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Pastuschek J, Bär C, Göhner C, Budde U, Leidenmuehler P, Groten T, Schleußner E, Markert UR. Ex vivo human placental transfer study on recombinant Von Willebrand factor (rVWF). Placenta 2021; 111:69-75. [PMID: 34171523 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency or mutation of von Willebrand factor (VWF) leads to a coagulation disorder (von Willebrand disease; VWD) which requires a lifelong therapy. For avoiding maternal complications treatment may be necessary also in pregnancy, but placental transfer to the fetus might impact its coagulation system and evoke undesired side effects. As VWF is a very large molecule it may be assumed that it does not pass the placental barrier. To prove this hypothesis the materno-fetal transfer of recombinant VWF (rVWF) has been analyzed ex vivo in a total of 21 valid dual side placenta perfusions. Three groups of five placentas each have been perfused with physiological and up to ten-fold increased concentrations of rVWF for 2 h. Six placentas have been used for control perfusions. A series of different control parameters has been assessed for documentation of intactness and functionality of the placenta and the perfusion system. In not a single analysis, independent of time and concentration, rVWF was detected in the fetal circuit. In the maternal circuit VWF concentration decreased slightly during perfusion. These results demonstrate that recombinant VWF does not pass the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pastuschek
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - C Bär
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - C Göhner
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - U Budde
- Medilys Laborgesellschaft MbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 1, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - T Groten
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - E Schleußner
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - U R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Ludovici M, Dolara P, Costantini A, Barbagli G, Calzolai A, Stomaci N. Impairment of Antipyrine Metabolism in Urinary Tract Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 69:221-2. [PMID: 6868139 DOI: 10.1177/030089168306900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of antipyrine was studied in 13 patients with cancer and bladder papillomas and in 11 control subjects, matched for interfering factors like smoking, diet, age and sex. The mean antipyrine half-life was significantly longer in patients with urinary tract cancer (14.7 ± 1.32 h SE) than in control subjects (11 ± 0.55 h SE) (P < 0.025); other clinical parameters did not vary.
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Freriksen JJM, Feyaerts D, van den Broek PHH, van der Heijden OWH, van Drongelen J, van Hamersvelt HW, Russel FGM, van der Molen RG, Greupink R. Placental disposition of the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients and in ex vivo perfused placental tissue. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:244-248. [PMID: 29655601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, tacrolimus is the most potent immunosuppressive agent for renal transplant recipients and is commonly prescribed during pregnancy. As data on placental exposure and transfer are limited, we studied tacrolimus placental handling in samples obtained from renal transplant recipients. We found transfer to venous umbilical cord blood, but particularly noted a strong placental accumulation. In patient samples, tissue concentrations in a range of 55-82 ng/g were found. More detailed ex vivo dual-side perfusions of term placentas from healthy women revealed a tissue-to-maternal perfusate concentration ratio of 113 ± 49 (mean ± SEM), underlining the placental accumulation found in vivo. During the 3 h ex vivo perfusion interval no placental transfer to the fetal circulation was observed. In addition, we found a non-homogeneous distribution of tacrolimus across the perfused cotyledons. In conclusion, we observed extensive accumulation of tacrolimus in placental tissue. This warrants further studies into potential effects on placental function and immune cells of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J M Freriksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D Feyaerts
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P H H van den Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O W H van der Heijden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H W van Hamersvelt
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R G van der Molen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Al-Sannan B, Nandakumaran M, Al-Harmi J, Al-Shammari M, Fouda M. Transport kinetics of chromium in perfused human placental lobule in late gestation: in vitro study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:3000-3006. [PMID: 29621925 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1454425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Reports relating to maternal-fetal transport kinetics of chromium, an essential trace element in the human pregnancies are scanty. Hence, we thought it interesting to investigate the transport kinetics of this trace element in the human placenta in late gestation in vitro. Methods: Human placentae were collected immediately after delivery from normal uncomplicated pregnancies. Chromium chloride solution (GFS Chem Inc, Ohio, USA) at 10 times the physiological concentrations and antipyrine (Sigma Chem Co., St. Louis, USA) as internal reference marker was injected as a single bolus (100 µl) into the maternal arterial circulation of perfused placental lobules and perfusate samples were collected from maternal and fetal circulations over a study period of 5 minutes. National culture and Tissue collection medium, diluted with Earle's buffered salt solution was used as the perfusate. Serial perfusate samples were collected from fetal venous perfusate for a period of 30 minutes. Chromium concentration in perfusate samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the concentration of reference marker, antipyrine was measured by spectrophotometry. Transport kinetics and transport parameters of study and reference markers were assessed using well-established parameters. Results: Differential transport rates of chromium and antipyrine in 10 perfusions differed significantly for 10 and 50% efflux fractions (ANOVA test, p < .05) while those of 25, 75, and 90% efflux fractions were not significantly different between the study and reference substances. Chromium transport fraction (TF) averaged 54.9% of bolus dose in 10 perfusions while that of antipyrine averaged 89% of bolus dose, representing 61.80% of reference marker TF. The difference observed in TF values of chromium and antipyrine was statistically significant (Student's t-test, p < .05). Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, clearance, absorption rate, elimination rate of chromium compared to reference marker was significantly different (ANOVA test, p < .05) between the study and reference substances. Conclusions: Our studies report for the first time maternal-fetal transport kinetics of chromium in human placenta in vitro. Considering the restricted transfer of this essential trace element from maternal to fetal circulation despite its small molecular weight, we hypothesize an active transport of chromium across the human placental membrane. Further studies relating to placental transport kinetics of this trace element in various pregnancy-related disease states are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Al-Sannan
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kuwait , Kuwait , Kuwait
| | - M Nandakumaran
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kuwait , Kuwait , Kuwait
| | - J Al-Harmi
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kuwait , Kuwait , Kuwait
| | - M Al-Shammari
- a Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kuwait , Kuwait , Kuwait
| | - M Fouda
- b Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department , Adan Hospital , Kuwait , Kuwait
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Schalkwijk S, Greupink R, Colbers AP, Wouterse AC, Verweij VGM, van Drongelen J, Teulen M, van den Oetelaar D, Burger DM, Russel FGM. Placental transfer of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir in an ex vivo human cotyledon perfusion model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:480-3. [PMID: 26538508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data on fetal exposure to antiretroviral agents during pregnancy are important to estimate their potential for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and possible toxicity. For the recently developed HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir, clinical data on fetal disposition are not yet available. Dual perfusion of a single placental lobule (cotyledon) provides a useful ex vivo model to predict the in vivo maternal-to-fetal transfer of this drug. The aim of this study was to estimate the transfer of dolutegravir across the human term placenta, using a dual-perfusion cotyledon model. METHODS After cannulation of the cotyledons (n = 6), a fetal circulation of 6 mL/min and maternal circulation of 12 mL/min were initiated. The perfusion medium consisted of Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH = 7.2-7.4) supplemented with 10.1 mM glucose, 30 g/L human serum albumin and 0.5 mL/L heparin 5000IE. Dolutegravir was administered to the maternal circulation (∼ 4.2 mg/L) and analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS After 3 h of perfusion, the mean ± SD fetal-to-maternal (FTM) concentration ratio of dolutegravir was 0.6 ± 0.2 and the mean ± SD concentrations in the maternal and fetal compartments were 2.3 ± 0.4 and 1.3 ± 0.3 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dolutegravir crosses the blood-placental barrier with a mean FTM concentration ratio of 0.6. Compared with other antiretroviral agents, placental transfer of dolutegravir is moderate to high. These data suggest that dolutegravir holds clinical potential for pre-exposure prophylaxis and consequently PMTCT, but also risk of fetal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Schalkwijk
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Angela P Colbers
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons C Wouterse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne G M Verweij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Joris van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Marga Teulen
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van den Oetelaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Single- and multiple-dose kinetics of oral lorazepam in humans: The predictability of accumulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:159-79. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01059736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nandakumaran M, Al-Sannan B, Al-Sarraf H, Al-Shammari M. Maternal–fetal transport kinetics of manganese in perfused human placental lobule in vitro. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:274-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.998193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hameed Al-Sarraf
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuwait, Jabrya, Kuwait
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Bulatov A, Medinskaia K, Aseeva D, Garmonov S, Moskvin L. Determination of antipyrine in saliva using the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on a stepwise injection system. Talanta 2015; 133:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kandel SE, Wienkers LC, Lampe JN. Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Metabolites in Lead Discovery and Development. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 49:347-359. [PMID: 25797999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800167-7.00022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are a versatile superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases, perhaps best known for their role in the oxidation of xenobiotic compounds. However, due to their unique oxidative chemistry, CYPs are also important in natural product drug discovery and in the generation of active metabolites with unique therapeutic properties. New tools for the analysis and production of CYP metabolites, including microscale analytical technologies and combinatorial biosynthesis, are providing medicinal chemists with the opportunity to use CYPs as a novel platform for lead discovery and development. In this review, we will highlight some of the recent examples of drug leads identified from CYP metabolites and the exciting possibilities of using CYPs as catalysts for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., MS-1018, Kansas City, KS 66160
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BAKKE O, AANDERUD S, SYVERSEN G, BASSØE H, MYKING O. ANTIPYRINE METABOLISM IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb01718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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PATON WDM, PERTWEE RG. Effect of cannabis and certain of its constituents on pentobarbitone sleeping time and phenazone metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb07261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Halliwell M, Homeida M, Roberts CJ. Value of liver volume measurement in the study of antipyrine kinetics in liver disease [proceedings]. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Davis M, Simmons CJ, Dordoni B, Williams R. Urinary D-glucaric acid excretion and plasma antipyrine kinetics during enzyme induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 1:253-7. [PMID: 22454957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1974.tb00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Changes in urinary D-glucaric acid excretion following a 14 day course of antipyrine to produce enzyme induction have been compared in normal volunteers with changes in plasma half lives and steady state levels of antipyrine. 2 Urinary D-glucaric acid excretion for the group rose significantly with induction, while there was a significant fall in the mean plasma antipyrine half life and steady state levels. The extent of the increase in urinary D-glucaric acid excretion was inversely related to the pre-induction level, and this also applied to the change in antipyrine half lives. 3 Although in individuals, urinary D-glucaric acid excretion and plasma levels of antipyrine changed in parallel, there was no numerical correlation in the group as a whole between these two tests either before or after enzyme induction. 4 These findings are consistent with other recently reported evidence that plasma drug kinetics and other microsomal enzyme functions are not necessarily affected to the same degree by agents with enzyme inducing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davis
- The Liver Unit, King's College Hospital and Medical School, London
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Briant RH, George CF. The assessment of potential drug interactions with a new tricyclic antidepressant drug. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 1:113-8. [PMID: 22454897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1974.tb00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Methods for the investigation of possible interactions with tricyclic antidepressant drugs are described. These methods have been applied to a new compound, Ciba 34276-Ba, which has been shown to have antidepressant activity. 2 In five normal volunteers tested before and during treatment with Ciba 34276-Ba, no abnormalities of resting or post-exercise electrocardiographs occurred. A three-fold reduction in tyramine-responsiveness was seen in three normal subjects studied, but no potentiation of the noradrenaline pressor effect occurred. One of six patients given Ciba 34276-Ba whilst on long-term treatment with bethanidine showed loss of blood pressure control. 3 The metabolic clearance of antipyrine was unaltered in two subjects studied, showing no evidence of induction or inhibition of hepatic microsomal oxidizing enzymes by Ciba 34276-Ba.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Briant
- M. R. C. Clinical Pharmacology Research group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London
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Helleberg L, Rubin A, Wolen RL, Rodda BE, Ridolfo AS, Gruber CM. A pharmacokinetic interaction in man between phenobarbitone and fenoprofen, a new anti-inflammatory agent. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 1:371-4. [PMID: 22454912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1974.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The effect of repeated administration of phenobarbitone on the plasma disposition of fenoprofen (±-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl) propionic acid) was investigated in rats and man. 2 The plasma elimination rate constants increased significantly and the rats excreted proportionately more metabolized fenoprofen in the urine. These findings are consistent with an increase in the rate of metabolism of fenoprofen. 3 This interaction between phenobarbitone (and presumably other inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes) and fenoprofen should be considered when evaluating the clinical usefulness of fenoprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Helleberg
- Lilly Laboratory for Clinical Research, 960 Locke Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A
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Abstract
Abstract
A system of dual perfusion of an isolated lobule of term human placenta was used as a model to study the transfer of heparin from maternal to foetal circulation. The metabolic viability of the system was assessed by measuring β-HCG and alkaline phosphatase levels in both maternal and foetal perfusates. Creatinine and antipyrine were used as markers to determine juxtaposition of the maternal and foetal circulations. Results of this study indicate that following administration of a single bolus dose of heparin into the maternal circulation, its concentration declined slowly from 99·01 ±2·98 at 15 min to 97·23 ±4·12% and transfer of heparin in the foetal circulation was linear and increased from 0·10% ±0·05% at 15 min to 0·46 ±0·19% over a period of 120 min. The maternal (MAUC) and foetal (FAUC) concentration-time integrals were found to be 70160 ± 1332 and 340 ± 30 int. units min mL−1, respectively. Placental permeability of heparin and creatinine, calculated as the ratio of foetal concentration to the integral maternal–foetal concentration difference, was 8·65 × 10−5 ± 0·80 × 10−5 and 0·033 ±0006 mL min−1 g−1 of perfused placental weight, respectively. These data suggest that heparin was transferred from the maternal to the foetal circulation in small quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bajoria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, West London Hospital, UK
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Hörnicke H. Methoden zur Bestimmung der Körperzusammensetzung lebender Tiere unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Schweines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1962.tb00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Al-Saleh E, Nandakumaran M, Al-Rashdan I, Al-Harmi J, Al-Shammari M. Maternal–fetal transport kinetics of carboplatin in the perfused human placental lobule:In vitrostudy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 20:695-701. [PMID: 17701670 DOI: 10.1080/14767050701437302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platinum-containing drugs are widely used in the treatment of various malignancies in humans. There is a paucity of data on maternal-fetal transport characteristics of one such widely used drug, carboplatin, and this prompted us to study its permeation characteristics in the human placenta in vitro. METHODS Placentae from uncomplicated, normal pregnancies were collected postpartum. Carboplatin, along with antipyrine as internal reference marker were injected as a single bolus (100 ul) into the maternal arterial circulation of isolated perfused placental lobules and perfusate samples collected from both maternal and fetal circulations over a period of 5 minutes. National Culture and Tissue Collection medium, diluted with Earle's buffered salt solution was used as the perfusate. Carboplatin concentration in various samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while antipyrine concentration was assayed by spectrophotometry. Transport and pharmacokinetic data of study and reference substances were computed using appropriate parameters. RESULTS The differential transport rate of carboplatin for 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90% efflux fractions in fetal venous effluent averaged 0.60, 1.35, 2.52, 3.72, and 4.49 minutes in 12 perfusions, representing 1.16 +/- 0.10, 1.06 +/- 0.06, 1.00 +/- 0.02, 0.98 +/- 0.01, and 0.99 +/- 0.01, respectively, times the antipyrine reference value. Student's t-test did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05) between the control and study group data. The transport fraction (TF) of carboplatin, expressed as the fraction of the drug appearing in the fetal vein during a study period of 5 minutes, averaged 9.00 +/- 0.52% of bolus dose, while antipyrine TF averaged 68.60 +/- 2.01% of injected bolus dose, representing 13.1% of reference marker value. Student's t-test showed carboplatin and reference marker TF values to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, clearance, time for maximum response, and absorption and elimination rates of study and reference substances showed varying differences. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that carboplatin transport from the maternal to the fetal circulation is relatively small in the human placenta at term. It is reasonable to assume that the risk for the neonate from carboplatin use in pregnancy is minimal when used in emergency clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Al-Saleh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuwait, Kuwait.
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Al-Saleh E, Al-Harmi J, Al-Rashdan I, Al-Shammari M, Nandakumaran M. Maternal–fetal transport kinetics of methotrexate in perfused human placenta:In vitrostudy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 20:411-8. [PMID: 17674247 DOI: 10.1080/14767050701288218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Folate antagonists are widely used in the treatment of diverse cancerous states. A paucity of data on transport characteristics of one such widely used drug, methotrexate, in the human placenta, prompted us to study its permeation characteristics in vitro. METHODS Placentas from normal pregnancies were collected post-partum. Methotrexate, along with antipyrine as reference marker were injected as a single bolus (100 microL) into the maternal arterial circulation of isolated perfused placental lobules; perfusate samples were collected from both maternal and fetal circulations over a study period of five minutes. National Culture and Tissue Collection medium, diluted with Earle's buffered salt solution was used as the perfusate. The concentration of methotrexate in various samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, while antipyrine concentration was assayed by spectrophotometry. Transport and pharmacokinetic data of study and reference substances were computed using standard parameters. RESULTS Differential transport rate of methotrexate for 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90% efflux fractions in fetal venous effluent averaged 0.52, 1.30, 2.37, 3.57 and 4.43 minutes in 12 perfusions, representing 1.01 + 0.08, 1.03 + 0.06, 0.95 + 0.03, 0.93 + 0.03, 0.93 + 0.03 respectively times antipyrine reference value. Student's t-test showed varying differences between the control and study group data. Transport Fraction (TF) of methotrexate, expressed as fraction of the drug appearing in fetal vein, during study period of 5 minutes averaged 24.00 + 2.50% of bolus dose while antipyrine TF averaged 68.73 + 2.01% of injected bolus dose, representing 24.00 percent of reference marker value. Student's t-test showed methotrexate and reference marker TF values to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, clearance, time for maximum response, absorption and elimination rates of study and reference substances showed varying differences. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time that the transport of methotrexate from maternal to fetal circulation is not negligible in human placenta at term. It is reasonable to assume that a direct risk for the fetus from methotrexate use in pregnancy cannot be excluded, and caution is warranted when it is used in emergency clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Al-Saleh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait.
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Poranen AK, Nurmi H, Malminiemi K, Ekblad U. Vasoactive Effects and Placental Transfer of Nifedipine, Celiprolol, and Magnesium Sulfate in the Placenta Perfused in Vitro. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10641959809072241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Al-Saleh E, Al-Harmi J, Nandakumaran M, Al-Shammari M. Transport kinetics of cisplatin in the perfused human placental lobulein vitro. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 21:726-31. [DOI: 10.1080/14767050802276542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Malek A, Leiser R. Influence of the magnesium aspartate hydrochloride administration to the maternal circuit on the aspartate concentration of the fetal circuit under in vitro perfusion of human placenta. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 142:12-7. [PMID: 18951687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard, Mg-Asp-HCl) is proposed as a substitute of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of preeclampsia and premature labor. After an i.v. administration of a dose equivalent to that used in the treatment of preeclampsia to nonpregnant volunteers, a 10-fold increase of aspartic acid (Asp) over the physiological level was observed. Animal experiments have demonstrated that highly increased fetal levels of acidic amino acids such as Asp could be associated with neurotoxic damage in the fetal brain. The influence of such an elevation of Asp concentration in the maternal circuit on the fetal level, using the in vitro perfusion model of human placenta, was investigated. STUDY DESIGN After a control phase (2h), a therapeutic dose of Mg combined with Asp (Magnesiocard, Mg-Asp-HCl) was applied to the maternal circuit approaching 10 times the physiological level of Asp. The administration was performed in two different phases simulating either a peak of maximum concentration (bolus application, 2h) or a steady state level (initially added, 4h). RESULTS In four experiments, during experimental phases (6h) a slow increase in concentration in the fetal circuit was seen for Mg, AIB (alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, artificial amino acid) and creatinine confirming previous observations. In contrast, no net transfer of Asp across the placenta was seen. A continuous decrease in the concentration of Asp on both maternal and fetal side suggests active uptake and metabolization by the placenta. Viability control parameters remained stable indicating the absence of an effect on placental metabolism, permeability and morphology. CONCLUSION Elevation of Asp concentration up to 10 times the physiological level by the administration of Mg-Asp-HCl to the maternal circuit under in vitro perfusion conditions of human placenta has no influence on the fetal level of Asp suggesting no transfer of Asp from the maternal to fetal compartment. Therefore, the administration of Mg-Asp-HCl to preeclamptic patients would be beneficial for the patients without any impact on placental or fetal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Berne, Inselspital, Switzerland.
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Marai IFM, Habeeb AAM, Gad AE. Tolerance of imported rabbits grown as meat animals to hot climate and saline drinking water in the subtropical environment of Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc41710115000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNinety of each of New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (Cal) male weaned rabbits at 5 weeks of age with nearly similar average live weights were used during two periods of the year (mild and hot, each of 9 weeks), in a trial to evaluate their adaptability as meat animals to the subtropical conditions of Egypt. The results showed that NZW surpassed Cal, in most of the traits studied. The increase was significant in final live weight, daily weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, body water concentration (ml per 100 g body solids) and pre-slaughter weight. Meanwhile, Cal significantly surpassed NZW in daily water consumption. The temperature-humidity index (THI) values indicated absence of heat stress in the first period and exposure to moderate (but very close to severe) heat stress in the second. The hot conditions induced significant decline in final live weight, daily weight gain, food intake, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone, total proteins, albumin, globulin, total lipids, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P), pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. In contrast, the hot conditions were accompanied by significant increases in water intake, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine and physiological body reactions (respiration rate and temperatures of rectum, skin and ear). Drinking water containing high levels of salt (3000 p. p. m. and more) caused significant decreases in final live weight, daily live-weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma T3 hormone, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, glucose, pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. At the same time, significant increases occurred in water consumption, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and P), respiration rate and rectal and skin temperatures. Estimations of adaptability to the subtropical environment of Egypt and tolerance to drinking saline water under the same conditions were found to be proportionately 0·844 and 0·876 and 0·821 and 0·803, in NZW and Cal, respectively.
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WHITING F, BALCH CC, CAMPLING RC. Some problems in the use of antipyrine andN-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine in the determination of body water in cattle. Br J Nutr 2007; 14:519-33. [PMID: 13784905 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bisseling TM, Steegers EAP, van den Heuvel JJM, Siero HLM, van de Water FM, Walker AJ, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Smits P, Russel FGM. Placental folate transport and binding are not impaired in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Placenta 2004; 25:588-93. [PMID: 15135243 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal folate deficiency is associated with fetal growth restriction, however, transfer of folate across placentae of pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction has never been investigated. We studied whether maternal to fetal 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTF) transport in the ex vivo dually perfused isolated cotyledon, binding of [(3)H] folate (PteGlu) to the syncytial microvillous membrane, and protein expression of folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha) and reduced folate carrier (RFC) in these placentae are disturbed. Placental clearance of 5MTF from the maternal perfusate appeared to be non-saturable over a range of 50 to 500 nm, independent of albumin and flow-independent. No statistically significant differences between placentae complicated with fetal growth restriction and uncomplicated pregnancies were observed. Binding characteristics of [(3)H-]PteGlu to microvillous membranes of fetal growth restriction versus control placentae were similar: B(max)of 3.9+/-2.0 (mean+/-s.d.) versus 4.0+/-1.6 pmol/mg protein and a K(d)of 0.037+/-0.010 versus 0.040+/-0.018 nm. Expression of FR-alpha and RFC were not different in placentae of both groups studied. In conclusion, fetal growth restriction appears not to be associated with impaired maternal to fetal placental folate transport, placental receptor binding, or expression of FR-alpha and RFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Bisseling
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, 233, University Medical Centre Nijmegen/NCMLS, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sansoé G, Silvano S, Mengozzi G, Todros L, Smedile A, Touscoz G, Rosina F, Rizzetto M. Inappropriately low angiotensin II generation: a factor determining reduced kidney function and survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2004; 40:417-23. [PMID: 15123355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Angiotensin II contributes to the post-glomerular arteriolar vasoconstriction which maintains the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in renal hypoperfusion. To explore whether depressed angiotensin II generation, due to reduced angiotensinogen production or low angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels, could impair kidney function in advanced cirrhosis. METHODS We studied and prospectively followed up 21 diuretic-free ascitic cirrhotic patients, through these determinations: plasma levels of active renin (AR), renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II, ACE and aldosterone; renal clearances of sodium, inulin and para-aminohippurate; antipyrine clearance. Fifteen healthy subjects were also studied. RESULTS GFR distribution was bimodal, 10 patients had low GFR values (l-GFR group) and 11 had normal-GFR values (n-GFR group) (below and above 105 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) body surface area). Antipyrine clearance and Child-Pugh score did not differ in the two patient groups. l-GFR group had higher AR and PRA values, lower ACE levels and a significantly higher AR/Angiotensin II ratio than n-GFR group (all P<0.01). All 21 patients showed increased values of the AR/PRA ratio, i.e. subnormal angiotensinogen levels (P<0.03). The 18-month survival rates of l-GFR and n-GFR groups were 20 and 81% (P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS Low-GFR cirrhotic patients had a worse survival rate associated with more severe contraction of the effective arterial blood volume, higher AR/Angiotensin II ratio and lower ACE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sansoé
- Gastroenterology Unit, Gradenigo Hospital, C.so Regina Margherita 10, 10153 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
In the adult, several endogenous compounds, such as bile acids and biliary pigments, as well as many xenobiotics are mainly biotransformed and eliminated by the hepatobiliary system. However, because this function is immature in the foetus, this role is carried out by the placenta during the intrauterine life. This review describes current knowledge of the trophoblastic machinery responsible for this function, which includes transport and metabolic processes, similar in part to those existing in the mature liver. Because many of the studies reviewed here were conducted on human or rat near-term placentae, two aspects should be borne in mind: (i) although both types of placenta are haemochorial, profound species-specific differences at the structural, molecular and functional levels do exist, and (ii) the placenta is an organ undergoing continuous developmental changes, including its hepatobiliary-like excretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J G Marin
- Department of Physiology, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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Briz O, Macias RIR, Serrano MA, González-Gallego J, Bayón JE, Marin JJG. Excretion of foetal bilirubin by the rat placenta-maternal liver tandem. Placenta 2003; 24:462-72. [PMID: 12744922 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using plasma membrane vesicles from human trophoblast, carrier-mediated transport of unconjugated bilirubin (UCBR) has been reported. In the present work, using the in situ perfused rat placenta-maternal liver tandem, the relevance of this pathway in vivo was investigated. After single-pass perfusion of rat placenta through the umbilical artery with 0.25 micromol [(3)H]-UCBR, approximately 15 per cent of it was taken up by the placenta, detected in maternal serum (>96 per cent was unconjugated) and subsequently secreted into maternal bile (approximately 15 per cent of administered dose; >88 per cent was glucuronidated bilirubin). Co-administration through the umbilical artery of 0.25 micromol [(3)H]-UCBR and 2.5 micromol unlabelled UCBR, bromosulfophthalein, cholic acid or biliverdin IXalpha, reduced [(3)H]-UCBR placenta uptake, and the amount of radioactivity found in the maternal serum and bile. Co-administration into maternal jugular vein of 0.1 micromol [(3)H]-UCBR-a dose 3-fold higher than that reaching the maternal compartment in placenta perfusion experiments-and 1.0 micromol bromosulfophthalein, cholic acid or biliverdin IXalpha, resulted in no marked inhibition of the amount of radioactivity bile output. When antipyrine and [(3)H]-UCBR were continuously co-infused to the mother, similar antipyrine concentrations in maternal and foetal serum were reached in approximately 15 min, while progressive increase in [(3)H]-bilirubin concentrations in maternal serum above 70 microM was accompanied by a very low transfer of this compound into foetal compartment where [(3)H]-bilirubin concentrations were always <10 microM. These results suggest that the transfer of UCBR across the rat placenta occurs, without biotransformation, via a foetal-to-maternal mainly unidirectional pathway that can be cis-inhibited by UCBR and other cholephilic organic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Briz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Wojcicki J, Kozlowski K, Drozdzik M, Wojcicki M. Comparison of MEGX (monoethylglycinexylidide) and antipyrine tests in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2002; 27:243-7. [PMID: 12587953 DOI: 10.1007/bf03192334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the feasibility of the MEGX (monoethylglycinexylidide) and antipyrine tests in reference to standard biochemical parameters used for liver assessment in cirrhotic patients. The study was carried out in 44 subjects: 14 healthy controls and 30 cirrhotic patients classified according to the Child-Pugh's score to subgroups A (n=11), B (n=12) and C (n=7). All subjects underwent two dynamic liver tests, i.e. MEGX (monoethylglycinexylidide) and antipyrine test in a crossover schedule with at least 5-day interval. For the MEGX, lidocaine was administrated intravenously, at a dose of 1 mg/kg, and blood samples for MEGX assay were collected after 15 minutes. MEGX concentrations were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The antipyrine concentrations were evaluated following a single oral administration of 1000 mg antipyrine. The blood was sampled for 24 hours after the drug administration, and antipyrine concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically. Standard biochemical parameters used for liver assessment were measured by means of routine laboratory methods. It was concluded that in patients liver with cirrhosis, liver dynamic tests were better predictors of hepatic function. The MEGX test was more feasible in clinical setting, but it was noted that antipyrine test was more sensitive in staging liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wojcicki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
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Heikkine T, Ekblad U, Laine K. Transplacental transfer of citalopram, fluoxetine and their primary demethylated metabolites in isolated perfused human placenta. BJOG 2002; 109:1003-8. [PMID: 12269673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the transplacental transfer and the effects of protein binding on the transfer of citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, fluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine in the isolated perfused human placenta model. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS Fifteen term human placentas were obtained immediately after delivery with maternal consent and a 2-hour non-recirculating perfusion cycle of a single placental cotyledon was set up. Citalopram (1230 nmol/L) and desmethylcitalopram (600 nmol/L) or fluoxetine (1455 nmol/L) and desmethylfluoxetine (1525 nmol/L) were added to the maternal reservoir and their appearance to the fetal circulation was followed by repeated measurements. To investigate the effect of protein binding on the transfer of citalopram and fluoxetine, nine additional perfusions were performed without albumin in the perfusion medium. Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram concentrations were measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Fluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine concentrations was measured by gas chromatography and antipyrine (used as a reference compound) concentrations spectrophotometrically. RESULTS The mean (SD) steady-state transplacental transfer (TPT(SS)%) for citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, fluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine was 9.1%, 5.6% (P = 0.017 compared with citalopram), 8.7% and 9.1%, respectively, calculated as the ratio between the steady-state concentrations in fetal venous and maternal arterial sides. The TPT(SS)%s of citalopram, desmethylcitalopram, fluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine were 86%, 50%, 88% and 91% of that of freely diffusable antipyrine. The absence of albumin significantly reduced the transfer of citalopram and fluoxetine (TPT(SS)% 1.1% and 4.8%, respectively) but not the transfer of antipyrine. CONCLUSION Citalopram, fluoxetine and desmethylfluoxetine all cross the human placenta, and may, therefore, affect the perinatal outcome of infants exposed to these drugs during pregnancy. The transfer of desmethylcitalopram was significantly lower, which in the clinical setting may suggest lower fetal exposure of serotonin re-uptake inhibition by citalopram compared with fluoxetine. The presence of albumin was necessary for the transplacental transfer of both citalopram and fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Heikkine
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Finland
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Tripathi M, Agrawal I, Sharma S, Mishra D. Effect of substitution of soybean meal with treated or untreated high glucosinolate mustard (Brassica juncea) meal on intake, digestibility, growth performance and body composition of calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Heikkinen T, Laine K, Neuvonen PJ, Ekblad U. The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. BJOG 2000; 107:770-5. [PMID: 10847234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. METHODS Twenty-one term placentas were obtained with maternal consent immediately after delivery and a two-hour nonrecirculating perfusion of a single placental cotyledon was performed. Erythromycin (2 microg/mL), roxithromycin (2 microg/mL) and azithromycin (0.3 microg/mL) were infused to the maternal inflow at a constant rate, with antipyrine as a reference compound, and their appearance in the fetal circulation was followed. Drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography for 120 min. RESULTS The mean transplacental transfers (TPT(SS)) for erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin were 3.0%, 4.3% and 2.6%, respectively, calculated as the ratio between the steady state concentrations in fetal venous and maternal arterial sides. Similar results were obtained when the TPT was calculated as the absolute amount of drug transferred across the placenta during 2-hour perfusion (TPT(A)). No significant differences were found among the three macrolides in TPT(SS) (P = 0.39) or TPT(A) (P = 0.35). The TPT(SS) of erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin were 41%, 35% and 32% of the freely diffusable reference compound antipyrine, respectively. Steady state was reached in 60 minutes in each perfusion indicating sufficient perfusion time. CONCLUSION The limited transplacental transfer of erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin suggests compromised efficacy in the treatment of fetal infections. On the other hand, the placenta seems to produce an effective barrier reducing the fetal exposure when these three macrolides are used to treat maternal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heikkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turku, Finland
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Macias RI, Pascual MJ, Bravo A, Alcalde MP, Larena MG, St-Pierre MV, Serrano MA, Marin JJ. Effect of maternal cholestasis on bile acid transfer across the rat placenta-maternal liver tandem. Hepatology 2000; 31:975-83. [PMID: 10733555 DOI: 10.1053/he.2000.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis of pregnancy induces alterations in bile acid transport by human trophoblast plasma membrane (TPM) vesicles. We investigated whether maternal cholestasis affects the overall ability of the rat placenta to carry out vectorial bile acid transfer from the fetus to the mother. Complete obstructive cholestasis (OCP) was maintained during the last week of pregnancy and released at term (day 21), before experiments were performed. In situ single-pass perfusion of one placenta per rat with 250 nmol [(14)C]glycocholic acid (GC) revealed an impaired uptake in OCP rats (2.28 vs. 5.53 nmol in control rats). Approximately 100% of GC taken up by control placentas was secreted in maternal bile over 120 minutes (5.38 nmol), whereas this was only 61% (1.40 nmol) of the GC taken up by OCP placentas. When 5 nmol GC was administered through the jugular vein no significant difference between both groups in total GC bile output was found. The efficiency (V(max)/K(M)) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent GC transport by vesicles from the maternal side of TPM was decreased (-41%) in OCP. Moreover, histological examination of the placentas suggested a reduction in the amount of functional trophoblast in the OCP group. This was consistent with a lower antipyrine diffusion across the placenta in these animals. In sum, our results indicate that maternal cholestasis affects the ability of the placenta to efficiently carry out bile acid transfer from fetal to maternal blood. Changes in both the structure and the functionality of the chorionic tissue may account for this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Macias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Challis DE, Pfarrer CD, Ritchie JW, Koren G, Adamson SL. Glucose metabolism is elevated and vascular resistance and maternofetal transfer is normal in perfused placental cotyledons from severely growth-restricted fetuses. Pediatr Res 2000; 47:309-15. [PMID: 10709728 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200003000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that placental resistance was elevated and transfer reduced in cotyledons from intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. We perfused 10 cotyledons from term, normally grown fetuses, six from preterm, normally grown fetuses with normal umbilical arterial end-diastolic velocities (EDV), and six from preterm IUGR fetuses (<3rd centile) with absent or reversed umbilical arterial EDV. Perfused cotyledons were pressure-fixed, and villi were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The groups did not differ in fetoplacental resistance at baseline; neither did they differ in the change in resistance that followed the administration of nitroglycerin or angiotensin II. The increase in resistance during hypoxia was similar in the two preterm groups but greater in the term than in the preterm normally grown group (p < 0.05). Groups did not differ in net maternofetal transfer of oxygen or glucose, or in clearance of aminoisobutyric acid or antipyrine. However, glucose consumption was doubled in cotyledons of preterm IUGR versus preterm normally grown fetuses (p < 0.05). Terminal villi of perfused cotyledons from preterm IUGR fetuses displayed less terminal villous branching and budding than preterm controls, as anticipated from previous work. IUGR fetuses with absent or reversed umbilical arterial EDV in vivo may have high placental resistance due to a vasoconstrictive rather than anatomic abnormality and an elevated placental glucose consumption that may impair glucose transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Challis
- Department of Obstretrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Andreeva TV, Kuznetsova ÉÉ, Gorokhova VG, Gorokhov AG. Functional activity of the human liver monooxygenase system rapidly assessed by the HPLC of antipyrine. Pharm Chem J 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02524550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kopecky EA, Simone C, Knie B, Koren G. Transfer of morphine across the human placenta and its interaction with naloxone. Life Sci 1999; 65:2359-71. [PMID: 10597891 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to measure the transfer rate and clearance of morphine across the placenta with and without naloxone. Term human placental cotyledons were perfused in vitro. The placenta was perfused with 50 ng/mL of morphine in the absence (n=4) and presence (n=5) of 100 ng/mL of naloxone. Maternal and fetal samples were collected. Student's t-test or one-way repeated measures ANOVA were used for all comparisons. The maternal-to-fetal morphine transfer rate was 0.73+/-0.44 ng/mL/min in the morphine and 0.69+/-0.26 ng/mL/min in the morphine-naloxone experiments (p=0.89). The clearance of morphine was 0.89+/-0.39 mL/min without naloxone and 0.87+/-0.27 mL/min with naloxone (p=0.92). Final morphine concentrations in the morphine experiments were 9.78+/-6.17 ng/mL (maternal) and 3.43+/-2.14 ng/mL (fetal) and 10.04+/-3.89 ng/mL (maternal) and 4.16+/-1.64 ng/mL (fetal) in the morphine-naloxone experiments. Morphine readily crosses the term human placenta. Naloxone does not alter placental transfer or clearance of morphine, suggesting that transfer across the placental barrier is not altered by changes in vascular resistance. Placental retention of morphine prolongs fetal exposure to morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kopecky
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
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Lirussi F, Beccarello A, Bortolato L, Morselli-Labate AM, Crovatto M, Ceselli S, Santini G, Crepaldi G. Long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis C with ursodeoxycholic acid: influence of HCV genotypes and severity of liver disease. LIVER 1999; 19:381-8. [PMID: 10533795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on the administration of interferon alpha (IFN) alone or in combination with other anti-viral agents. However, such therapy is effective in only a minority of selected patients. Long-term ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment has been reported to improve liver function and structure especially in cholestatic disorders. We investigated the effect of long-term UDCA treatment on liver function in respect to the severity of chronic liver disease and HCV genotypes. METHODS Forty-five patients with non-cholestatic laparoscopy-biopsy proven HCV-associated chronic hepatitis (n=16) or cirrhosis (n=29) who had not responded to, or were unsuitable for IFN, were randomly assigned to receive UDCA (600 mg/day; n=23) or no therapy (n=22) for 12 months. At entry, all patients were evaluated by means of conventional and quantitative liver function tests (LFTs), including galactose elimination capacity and antipyrine clearance, HCV antibodies, HCV-RNA and HCV genotypes. LFTs were measured at 6 and at 12 months, whereas HCV-RNA was determined again after treatment. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were comparable in the two study groups. Long-term UDCA therapy was well tolerated. Based on the analysis of variance, there was a significant decrease in serum transaminase, LDH and GGT levels in UDCA treated patients. By contrast, the activities of these enzymes increased in untreated patients, with AST levels reaching statistical significance only. Statistical analysis also showed that the improvement in biochemical markers was more pronounced in UDCA treated patients with liver cirrhosis than in those with chronic hepatitis but was similar in patients with HCV genotype 1b and non-1b. However, HCV-RNA was positive in all patients after treatment. Quantitative LFTs remained, on average, stable over the 12 months of the trial in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Long-term UDCA treatment is well tolerated in patients with HCV-associated chronic liver disease. The effect appears to be greater in cirrhotics than in patients with chronic hepatitis but is independent of HCV genotypes. Thus, long-term UDCA treatment, despite the absence of an anti-viral effect, seems beneficial in reducing disease activity in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis who are unsuitable for IFN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lirussi
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Center for the Study of Aging of C.N.R., University of Padova, Italy
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Zviarynski IU, Zavodnik LB. The effect of folic acid on the drug metabolizing liver function in man with viral hepatitis. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1999; 51:455-7. [PMID: 10445416 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(99)80040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigations were carried out on 31 patients (16 men and 15 women, at the age of 20-50) with viral hepatitis. The all patients were divided at two groups. The first group (12 man) received usual treatment (diet, corsil), the second group (19 man) received in addition to the base treatment folic acid (5 mg per day, 10 days). It was found, that at patients with viral hepatitis was decreased the activity of monooxygenase system of liver. So, period of semielimination (T1/2) of antipyrine (AP) was greater in 1,4 time, area under the pharmacokinetic curve - 1,5 time and clearance was below by 39% than in volunteers (29 man). On day of treatment only by corsil, the rate of elimination of AP and clearance were increased by 34 and 31% (p < 0.05) respectively, T1/2 was decreased by 23% (p < 0.05) and area under the pharmacokinetic curve - 17 %. On 10 day of treatment by corsil with folic acid (5 mg per day), the rate of elimination of AP and clearance was increased by 43% (p < 0.05), area under the pharmacokinetic curve and T 1/2 were decreased by 30 and 33% (p < 0.05) respectively. The positive effect of folic acid in treatment of hepatitis at restoration period may be cause participating its derivatives in de novo nucleotide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Zviarynski
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biochemistry, Grodno, Belarus.
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Abstract
The plasma pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, warfarin and paracetamol have been studied in the Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The plasma elimination half-lives (t1/2) were 1.2 h for antipyrine, 11.9 h for warfarin and 5.2-12.9 h for paracetamol. Our data indicate that the clearance of these three xenobiotics in the possum is similar to that reported in eutherian mammals. There was no dose-dependent increase in paracetamol plasma t1/2 over the dose range 100-1000 mg kg(-1), indicating a lack of capacity saturation. This observation may in part explain the unusual resistance of the possum to the hepatotoxic effect of high doses of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Eason
- Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Holt DE, Bajoria R. The role of nitro-reduction and nitric oxide in the toxicity of chloramphenicol. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:111-8. [PMID: 10100024 DOI: 10.1177/096032719901800208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on the toxicology of chloramphenicol suggests that its propensity to cause damage to the blood forming organs may be related to its potential for nitro-reduction and the subsequent production of nitric oxide. In this study both aerobic and anaerobic nitro-reduction of chloramphenicol by human foetal and neonatal liver results in the production of the amine derivative. However intermediates of the reaction nitroso- or glutathionesulphinamido-chloramphenicol could not be detected by hplc. Perfusion of chloramphenicol through isolated lobules of human placentae caused a decrease in blood pressure at a time which coincided with a peak of nitric oxide production. However, although the pressure drop could be reversed by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase, the nitric oxide profile remained the same. These observations suggest that involvement of the para-nitro group of chloramphenicol could cause both hemotoxicity and hypotension in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Holt
- Karim Centre for Meningitis Research, ICSM Department of Paediatrics & Neonatal Medicine, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, London, UK
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44
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Abstract
We determined the placental transfer of TSH in an in vitro model of dually perfused isolated lobule in 28 human term placentas by adding varying concentrations (5-60 microIU mL(-1)) of TSH as a single bolus dose to the closed maternal circulation. Transmembrane transfer of TSH was also studied by adding 45 microIU mL(-1) to the maternal or fetal compartment of a dual chamber of fetal membranes in culture. Passage of freely diffusible markers creatinine and antipyrine were also studied in this model. TSH concentration was measured by third generation chemiluminescence assay with a sensitivity of 10 mIU mL(-1). In the perfusion experiments, at physiologic concentrations the slow decline of TSH in the maternal circulation was associated with a small linear increase in fetal levels to 0.11 +/- 0.04% of initial dose at 2 h. The placental transfer rate was 0.08 microIU min(-1). Increasing maternal concentrations of TSH were associated with proportional increases in transfer rate (y = 0.002x; R2 = 0.99) and placental uptake (y = 0.01x; R2 = 0.97). The placental permeability of TSH was 2.4 x 10(-4) mL min(-1) g(-1) and was proportional to its coefficients of diffusion in water and molecular size. The transmembrane transfer and permeability of TSH was comparable to those of the placenta. We conclude that TSH crosses the human term placenta and fetal membranes sparingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bajoria
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Briz O, el-Mir MY, Bravo P, Villanueva GR, Marin JJ. Fetal excretion of the fluorescent bile acid derivative cholylglycylamido-fluorescein (FITC-GC) by the rat placenta-maternal liver tandem. Placenta 1998; 19:119-26. [PMID: 9481794 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid transfer from the fetus to maternal bile was studied using in situ perfused rat placenta on day 21 of gestation and a fluorescent derivative of glycocholate (GC): cholylglycylamido-fluorescein (FITC-GC). Single-pass perfusion of the placenta with 0.25 mumol FITC-GC via the umbilical artery over 5 min was followed by the output of 6 per cent of this amount in maternal bile collected over the ensuing 120 min. This amount was reduced (-35 per cent) by simultaneous administration of 2.5 mumol GC through the jugular vein of the mother. This inhibition was stronger (-73 per cent) when 2.5 mumol GC was co-infused with FITC-GC through the umbilical artery. These results suggested that FITC-GC was, at least in part, transported by bile acid carriers across both the liver and the placenta. Using isolated perfused rat livers obtained from female virgin or 21-day pregnant rats, a slight increase in the residence time of FITC-GC in the liver of pregnant rats was found. However, no change in the ability of the liver to take up FITC-GC was observed. By contrast, when FITC-GC was injected into the left jugular vein of anaesthetized pregnant rats, a delayed plasma disappearance of this compound was seen, which may have been due in part to the existence of a transient and reversible FITC-GC exchange with the placental-fetal compartment. The maximal rate of FITC-GC output into bile after FITC-GC administration (1 mumol/100 g body weight) to pregnant rats was approximately 0.2 mumol/min, while maximal FITC-GC bile output was approximately 1 nmol/min when this compound was given through the umbilical artery (2.5 mumol). Therefore, the rate of FITC-GC output into bile was considered to reflect the rate of transfer across the placenta. Using this approach no saturation but rather a linear regression (slope = 1.1 microliters/min, p < 0.05) was found between placental transfer and placental perfusate concentrations in the 10-1000-mumol/l FITC-GC range. In summary, the in situ perfused rat placenta is a useful model to study the fetal excretion of cholephilic compounds, and transfer across the trophoblast would be the limiting step in the excretion of fetal bile acids by the placenta-maternal liver tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Briz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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46
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Krishna BR, Zakowski MI, Grant GJ. Sufentanil transfer in the human placenta during in vitro perfusion. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44:996-1001. [PMID: 9305564 DOI: 10.1007/bf03011972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sufentanil, a lipophilic opioid, is used to provide analgesia for labour and Caesarean section, but may cause neonatal depression. Factors affecting placental transfer of sufentanil were investigated using human placentas. STUDY DESIGN Transfer and uptake of sufentanil by the human placenta were studied using a single pass (open) in vitro perfusion model. The effects of change in sufentanil concentration (1-100 ng.ml-1) and change in fetal pH (range 7.4-6.8) on placental transfer were studied. Placental metabolism of sufentanil and the effects of maternal protein content (fresh human plasma, albumin 4%, Media 199) on placental transfer were also investigated utilizing a closed (recirculated) in vitro perfusion system. RESULTS Sufentanil transfer was 2% at five minutes and plateaued at 12% by 45 min. The clearance index (CI = sufentanil clearance/antipyrine clearance) was 0.56 +/- 0.2 for maternal to fetal (MTF) and 0.44 +/- 0.2 in the fetal to maternal (FTM) directions (P = NS). The CI was 0.5 +/- 0.2 for 1 ng.ml-1 and 0.61 +/- 0.3 for 100 ng.ml-1 sufentanil concentration (P = N.S.). The placenta contained 7.1 +/- 2 and 9.8 +/- 3 ng.g-1 sufentanil following MTF and FTM perfusions for 90 min at 1 ng.ml-1. The placenta did not metabolize sufentanil. After one hour MTF washout, placental sufentanil content was 2.3 +/- .5 ng.g-1 with 0.08 ng.ml-1 sufentanil in the umbilical vein. Maternal plasma decreased MTF CI from 0.41 +/- 0.1 for albumin and 0.4 +/- 0.1 for Media 199 to 0.17 +/- .06 for plasma (P < 0.05). Decreasing fetal pH increased MTF CI from 0.57 +/- .13 at pH 7.4 to 1.6 +/- .4 at pH 6.8 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Sufentanil crossed the placenta by passive diffusion and accumulated in placental tissue, which acted as a drug depot, slowing the initial transfer. Placental transfer was decreased by maternal plasma proteins, but not by albumin. Fetal acidosis increased placental transfer. Due to its low initial umbilical vein concentration, sufentanil may be the opioid of choice when delivery is imminent (< 45 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Krishna
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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Elsheikh HA, Ali BH. The effect of experimental fascioliasis on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine in desert sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1997; 20:167-72. [PMID: 9185081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult male desert sheep were experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica, to investigate the influence of experimental fasciolasis on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine. Each animal received 500 metacercariae orally. The experimental infection was confirmed histologically, by detection of Fasciola eggs in faeces and by measuring the activities of the enzymes sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD), glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma during the course of the disease. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and sulphadimidine were reported in the experimentally infected animals. Significant prolongation of antipyrine half life was observed 16 weeks after infection. The half-life of sulphadimidine was also significantly prolonged 5, 9 and 16 weeks after infection. Clearance of the sulphonamide was decreased significantly 5 and 9 weeks after infection and it regained its pre-infection value 16 weeks after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Elsheikh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Khartoum, Sudan
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48
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Bajoria R, Fisk NM. Maternofetal transfer of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone: effect of concentration and mode of administration. Pediatr Res 1997; 41:674-81. [PMID: 9128290 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199705000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of maternal concentration and mode of administration on transfer rate of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) in an in vitro model of dually perfused isolated lobule of human term placenta. Varying concentrations (4-40 microg dL(-1)) of TRH were added either to the open maternal circulation to mimic an infusion or as a single bolus dose to the closed maternal circulation. TRH was measured by RIA. Perfusion efficiency in each experiment was determined by using antipyrine and creatinine as diffusable markers. At a concentration equivalent to the usual clinical dose of 400 microg, transplacental transfer of TRH was 0.4 +/- 0.1%, with an fetal/maternal ratio of 0.01 +/- 0.003. Placental clearance rate (y = 0.07x; R2 = 0.97; p < 0.001; n = 28) and uptake of TRH (y = 0.40x; R2 = 0.95; p < 0.001) in the closed experiments increased exponentially with increasing maternal concentration. Placental clearance (y = 0.05x; R2 = 0.99; p < 0.001; n = 30), and uptake of TRH (y = 0.35x; R2 = 0.98; p < 0.01) under steady state also correlated with maternal TRH concentration. For a given concentration, placental clearance and uptake of TRH was comparable whether given as a bolus or an infusion. We conclude that TRH is transferred sparingly across the human term placenta and its transfer rate is a function of the maternal concentration of TRH and not its mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bajoria
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Schmolling J, Jung S, Reinsberg J, Schlebusch H. Diffusion characteristics of placental preparations affect the digoxin passage across the isolated placental lobule. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19:11-6. [PMID: 9029740 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-199702000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the isolated placental lobule to study maternofetal transplacental digoxin transfer and accumulation in placental tissue in vitro. Digoxin passage across the isolated lobule of 10 human placentas was calculated from repeated fetal and maternal perfusate samples, and placental tissue digoxin concentrations were measured at the end of the experiments. To determine the degree of overlap of the fetal and the maternal circulation, the antipyrine clearance was used. Digoxin disappearance from the maternal circuit was not significantly affected by the degree of overlap. In contrast, the increase of digoxin in the fetal compartment was significantly higher in "well-perfused" placentas (antipyrine clearance > 1.60 ml/min; n = 5) than in "malperfused" placentas (antipyrine clearance < 1.50 ml/min; n = 5) (end-feto to initial maternal digoxin ratio 0.44 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.08; p < 0.05), whilst the accumulation in placental tissue was higher in the latter group (0.45 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.10 ng/mg protein; p < 0.05). We conclude that the isolated placental lobule is suitable to quantify transplacental digoxin transfer in vitro, but the diffusion characteristics of each preparation have to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmolling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bonn, Germany
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50
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Randall CL, Ekblad U, White NM, Cook JL. Increase in vasoactive prostaglandin E production after perfusion in human placental cotyledons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:1321-8. [PMID: 8947305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory indicate that prostaglandins may be mediators of at least some of the teratogenic actions of ethanol in both mouse and human tissue model systems. The present studies were designed to evaluate the relationship between ethanol and prostaglandin E (PGE) production in isolated human placental cotyledons. Placentas were obtained immediately after cesarean section delivery. A fetal artery supplying a single cotyledon was identified and cannulated, and the isolated cotyledon was placed in a perfusion chamber where maternal circulation was established and dual circulation continued throughout the perfusion procedure. Antipyrine clearance, oxygen consumption, and placental production of human chorionic gonadotropin were measured to verify tissue viability. PGE levels of the perfusate were measured by radioimmunoassay. Study 1 evaluates the effect of perfusion with 25 and 100 mM ethanol on placental PGE production. It was found that PGE production increased after perfusion with 25 mM ethanol, but not during the perfusion period per se. The paradigm for study 2 was identical to that of study 1, with the addition of a buffer washout period after 100-mM ethanol perfusion. Again, results indicate that perfusate PGE levels were increased in the buffer washout periods after the 25-mM and the 100-mM ethanol perfusions. The effect was not concentration dependent. An increase in circulating PGE associated with ethanol administration may be teratogenic actions and represent a potential mechanism underlying at least some aspects of fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Randall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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