully understood. Results to date indicate that these microbial communities together constitute the first line of defence against infections. On the other hand, the slightest disturbance in this microbiome may lead to disease. For this reason, enhanced knowledge of these associations is critical to better identify predispositions to certain illnesses, which may open new therapeutic avenues. Currently however, only the tip of the iceberg is understood and current research on this ecosystem is revolutionising our knowledge and understanding of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Abou Chacra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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8
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Ferreira PS, Victorelli FD, Rodero CF, Fortunato GC, Araújo VHS, Fonseca-Santos B, Bauab TM, Van Dijck P, Chorilli M. p-Coumaric acid loaded into liquid crystalline systems as a novel strategy to the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120658. [PMID: 33964336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an extremely common type of vaginal infection, which is mainly caused by Candida albicans. However, non-albicans Candida species are frequently more resistant to conventional antifungal agents and can represent up to 30% of cases. Due to side effects and increasing antifungal resistance presented by standard therapies, phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid (p-CA), have been studied as molecules from natural sources with potential antifungal activity. p-CA is a poorly water-soluble compound, thus loading it into liquid crystals (LCs) may increase its solubility and effectiveness on the vaginal mucosa. Thereby, here we propose the development of mucoadhesive liquid crystalline systems with controlled release of p-CA, for the local treatment of VVC. Developed LCs consisted of fixed oily and aqueous phases (oleic acid and cholesterol (5:1) and poloxamer dispersion 16%, respectively), changing only the surfactant phase components (triethanolamine oleate (TEA-Oleate) or triethanolamine (TEA), the latter producing TEA-Oleate molecules when mixed with oleic acid). Systems were also diluted in artificial vaginal mucus (1:1 ratio) to mimic the vaginal environment and verify possible structural changes on formulations upon exposure to the mucosa. From the characterization assays, p-CA loaded TEA-Oleate systems presented mucoadhesive profile, liquid crystalline mesophases, well-organized structures and pseudoplastic behaviour, which are desirable parameters for topical formulations. Moreover, they were able to control the release of p-CA throughout the 12 h assay, as well as decrease its permeation into the vaginal mucosa. p-CA showed antifungal activity in vitro against reference strains of C. albicans (SC5314), C. glabrata (ATCC 2001) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258), and exhibited higher eradication of mature biofilms than amphotericin B and fluconazole. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the formulations reduced the presence of filamentous forms in the vaginal lavages and provided an improvement in swelling and redness present in the mice vaginal regions. Altogether, here we demonstrated the potential and feasibility of using p-CA loaded liquid crystalline systems as a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for topical treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Ferreira
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - F D Victorelli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C F Rodero
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G C Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V H S Araújo
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Fonseca-Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T M Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
| | - M Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Carvalho GC, Araujo VHS, Fonseca-Santos B, de Araújo JTC, de Souza MPC, Duarte JL, Chorilli M. Highlights in poloxamer-based drug delivery systems as strategy at local application for vaginal infections. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120635. [PMID: 33895295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases related to the vagina include diseases caused by the imbalance of the vaginal flora and by sexually transmitted infections. Some of these present themselves as a public health problem due to the lack of efficient treatment that leads to their complete cure, and others due to the growing resistance to drugs used in therapy. In this sense, new treatment strategies are desirable, with vaginal administration rout being a great choice since can bypass first-pass metabolism and decrease drug interactions and adverse effects. However, it is worth highlighting limitations related to patient's discomfort at application time. Thereby, the use of poloxamer-based drug delivery systems is desirable due its stimuli-sensitive characteristic. Therefore, the present review reports a brief overview of poloxamer properties, biological behavior and advances in poloxamer applications in controlled drug release systems for infectious diseases related to the vagina treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-871 Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil.
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10
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Arumugam G, Rajendran R. Callophycin A loaded chitosan and spicules based nanocomposites as an alternative strategy to overcome vaginal candidiasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:656-665. [PMID: 32544582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to understand the killing effects of seaweed derived metabolite Callophycin A (Cal A). In vitro studies confirmed that the beneficial effects of Cal A on the viability of C. albicans. To enhance the biological activity, we used to demonstrated that chitosan and spicules as a drug carrier. The Callophycin A loading was confirmed by spectral variation of FT-IR and morphological variation by SEM. Moreover, around 65% and 38% of Cal A was successfully loaded in chitosan and spicules respectively. Further, VVC induced animal model experiments confirmed that the candidicidal activity of 1% clotrimazole, Cal A, Cal@Chi and Cal@Spi. After 6 days of treatment Cal@Chi produces a significant reduction in the fungal burden of vaginal lavage. The histo-morphological alterations also evidenced that the protective role of Cal@Chi in VVC model. The present investigations are known to be the first and foremost study to discriminate the potentiality of Cal A composites. Cal A loaded chitosan nanoparticles could be used as an alternative strategy for the development of the novel marine natural product based topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshkumar Arumugam
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajaram Rajendran
- DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
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Ciurea CN, Kosovski IB, Mare AD, Toma F, Pintea-Simon IA, Man A. Candida and Candidiasis-Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060857. [PMID: 32517179 PMCID: PMC7355540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important questions in microbiology nowadays, is how apparently harmless, commensal yeasts like Candida spp. can cause a rising number of infections. The occurrence of the disease requires firstly the attachment to the host cells, followed by the invasion of the tissue. The adaptability translates into a rapid ability to respond to stress factors, to take up nutrients or to multiply under different conditions. By forming complex intracellular networks such as biofilms, Candida spp. become not only more refractive to antifungal therapies but also more prone to cause disease. The inter-microbial interactions can enhance the virulence of a strain. In vivo, the fungal cells face a multitude of challenges and, as a result, they develop complex strategies serving one ultimate goal: survival. This review presents the virulence factors of the most important Candida spp., contributing to a better understanding of the onset of candidiasis and raising awareness of the highly complex interspecies interactions that can change the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina-Bianca Kosovski
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Department of Physiopathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Felicia Toma
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ionela Anca Pintea-Simon
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
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Shamma R, Basha M, Awad G. Biodegradable multifunctional platform for potential treatment of vaginal candidiasis: In-vitro preparation, in-vivo assessment of antifungal efficacy in rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Chatzivasileiou P, Vyzantiadis TA. Vaginal yeast colonisation: From a potential harmless condition to clinical implications and management approaches-A literature review. Mycoses 2019; 62:638-650. [PMID: 31038771 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal yeast colonisation is a common clinical condition in premenopausal women. The potential pathogenicity and the circumstances under which it could evolve into infection are not fully clarified. Extensive review the literature regarding the definition of the vaginal yeast colonisation, its demographic features and causes as well as the risk factors favouring infection along with the necessity of treatment. Databases, namely PubMed-MEDLINE, Google Scholar, the University College London databases, e-journals, e-books and official Health Organisations websites were extensively searched in English, French, German and Greek language with no restriction in the type of publications during the last thirty years. In healthy women, vaginal yeast colonisation is an asymptomatic state with Candida albicans being the most prevalent species. Pregnant, HIV-positive and diabetic hosts are at higher risk. Other risk factors include oral contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy and previous antibiotic use. Colonisation does not necessitate therapeutic intervention when asymptomatic. Prophylactic therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy is often recommended for reducing the risk of neonatal candidiasis. The distinction between commensalism and vaginitis is often complicated. Clinicians should be aware of the clinical context in order to decide the indicated therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Chatzivasileiou
- First Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Arumugam G, Rajendran R. Anti-candidal activity and synergetic interaction of antifungal drugs with differential extract of brown algae Stocheospermum marginatum. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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In Vitro Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus salivarius MG242 Isolated from Human Vagina. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:343-349. [PMID: 28861766 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a very common infection worldwide that is mainly caused by Candida albicans. In a previous study, we showed that Lactobacillus salivarius MG242 has anti-Gardnerella vaginalis activity. In this study, we investigated the potential of using L. salivarius MG242 for biocontrol of C. albicans. In line with the results from a spot overlay assay, MG242 inhibited the growth of C. albicans by 99.99 ± 0.01% in co-culture, suggesting that L. salivarius MG242 has the potential to be developed into a probiotic formula to treat or prevent VVC. Accelerated storage tests using dehydrated live cell powder at 50, 60, and 70 °C were performed, and the results showed that immobilization with 10% skim milk effectively increased the thermal resistance of entrapped microorganisms, resulting in sevenfold longer shelf-life than the control (in PBS). Lower storage temperatures also increased the shelf-life up to 8.31 months.
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Makanjuola O, Bongomin F, Fayemiwo SA. An Update on the Roles of Non- albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E121. [PMID: 30384449 PMCID: PMC6309050 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are one of the commonest causes of vaginitis in healthy women of reproductive age. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is characterized by vulvovaginal itching, redness and discharge. Candida albicans, which is a common genito-urinary tract commensal, has been the prominent species and remains the most common fungal agent isolated from clinical samples of patients diagnosed with VVC. In recent times, however, there has been a notable shift in the etiology of candidiasis with non-albicans Candida (NAC) species gaining prominence. The NAC species now account for approximately 10% to as high as 45% of VVC cases in some studies. This is associated with treatment challenges and a slightly different clinical picture. NAC species vaginitis is milder in presentation, often occur in patients with underlying chronic medical conditions and symptoms tend to be more recurrent or chronic compared with C. albicans vaginitis. C. glabrata is the most common cause of NAC-VVC. C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. guilliermondii are the other commonly implicated species. Treatment failure is common in NAC-VVC, since some of these species are intrinsically resistant or show low susceptibilities to commonly used antifungal agents. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of NAC vulvovaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilola Makanjuola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Gulu University, Gulu P.O. Box 166, Uganda.
| | - Samuel A Fayemiwo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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17
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Rottenstreich M, Khatib F, Rotem R. Post cesarean candida peritonitis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 229:203-204. [PMID: 30146172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misgav Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel(1).
| | - Fayez Khatib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel(1)
| | - Reut Rotem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel(1)
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Bitew A, Abebaw Y. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:94. [PMID: 29902998 PMCID: PMC6003188 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a global issue of concern due to its association with economic costs, sexually transmitted infections, and ascending genital tract infection. The aim of this study was to determine species distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to December 2016 at the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia. Vaginal swabs collected from study subjects that were clinically diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis were cultured. Yeast identification and antifungal susceptibility testing were determined by the automated VITEK 2 compact system. The association of vulvovaginal candidiasis with possible risk factors was assessed and analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS The overall prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was 41.4%. The association of vulvovaginal candidiasis was statistically significant with previous genital tract infection (p = 0.004), number of life-time male sex partners (p = .037), and number of male sex partners in 12 month (p = 0.001). Of 87 Candida isolates recovered, 58.6% were C. albicans while 41.4% were non-albicans Candida species. The highest overall drug resistance rate of Candida species was observed against fluconazole (17.2%), followed by flycytosine (5.7%). All Candida isolates were 100% susceptible to voriconazole, caspofungin, and micafungin. C. albicans, was 100% susceptible to all drugs tested except fluconazole and flycytosine with a resistance rate of 2% each drug. C. krusei, was 100 and 33.3% resistant to fluconazole and flycytosine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis and observation of high prevalence rate of non-albicans Candida species in the present study substantiate, the importance of conducting continuous epidemiological surveys to measure changes in species distribution from C. albicans to non-albicans Candida species in Ethiopia. Although, fluconazole still appeared to be active against all isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species high resistance rate of C. krusei against the drug may demonstrate a search for alternative antifungal drugs when treating vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Bitew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshiwork Abebaw
- Department Clinical Laboratory, Fitche Hospital, P.O. Box 46, Oromia Administrative Region, Ethiopia
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19
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Production and Characterization of a Clotrimazole Liposphere Gel for Candidiasis Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020160. [PMID: 30966196 PMCID: PMC6414984 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the design and characterization of a liposphere gel containing clotrimazole for the treatment of Candida albicans. Lipospheres were produced by the melt-dispersion technique, using a lipid phase constituted of stearic triglyceride in a mixture with caprylic/capric triglyceride or an alkyl lactate derivative. The latter component was added to improve the action of clotrimazole against candida. The liposphere morphology and dimensional distribution were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Clotrimazole release kinetics was investigated by an in vitro dialysis method. An anticandidal activity study was conducted on the lipospheres. To obtain formulations with suitable viscosity for vaginal application, the lipospheres were added to a xanthan gum gel. The rheological properties, spreadability, leakage, and adhesion of the liposphere gel were investigated. Clotrimazole encapsulation was always over 85% w/w. The anticandidal study demonstrated that the encapsulation of clotrimazole in lipospheres increased its activity against Candida albicans, especially in the presence of the alkyl lactate derivative in the liposphere matrix. A dialysis method demonstrated that clotrimazole was slowly released from the liposphere gel and that the alkyl lactate derivative further controlled clotrimazole release. Adhesion and leakage tests indicated a prolonged adhesion of the liposphere gel, suggesting its suitability for vaginal application.
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20
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Semnani D, Afrashi M, Alihosseini F, Dehghan P, Maherolnaghsh M. Investigating the performance of drug delivery system of fluconazole made of nano-micro fibers coated on cotton/polyester fabric. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:175. [PMID: 28956211 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based drug delivery systems are suitable to optimize the therapeutic properties of drugs and to render them safer, more effective and reliable. Long-term or repeated use of oral administration of fluconazole for treating chronic candidiasis in the patient and partially abandoned treatment lead to the resistant strains of the fungus Candida albicans and severity of the disease. In this study, the use of nanofibers and microfibers containing fluconazole for local drug delivery to increase the efficiencies and reduce the side effects caused by taking the drug was studied. Morphology, microstructure and chemical composition of PVA nanofibers containing fluconazole were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). As well as, the DSC test was indicated presence of fluconazole in PVA fibrous mats. The rate of drug release was investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometery and swelling technique. SEM images showed that the nanofibers with uniform structure without beads were produced. The mechanical properties of the pristine PVA nanofiber and fibrous mat containing drug were evaluated. The release of fluconazole from PVA nanofibers in pH of 7.4 and at 37 °C was investigated. The results presented that the drug release rate is dependent on the morphology and structure of PVA nanofibers and could be adjusted in desired dosage. The presented products are applicable in the high production form for medical textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Semnani
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mehran Afrashi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Alihosseini
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Maherolnaghsh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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St Leger AJ, Desai JV, Drummond RA, Kugadas A, Almaghrabi F, Silver P, Raychaudhuri K, Gadjeva M, Iwakura Y, Lionakis MS, Caspi RR. An Ocular Commensal Protects against Corneal Infection by Driving an Interleukin-17 Response from Mucosal γδ T Cells. Immunity 2017; 47:148-158.e5. [PMID: 28709803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal sites such as the intestine, oral cavity, nasopharynx, and vagina all have associated commensal flora. The surface of the eye is also a mucosal site, but proof of a living, resident ocular microbiome remains elusive. Here, we used a mouse model of ocular surface disease to reveal that commensals were present in the ocular mucosa and had functional immunological consequences. We isolated one such candidate commensal, Corynebacterium mastitidis, and showed that this organism elicited a commensal-specific interleukin-17 response from γδ T cells in the ocular mucosa that was central to local immunity. The commensal-specific response drove neutrophil recruitment and the release of antimicrobials into the tears and protected the eye from pathogenic Candida albicans or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Our findings provide direct evidence that a resident commensal microbiome exists on the ocular surface and identify the cellular mechanisms underlying its effects on ocular immune homeostasis and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatimah Almaghrabi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phyllis Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Animal Models, Institute for Medical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Romero-Cerecero O, Islas-Garduño AL, Zamilpa A, Tortoriello J. Effectiveness of Ageratina pichinchensis Extract in Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Controlled Pilot Study. Phytother Res 2017; 31:885-890. [PMID: 28299831 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous clinical studies have demonstrated the antifungal effectiveness of Ageratina pichinchensis extracts when topically administered to patients with dermatomycosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of a 7% standardized extract of A. pichinchensis (intravaginal) in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The extract was standardized in terms of its encecalin content and administered during 6 days to patients with Candida albicans-associated vulvovaginitis. The positive control group was treated with Clotrimazole (100 mg). On day 7 of the study, a partial evaluation was carried out; it demonstrated that 94.1% of patients treated with Clotrimazole and 100% of those treated with the A. pichinchensis extract referred a decrease or absence of signs and symptoms consistent with vulvovaginal candidiasis. In the final evaluation, 2 weeks after concluding administration, 86.6% of patients in the control group and 81.2% (p = 0.65) of those treated with the A. pichinchensis extract demonstrated therapeutic success. Statistical analysis evidenced no significant differences between the two treatment groups. With the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that the standardized extract from A. pichinchensis, intravaginally administered, showed therapeutic and mycological effectiveness, as well as tolerability, in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, without noting statistical differences in patients treated with Clotrimazole. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Romero-Cerecero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Zisova LG, Chokoeva AA, Amaliev GI, Petleshkova PV, Miteva-Katrandzhieva TМ, Krasteva MB, Uchikova EH, Kouzmanov AH, Ivanova ZV. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant Women and its Importance for Candida Colonization of Newborns. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2017; 58:108-14. [PMID: 27552787 DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vaginitis worldwide (after bacterial candidiasis). Maternal vulvovaginal candidiasis is a major risk factor for Candida colonization and infection of the infant where prognosis depends on different predisposing factors. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the etiological structure of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women and its impact on Candida colonization of newborns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of vaginal secretions from 80 healthy pregnant women who were clinically suspicious for Candida vaginitis were collected within 48 hours before delivery. Samples for probable Candida colonization from the oral mucosa and feces were collected from their newborns within 47-72 hours after birth. Samples were plated on Sabouraud agar, followed by species identification by API Candida yeast assay. RESULTS Twenty-three (28.75 ± 5.06%) of the evaluated pregnant women were positive for Candida spp. Positive samples for Candida colonization were found in 18 (22.22 ± 4.62%) of the examined 81 newborns (one pair of twins) from mothers who were clinically suspicious for vaginal candidiasis. Isolates of the newborns were 100% identical to those of the mothers' vaginal secretion. Candida albicans was the predominant species identified in the pregnant women (91.67 ± 0.06%) and in the neonates (83.33±8.78%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya G Zisova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anastasia A Chokoeva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi I Amaliev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Penka V Petleshkova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Maya B Krasteva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina H Uchikova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Plovdiv, St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Zoya V Ivanova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
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24
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Role of microbial flora in female genital tract: A comprehensive review. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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do Carmo MS, Noronha FMF, Arruda MO, Costa ÊPDS, Bomfim MRQ, Monteiro AS, Ferro TAF, Fernandes ES, Girón JA, Monteiro-Neto V. Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 23271 Displays In vitro Inhibitory Activities against Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1722. [PMID: 27833605 PMCID: PMC5082230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are involved in the microbial homeostasis in the female genital tract. Due to the high prevalence of many bacterial diseases of the female genital tract and the resistance of microorganisms to various antimicrobial agents, alternative means to control these infections are necessary. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties of well-characterized Lactobacillus species, including L. acidophilus (ATCC 4356), L. brevis (ATCC 367), L. delbrueckii ssp. delbrueckii (ATCC 9645), L. fermentum (ATCC 23271), L. paracasei (ATCC 335), L. plantarum (ATCC 8014), and L. rhamnosus (ATCC 9595), against Candida albicans (ATCC 18804), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ATCC 9826), and Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813). The probiotic potential was investigated by using the following criteria: (i) adhesion to host epithelial cells and mucus, (ii) biofilm formation, (iii) co-aggregation with bacterial pathogens, (iv) inhibition of pathogen adhesion to mucus and HeLa cells, and (v) antimicrobial activity. Tested lactobacilli adhered to mucin, co-aggregated with all genital microorganisms, and displayed antimicrobial activity. With the exception of L. acidophilus and L. paracasei, they adhered to HeLa cells. However, only L. fermentum produced a moderate biofilm and a higher level of co-aggregation and mucin binding. The displacement assay demonstrated that all Lactobacillus strains inhibit C. albicans binding to mucin (p < 0.001), likely due to the production of substances with antimicrobial activity. Clinical isolates belonging to the most common Candida species associated to vaginal candidiasis were inhibited by L. fermentum. Collectively, our data suggest that L. fermentum ATCC 23271 is a potential probiotic candidate, particularly to complement candidiasis treatment, since presented with the best probiotic profile in comparison with the other tested lactobacilli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique S do Carmo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana O Arruda
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Maria R Q Bomfim
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade CEUMA São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago A F Ferro
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade CEUMA São Luís, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade CEUMASão Luís, Brazil; Vascular Biology and Inflammation Section, Cardiovascular Division, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jorge A Girón
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla, Mexico
| | - Valério Monteiro-Neto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do MaranhãoSão Luís, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade CEUMASão Luís, Brazil
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De Cremer K, De Brucker K, Staes I, Peeters A, Van den Driessche F, Coenye T, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Stimulation of superoxide production increases fungicidal action of miconazole against Candida albicans biofilms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27463. [PMID: 27272719 PMCID: PMC4895440 DOI: 10.1038/srep27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a whole-transcriptome analysis of miconazole-treated Candida albicans biofilms, using RNA-sequencing. Our aim was to identify molecular pathways employed by biofilm cells of this pathogen to resist action of the commonly used antifungal miconazole. As expected, genes involved in sterol biosynthesis and genes encoding drug efflux pumps were highly induced in biofilm cells upon miconazole treatment. Other processes were affected as well, including the electron transport chain (ETC), of which eight components were transcriptionally downregulated. Within a diverse set of 17 inhibitors/inducers of the transcriptionally affected pathways, the ETC inhibitors acted most synergistically with miconazole against C. albicans biofilm cells. Synergy was not observed for planktonically growing C. albicans cultures or when biofilms were treated in oxygen-deprived conditions, pointing to a biofilm-specific oxygen-dependent tolerance mechanism. In line, a correlation between miconazole's fungicidal action against C. albicans biofilm cells and the levels of superoxide radicals was observed, and confirmed both genetically and pharmacologically using a triple superoxide dismutase mutant and a superoxide dismutase inhibitor N-N'-diethyldithiocarbamate, respectively. Consequently, ETC inhibitors that result in mitochondrial dysfunction and affect production of reactive oxygen species can increase miconazole's fungicidal activity against C. albicans biofilm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat De Cremer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Katrijn De Brucker
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ines Staes
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Peeters
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freija Van den Driessche
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Tsata V, Velegraki A, Ioannidis A, Poulopoulou C, Bagos P, Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S. Effects of Yeast and Bacterial Commensals and Pathogens of the Female Genital Tract on the Transepithelial Electrical Resistance of HeLa Cells. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:90-6. [PMID: 27335621 PMCID: PMC4899535 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensals of the human body can shift to a pathogenic phase when the host
immune system is impaired. This study aims to investigate the effect of seven
yeast and two bacterial commensals and opportunistic pathogens isolated from
blood and the female genital tract on the transepithelial electrical resistance
(TER) of human cervical epithelial cell cultures (HeLa). The pathogens
Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis,C. glabrata, C. krusei, C.
albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, caused a significant decrease
in TER as compared to the controls; Lactobacillus spp caused a
significant increase in TER versus the controls and Escherichia coli
had no effect on the TER of the cell monolayers. The above data show that
Candida spp., S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp. have a
non-selective effect on the TER of HeLa cell monolayers. These results are
consistent with the in vivo non-selective action of these microorganisms
on the various human mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tsata
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Mycology Research Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Cornelia Poulopoulou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Pantelis Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves CT, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:905-27. [PMID: 26690853 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1091805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infection caused by Candida species that affects millions of women every year. Although Candida albicans is the main cause of VVC, the identification of non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species, especially Candida glabrata, as the cause of this infection, appears to be increasing. The development of VVC is usually attributed to the disturbance of the balance between Candida vaginal colonization and host environment by physiological or nonphysiological changes. Several host-related and behavioral risk factors have been proposed as predisposing factors for VVC. Host-related factors include pregnancy, hormone replacement, uncontrolled diabetes, immunosuppression, antibiotics, glucocorticoids use and genetic predispositions. Behavioral risk factors include use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine device, spermicides and condoms and some habits of hygiene, clothing and sexual practices. Despite a growing list of recognized risk factors, much remains to be elucidated as the role of host versus microorganisms, in inducing VVC and its recurrence. Thus, this review provides information about the current state of knowledge on the risk factors that predispose to VVC, also including a revision of the epidemiology and microbiology of VVC, as well as of Candida virulence factors associated with vaginal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gonçalves
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Carina Ferreira
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Carlos Tiago Alves
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- a CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Mendling W, Weissenbacher ER, Gerber S, Prasauskas V, Grob P. Use of locally delivered dequalinium chloride in the treatment of vaginal infections: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 293:469-84. [PMID: 26506926 PMCID: PMC4757629 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaginal infections are responsible for a large proportion of gynaecological outpatient visits. Those are bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC), aerobic vaginitis (AV) associated with aerobic bacteria, and mixed infections. Usual treatments show similar acceptable short-term efficacy, but frequent recurrences and increasing microbial resistance are unsolved issues. Furthermore, vaginal infections are associated with a variety of serious adverse outcomes in pregnancy and generally have a major impact on quality of life. Identifying the correct therapy can be challenging for the clinician, particularly in mixed infections. Findings Dequalinium chloride (DQC) is an anti-microbial antiseptic agent with a broad bactericidal and fungicidal activity. Systemic absorption after vaginal application of DQC is very low and systemic effects negligible. Vaginal DQC (Fluomizin®vaginal tablets) has been shown to have equal clinical efficacy as clindamycin in the treatment of BV. Its broad antimicrobial activity makes it appropriate for the treatment of mixed vaginal infections and in case of uncertain diagnosis. Moreover, resistance of pathogens is unlikely due to its multiple mode of action, and vaginal DQC provides also a reduced risk for post-treatment vaginal infections. Conclusions Vaginal DQC (10 mg) as 6-day therapy offers a safe and effective option for empiric therapy of different vaginal infections in daily practice. This review summarizes the available and relevant pharmacological and clinical data for the therapy of vaginal infections with vaginal DQC and provides the rationale for its use in daily gynaecologic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Mendling
- German Center for Infections in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuppertal, Germany.
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30
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Fenugreek gum derivatives with improved bioadhesion and controlled drug release: In vitro and in vivo characterization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abdel Azeiz AZ, Hanafi DK, Hasanein SE. Identification of a new antifungal oligoacetal derivative produced by Streptomyces toxytricini against Candida albicans. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1816-23. [PMID: 26336904 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1081199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirty actinomycete isolates were isolated from soil and tested against Candida albicans in vitro. The active isolate was identified by 16s-rRNA gene sequencing method as Streptomyces toxytricini. The antifungal compound was extracted with ethyl acetate followed by diethyl ether. Both HPLC and GC-MS analysis confirmed presence of one pure compound in the diethyl ether extract. The compound is a yellow liquid has a maximum absorbance at 240 nm in methanol. The chemical structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR and IR analyses. The elucidated molecular formula was C36H54O14. The compound is a polyacetal tricyclononane derivative, composed of a tricyclononane ring attached from the carbon atom number four with an oligo-acetal chain (six acetal groups in chain) and from the carbon atom number seven with a methoxy carbonyl benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. The purposed name is: 4- {[tricycle(3.2.1.1(1,3))non-8-yl] methoxy carbonyl benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid} (2,4,5,6,7,8,9 heptaoxa, 3-ethoxy, 5,6,7,9-tetramethyl unidecane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z Abdel Azeiz
- a College of Biotechnology , Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) , 6th October City , Egypt
| | - Donia K Hanafi
- b Biomedical Science Department , Zewail City , 6th October City , Egypt
| | - Sameh E Hasanein
- c Bioinformatics Department , Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC) , Giza , Egypt
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Systems Level Dissection of Candida Recognition by Dectins: A Matter of Fungal Morphology and Site of Infection. Pathogens 2015; 4:639-61. [PMID: 26308062 PMCID: PMC4584279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an ubiquitous fungal commensal of human skin and mucosal surfaces, and at the same time a major life-threatening human fungal pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense mechanisms rely on the capacity of professional phagocytes to recognize Candida cell wall antigens. During the past decade, the host immune response to Candida was dissected in depth, highlighting the essential role of C-type lectin receptors, especially regarding the power of the Dectins’ family in discriminating between the tolerated yeast-like form of Candida and its invading counterpart, the hyphae. This review focuses on the immuno-modulatory properties of the Candida morphologies and their specific interactions with the host innate immune system in different body surfaces.
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33
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Molecular Characterization of Highly Susceptible Candida africana from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:317-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Pendharkar S, Brandsborg E, Hammarström L, Marcotte H, Larsson PG. Vaginal colonisation by probiotic lactobacilli and clinical outcome in women conventionally treated for bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:255. [PMID: 26137971 PMCID: PMC4489123 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the colonisation by lactobacilli and clinical outcome in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (R-VVC) receiving antibiotic or anti-fungal treatment in combination with the probiotic EcoVag® capsules. METHODS A total of 40 Scandinavian women diagnosed with BV or VVC on the basis of Amsel's criteria or clinical symptoms were consecutively recruited in two pilot open label clinical trials. In trial I, women with BV were treated with clindamycin and metronidazole followed by vaginal EcoVag® capsules, containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM 14870 and Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 14869, for 5 consecutive days after each antibiotic treatment. In trial II, women were recruited in three groups as follows: women with BV receiving clindamycin and metronidazole treatment together with a prolonged administration of EcoVag® (10 consecutive days after each antibiotic treatment followed by weekly administration of capsules for next four months), women with R-VVC receiving extended fluconazole and EcoVag® treatment, and women receiving extended fluconazole treatments only. The difference in frequency of isolation of EcoVag® strains or other lactobacilli between groups was compared by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The 6-month cure rate for BV was 50 % in trial I while both the 6- and 12-month cure rates were 67 % in trial II. The 6- and 12-month cure rates for VVC were 100 % and 89 % in women receiving fluconazole and EcoVag®, and 100 % and 70 % in women receiving fluconazole only. The frequency of isolation of any Lactobacillus species during the course of the study was associated with cure of BV in trial I and II, whereas the frequency of isolation of EcoVag® strains was significantly associated with the cure of BV in trial II only. As previously observed, a change in sexual partner was associated with relapse of BV with an Odds ratio of 77 (95 % CI: 2.665 to 2225). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the treatment with antibiotics or anti-fungal medication in combination with EcoVag® capsules provide long-term cure against BV and R-VVC as compared to previous reports. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02295579 . Registered November 20, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Pendharkar
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per-Göran Larsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Kärnsjukhuset, Skaraborg hospital and University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
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Shaaban OM, Abbas AM, Moharram AM, Farhan MM, Hassanen IH. Does vaginal douching affect the type of candidal vulvovaginal infection? Med Mycol 2015; 53:817-27. [PMID: 26129887 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal vaginal microbiota is a dynamic system that continually fluctuates under the environmental changes and different physiological conditions. Yeast infections of the vagina are caused by one of the species of fungus called Candida (C.). The study aimed to evaluate the types of mycobiota in women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) who were performing vaginal douching (VD) or not. Furthermore, it studied the antifungal sensitivity toward different fungi isolated from the vagina. In a cross-sectional study conducted in Assiut University Hospital, Egypt, women with VVC were interviewed regarding relevant history including the habit of VD. Vaginal swabs were obtained and processed by direct microscope and by culture on CHROMagar Candida and other differential media. The types of Candida in women with the habit of VD were compared with those not having this habit. We found that VD habit was practiced by 67.4% of women with VVC, and Candida albicans was the commonest (78.3%) type observed. There was no significant difference in the percentage of non-albicans types between women performing VD (23.6%) and those not reporting this habit (18.9%). Harboring non-albicans types were significantly increased in regular performers of VD compared with those who had this procedure only after sexual intercourse or after the end of menstruation (36.8%,12.5%, and 16.7%, respectively) (P = .048). Thus, vaginal douching does not influence the type of Candida infection involved in VVC. Frequent performance of VD increases the likelihood of having non-albicans types and the resistance to the common antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Shaaban
- Assiut University, Obstetrics and gynecology, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abbas
- Assiut University, Obstetrics and gynecology, Assiut, Egypt
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36
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Shinobu-Mesquita CS, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Moreira AL, Ferreira ICP, Donatti L, Fiorini A, Svidzinski TIE. Cellular Structural Changes in Candida albicans Caused by the Hydroalcoholic Extract from Sapindus saponaria L. Molecules 2015; 20:9405-18. [PMID: 26007191 PMCID: PMC6272372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of yeast-like fungi in the mucosa of the female genital tract. Candida albicans is the principal etiological agent involved in VVC, but reports have shown an increase in the prevalence of Candida non-C. albicans (CNCA) cases, which complicates VVC treatment because CNCA does not respond well to antifungal therapy. Our group has reported the in vitro antifungal activity of extracts from Sapindus saponaria L. The present study used scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to further evaluate the antifungal activity of hydroalcoholic extract from S. saponaria (HE) against yeast obtained from VVC and structural changes induced by HE. We observed the antifungal activity of HE against 125 vaginal yeasts that belonged to four different species of the Candida genus and S. cerevisae. The results suggest that saponins that are present in HE act on the cell wall or membrane of yeast at the first moments after contact, causing damage to these structures and cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane S Shinobu-Mesquita
- Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Patricia S Bonfim-Mendonça
- Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Amanda L Moreira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco K80, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Izabel C P Ferreira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco K80, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucelia Donatti
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 85131-990, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Fiorini
- Campus Palotina, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina 85950-000, Brazil.
| | - Terezinha I E Svidzinski
- Departamento Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, bloco T20, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil.
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37
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Diverse nitrogen sources in seminal fluid act in synergy to induce filamentous growth of Candida albicans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2770-80. [PMID: 25662979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03595-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the leading cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). VVC represents a major quality-of-life issue for women during their reproductive years, a stage of life where the vaginal epithelium is subject to periodic hormonally induced changes associated with menstruation and concomitant exposure to serum as well as potential intermittent contact with seminal fluid. Seminal fluid potently triggers Candida albicans to switch from yeastlike to filamentous modes of growth, a developmental response tightly linked to virulence. Conversely, vaginal fluid inhibits filamentation. Here, we used artificial formulations of seminal and vaginal fluids that faithfully mimic genuine fluids to assess the contribution of individual components within these fluids to filamentation. The high levels of albumin, amino acids, and N-acetylglucosamine in seminal fluid act synergistically as potent inducers of filamentous growth, even at atmospheric levels of CO2 and reduced temperatures (30 °C). Using a simplified in vitro model that mimics the natural introduction of seminal fluid into the vulvovaginal environment, a pulse of artificial seminal fluid (ASF) was found to exert an enduring potential to overcome the inhibitory efficacy of artificial vaginal fluid (AVF) on filamentation. These findings suggest that a transient but substantial change in the nutrient levels within the vulvovaginal environment during unprotected coitus can induce resident C. albicans cells to engage developmental programs associated with virulent growth.
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38
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Dou N, Li W, Zhao E, Wang C, Xiao Z, Zhou H. Risk factors for candida infection of the genital tract in the tropics. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:835-9. [PMID: 25834491 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors associated with candida infection of the genital tract in the tropics. METHODS We performed questionnaire survey and experiments at the Hainan branch of General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Hainan General Hospital and Sanya Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital in 2013. Controls were without Candida infection of genital tract, and cases had from Candida infection. RESULTS We recruited 689 cases and 652 controls. The average age of cases with Candida infection of the genital tract was higher than that of controls. In the multivariate modeling, marriage (adjusted odds ratio: 2.49, 95% confidential interval: 1.09-5.67) and vaginal lavage (adjusted odds ratio: 4.41, 95% confidential interval: 1.13-5.14) were significantly associated with Candida infection of genital tract in tropics. CONCLUSION Candida infection was related with age. Marriage and Vaginal lavage were significant risk factors. Attention should be paid to health education for the prevention of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Dou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Enfeng Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Zhaozhao Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
| | - Honghui Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peoples Liberation Army General Hospital
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Araújo Paulo de Medeiros M, Vieira de Melo AP, Gonçalves SS, Milan EP, Chaves GM. Genetic relatedness among vaginal and anal isolates of Candida albicans from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis in north-east Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1436-1445. [PMID: 25187602 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.076604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most common causes of vaginitis and affects about 75% of women of reproductive age. In order to better understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this disease, we evaluated genetic relatedness among 62 clinical isolates of Candida albicans sequentially obtained from the anus and vagina of patients with sporadic and recurrent VVC. Evaluation of patients' demographic and clinical data, direct examination, and colony forming units (c.f.u.) counts of vaginal and anal samples were also performed. The genotypes of strains were determined with ABC genotyping and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genotype A was the most prevalent (93.6%), followed by genotype C (6.4%), whereas genotype B was not found. We found the maintenance of the same ABC genotype, regardless of the body site of each patient. Most of the vaginal strains suffered microevolution, whereas most of the anal strains were replaced during the period of study. Vaginal and anal isolates of C. albicans obtained simultaneously from the same patient showed the same ABC genotype and high genetic similarity as determined by RAPD. Genotype A seemed to be dominant in both vaginal and anal isolates of patients with VVC. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that there are 'substrains' of the C. albicans vaginal clone successfully established, which dominate in an apparently random manner over the course of time. It is suggested that the anal reservoir constitutes a possible source for vaginal infection in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Araújo Paulo de Medeiros
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Vieira de Melo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Eveline Pipolo Milan
- Department of Infectology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Maranhão Chaves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Piroth T, Pauly MC, Schneider C, Wittmer A, Möllers S, Döbrössy M, Winkler C, Nikkhah G. Transplantation of Human Fetal Tissue for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Validation of a New Protocol for Microbiological Analysis and Bacterial Decontamination. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:995-1007. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x666449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Restorative cell therapy concepts in neurodegenerative diseases are aimed at replacing lost neurons. Despite advances in research on pluripotent stem cells, fetal tissue from routine elective abortions is still regarded as the only safe cell source. Progenitor cells isolated from distinct first-trimester fetal CNS regions have already been used in clinical trials and will be used again in a new multicenter trial funded by the European Union (TRANSEURO). Bacterial contamination of human fetal tissue poses a potential risk of causing infections in the brain of the recipient. Thus, effective methods of microbial decontamination and validation of these methods are required prior to approval of a neurorestorative cell therapy trial. We have developed a protocol consisting of subsequent washing steps at different stages of tissue processing. Efficacy of microbial decontamination was assessed on rat embryonic tissue incubated with high concentrations of defined microbe solutions including representative bacterial and fungal species. Experimental microbial contamination was reduced by several log ranks. Subsequently, we have analyzed the spectrum of microbial contamination and the effect of subsequent washing steps on aborted human fetal tissue; 47.7% of the samples taken during human fetal tissue processing were positive for a microbial contamination, but after washing, no sample exhibited bacterial growth. Our data suggest that human fetal tissue for neural repair can carry microbes of various species, highlighting the need for decontamination procedures. The decontamination protocol described in this report has been shown to be effective as no microbes could be detected at the end of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Piroth
- Department of Neurology, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Pauly
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sven Möllers
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Máté Döbrössy
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christian Winkler
- Department of Neurology, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Guido Nikkhah
- Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University Freiburg – Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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The role of Human Dectin-1 Y238X Gene Polymorphism in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis infections. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6763-8. [PMID: 25008994 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is defined as having four or more symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) attacks within a year. This study aimed to investigate whether Human Dectin-1 Y238X Gene Polymorphism plays a role in RVVC pathogenesis. In order to examine and explore this aim, an experimental study was undergone. The clinical study design was conducted with 50 women diagnosed with RVVC and had four or more symptomatic VVC attacks who were included in the experimental group; while 50 women who did not have previous RVVC history and diagnosis and did not have vaginal discharge and itching in the past year were included in the control group. Blood samples were collected from these patients and transferred to EDTA tubes, to investigate the Dectin-1 Y238X gene polymorphism, and stored at -80°. When Dectin-1 genotypes were compared, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.452, p = 0.615, p = 0.275). History of familial RVVC was significantly higher in the experimental group (p = 0.001). When the multivariate analysis was used to evaluate factors that could determine RVVC frequency, history of familial RVVC was found to increase the frequency of RVVC attacks by 3.3 units. This study is the first-of-its-kind to investigate the correlation between Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism, which has not been previously studied in the Turkish population, and RVVC. The result of this study suggests that there is no correlation between this polymorphism and RVVC.
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Rathod SD, Buffler PA. Highly-cited estimates of the cumulative incidence and recurrence of vulvovaginal candidiasis are inadequately documented. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:43. [PMID: 24612727 PMCID: PMC3975582 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available literature concerning the epidemiologic or clinical features of vulvovaginal candidiasis commonly reports that: 75% of women will experience an episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis in their lifetimes, 50% of whom will experience at least a second episode, and 5-10% of all women will experience recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes/1 year). In this debate we traced the three commonly cited statistics to their presumed origins. DISCUSSION It is apparent that these figures were inadequately documented and lacked supporting epidemiologic evidence. Population-based studies are needed to make reliable estimates of the lifetime risk of vulvovaginal candidiasis and the proportion of women who experience recurrent candidiasis. SUMMARY The extent to which vulvovaginal candidiasis is a source of population-level morbidity remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit D Rathod
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Hamad M. Estrogen treatment predisposes to severe and persistent vaginal candidiasis in diabetic mice. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:15. [PMID: 24401317 PMCID: PMC3916058 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased levels of estrogen and diabetes mellitus separately predispose to vaginal candidiasis (VC). However, the compounding effect of estrogen on the severity and persistence of VC in diabetic females is not clear. Methods To address this issue, a diabetic mouse model with estrogen-maintained VC was developed and evaluated for vaginal fungal burden (VFB) and immune competence at different time points throughout the study period. Results Blood glucose levels in estrogen-treated diabetic mice were consistently lower than that in untreated counterparts. Estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected non-diabetic mice experienced persistent episodes of VC as compared with naïve controls (P < 0.01). However, severity and persistence of VC in estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic mice was significantly greater than that in non-diabetic counterparts (P < 0.05). Mortality rates among estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic mice were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in non-diabetic counterparts. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) and persistent suppression of the delayed hypersensitivity response (DTH) was evident in estrogen-treated C. albicans-infected diabetic and non-diabetic mice as compared with controls. Levels of expression of the inhibitory molecule CD152 on vaginal and splenic T cells isolated from estrogen-treated C. albicans infected mice was significantly higher than that in naive untreated controls (P < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that estrogen treatment in diabetic females may protect against the progression of DM on the one hand and predispose to severe and persistent VC on the other. The later outcome could be related to the immunosuppressed status of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
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Gopinathan S, Janagond AB, Agatha D, P.R. T. Detection of FUR1 Gene in 5-Flucytosine Resistant Candida Isolates in Vaginal Candidiasis Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2452-5. [PMID: 24392370 PMCID: PMC3879835 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6160.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study was done to detect the prevalence, risk factors for vaginal candidiasis in Chennai and to evaluate different methods for speciation of Candida isolates from vaginal candidiasis patients. This study was also aimed at detecting resistance patterns of Candida spp to common antifungals and at detecting mutant FUR1 genes in 5-Flucytosine (5 FC) resistant isolates. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred clinically suspected vaginal candidiasis patients were screened for candidiasis and isolated Candida were speciated by standard morphological and biochemical tests (sugar fermentation and assimilation) and by using CHROM agar-Candida medium. Antifungal susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion method (CLSI M44-A) using fluconazole, itraconazole and 5FC disks. Five FC resistant isolates were subjected to PCR for detection of mutant FUR1 genes. RESULTS A total of 72 (36%) Candida spp. were obtained. Vaginal candidiasis was more prevalent in 31-40 years age group and among those with poor genital hygiene and who wore tight fitting synthetic/nylon underclothes . C.albicans (35), C.tropicalis (8), C.glabrata (21), C.krusei (4) were identified by both carbohydrate assimilation test and by using CHROM agar-Candida medium. C.kefyr (2) and C.parapsilosis (2) could not be identified using CHROM agar-Candida. Resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole and 5-flucytosine was seen in 19.44%, 23.61% and 41.66% of the isolates respectively. Mutant FUR1 gene was detected in all the Candida spp that were resistant to 5FC. CONCLUSION C.albicans was the commonest species which caused vaginal candidiasis in Chennai. Though CHROM agar-candida medium is a useful differential isolation medium capable of early presumptive identification of Candida species, it could not identify C.kefyr and C.parapsilosis. Azole resistance was low in C. albicans but it was high in non-albicans Candida spp. Prevalence of primary resistance to 5-flucytosine was high in the strains studied and in all of them, it was mediated by mutant FUR1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikala Gopinathan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Medical College, Seeragapadi, Salem- 636308, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anand B. Janagond
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - David Agatha
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Filippidi A, Galanakis E, Maraki S, Galani I, Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Kalmanti M, Mantadakis E, Samonis G. The effect of maternal flora onCandidacolonisation in the neonate. Mycoses 2013; 57:43-8. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sofia Maraki
- Department of Microbiology; Heraklion University Hospital; Heraklion Greece
| | - Irene Galani
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory; 4th Department of Internal Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Maria Drogari-Apiranthitou
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory; 4th Department of Internal Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Maria Kalmanti
- Departments of Paediatrics; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
| | - Elpis Mantadakis
- Department of Paediatrics; Democritus University of Thrace; Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Internal Medicine; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
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Kalkanci A, Güzel AB, Jabban IIK, Aydin M, Ilkit M, Kuştimur S. Candidavaginitis in non-pregnant patients: A study of antifungal susceptibility testing and virulence factors. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:378-83. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.767323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Gomez-Moyano E, Cid Lama A, Fernández Ballesteros MD, Lova Navarro M, Vera Casaño A, Crespo Erchiga V. Eficacia terapéutica del voriconazol en candidiasis vulvovaginal crónica por Candida glabrata. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 30:61-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Esposito E, Ravani L, Contado C, Costenaro A, Drechsler M, Rossi D, Menegatti E, Grandini A, Cortesi R. Clotrimazole nanoparticle gel for mucosal administration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:411-8. [PMID: 25428089 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study a formulation suitable to be applied on oral and/or vaginal mucosa has been developed for the treatment of fungal infections. The aim of the research is a comparison between clotrimazole (CLO) containing semisolid formulations based on monoolein aqueous dispersion (MAD) or nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). MAD and NLC have been characterized in terms of morphology and dimensional distribution by cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (cryo-TEM) and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). CLO was encapsulated with high entrapment efficiency both in MAD and in NLC, according to Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) combined with HPLC. CLO recovery in MAD and NLC has been investigated by time. In order to obtain formulations with suitable viscosity for mucosal application, MAD was diluted with a carbomer gel, while NLC was directly viscosized by the addition of poloxamer 407 in the dispersion. The rheological properties of MAD and NLC after viscosizing have been investigated. Franz cell has been employed to study CLO diffusion from the different vehicles, evidencing diffusion rates from MAD and NLC superimposable to that obtained using Canesten(®). An anticandidal activity study demonstrated that both CLO-MAD and CLO-NLC were more active against Candida albicans with respect to the pure drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Laura Ravani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catia Contado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Costenaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Damiano Rossi
- Department of Biology and Evolution, LT Terra&Acqua Tech UR7, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enea Menegatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- Department of Biology and Evolution, LT Terra&Acqua Tech UR7, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Cortesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Mayer FL, Wilson D, Jacobsen ID, Miramón P, Slesiona S, Bohovych IM, Brown AJP, Hube B. Small but crucial: the novel small heat shock protein Hsp21 mediates stress adaptation and virulence in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38584. [PMID: 22685587 PMCID: PMC3369842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) have multiple cellular functions. However, the biological function of sHsps in pathogenic microorganisms is largely unknown. In the present study we identified and characterized the novel sHsp Hsp21 of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Using a reverse genetics approach we demonstrate the importance of Hsp21 for resistance of C. albicans to specific stresses, including thermal and oxidative stress. Furthermore, a hsp21Δ/Δ mutant was defective in invasive growth and formed significantly shorter filaments compared to the wild type under various filament-inducing conditions. Although adhesion to and invasion into human-derived endothelial and oral epithelial cells was unaltered, the hsp21Δ/Δ mutant exhibited a strongly reduced capacity to damage both cell lines. Furthermore, Hsp21 was required for resisting killing by human neutrophils. Measurements of intracellular levels of stress protective molecules demonstrated that Hsp21 is involved in both glycerol and glycogen regulation and plays a major role in trehalose homeostasis in response to elevated temperatures. Mutants defective in trehalose and, to a lesser extent, glycerol synthesis phenocopied HSP21 deletion in terms of increased susceptibility to environmental stress, strongly impaired capacity to damage epithelial cells and increased sensitivity to the killing activities of human primary neutrophils. Via systematic analysis of the three main C. albicans stress-responsive kinases (Mkc1, Cek1, Hog1) under a range of stressors, we demonstrate Hsp21-dependent phosphorylation of Cek1 in response to elevated temperatures. Finally, the hsp21Δ/Δ mutant displayed strongly attenuated virulence in two in vivo infection models. Taken together, Hsp21 mediates adaptation to specific stresses via fine-tuning homeostasis of compatible solutes and activation of the Cek1 pathway, and is crucial for multiple stages of C. albicans pathogenicity. Hsp21 therefore represents the first reported example of a small heat shock protein functioning as a virulence factor in a eukaryotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- François L. Mayer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Pedro Miramón
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Silvia Slesiona
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Iryna M. Bohovych
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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In vitro anti-Candida activity of lidocaine and nitroglycerin: alone and combined. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012:727248. [PMID: 22675243 PMCID: PMC3363366 DOI: 10.1155/2012/727248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the anti-Candida activity of lidocaine and nitroglycerin alone and in combination. Ten Candida strains were included, corresponding to 1 collection type strain (ATCC 10231) and 9 clinical isolates: 4 C. albicans, 2 C. glabrata, 1 C. tropicalis, 1 C. krusei, and 1 C. parapsilosis. The CLSI reference M27-A3 micromethod was used to determine the anti-Candida activity of the drugs alone; minimal inhibitory and lethal concentrations were determined. The classic checkboard technique was used to determine the activity of combined drugs. Lidocaine fungicidal effect was dosedependent. Nitroglycerin exhibited a higher effect. The drugs combination resulted in a reduction of the inhibitory concentration, corresponding to an additive effect. In conclusion, both drugs exhibited an interesting anti-Candida activity. The combination of lidocaine with nitroglycerin was shown to have an additive effect against Candida spp., predicting the interest to include, in the future, these drugs in a new delivery system for the treatment of mucocutaneous candidosis.
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