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Ae K, Burke D, Kawamura T, Koike S. Optimisation of the upper body motion for production of the bat-head speed in baseball batting. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:196-210. [PMID: 33172339 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1834609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to 1) develop a simulation model of baseball batting utilising the standard motion, and 2) explore optimal motions of the upper body to increase the bat-head speed. Twenty-three male collegiate baseball players performed tee batting set at waist height. A ten-segment angle-driven simulation model consisting of a bat and upper body was driven using with the coordinate data of the standard motion. Performance optimisation was conducted to find joint angle time histories of the upper body that increase the maximum bat-head speed. In the evaluation of the simulation model, the root mean square error between the measured and simulation model was 0.19 m/s and 0.98° for the time histories of the bat-head speed and bat orientation angle. Performance optimisation was able to achieve a targeted increase in bat-head speed (35.6 m/s to 40.0 m/s) through greater barrel-side shoulder abduction, knob-side elbow flexion, and torso right lateral flexion around ball impact resulted in the bat accelerating in the hitting direction. It is concluded that the proposed simulation approach can be applied as a tool for further simulation analysis in various complex sporting motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Ae
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Japan
| | - Dave Burke
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Takashi Kawamura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sekiya Koike
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Yeadon MR, Pain MTG. Fifty years of performance-related sports biomechanics research. J Biomech 2023; 155:111666. [PMID: 37263075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past fifty years there has been considerable development in motion analysis systems and in computer simulation modelling of sports movements while the relevance and importance of functional variability of sports technique has become increasingly recognised. Technical developments for experimental work have led to increased, and still increasing, subject numbers. Increased subjects per study give better statistical power, the ability to utilise different data analyses, and thus the determination of more subtle and nuanced factors. The overall number of studies has also increased massively. Most actions in sport can, and have, been studied at some level with even the more challenging ones, such as player on player impacts, having some developing research. Computer simulation models of sports movements have ranged from simple (one or two segment) models to very complex musculoskeletal models and have used parameters ranging from the generic to individual-specific. Simple models have given insights into the key mechanics of movement while individual-specific model optimisations have been used to improve athlete performance. Our depth of understanding of the mechanics of sports techniques has increased across a wide range of sports. In the future there is likely to be more development and use of markerless motion capture, individual-specific model parameters, and more consideration of motor control aspects in the analysis of sports technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Yeadon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - M T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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3
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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Omura L, Fukashiro S, Yoshioka S. Explaining "What for" in Motion Analysis Research: A Proposal for a Counterfactual Framework That Is Slightly Different From the Theory of Causation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:699322. [PMID: 34859202 PMCID: PMC8631350 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.699322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In motion analysis research, the methodology for estimating the physical processes of human movement is highly developed, but the methodology for interpreting such data is relatively undeveloped. One of the aims of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of developing a conceptual basis for interpreting data about the physical processes of body movement. In this conceptual study, one topic was discussed as a central question: what it means to answer the question what a certain movement technique is aimed for. We first introduced the distinction between explanations from the perspective of causes and explanations from the perspective of purposes as a mode of explaining events, and pointed out the importance of explanations from the perspective of purposes. We next argued that by taking the perspective of whether a given movement technique leads to a desired outcome in comparison to other movement techniques, we can expect to interpret what a given movement technique is for based on objectively observable information rather than the subjective intentions of the athlete. In addition, we discussed how the criterion movement patterns should be defined when assessing the fitness for purpose of a given movement technique in terms of its consequences. In this regard, our argument is that it is necessary to take into account that the exact same movement pattern cannot be performed every time, even for the same motor task, and that there are multiple options for how to define the set of possible movement patterns that can be performed. Our discussion reveals the peculiarity of grasping the meaning of movement techniques, and therefore suggests that there is a substantial need for motion analysis researchers to deepen their conceptual analysis to understand the nature of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Omura
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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A Review of Forward-Dynamics Simulation Models for Predicting Optimal Technique in Maximal Effort Sporting Movements. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of optimum technique for maximal effort sporting tasks is one of the greatest challenges within sports biomechanics. A theoretical approach using forward-dynamics simulation allows individual parameters to be systematically perturbed independently of potentially confounding variables. Each study typically follows a four-stage process of model construction, parameter determination, model evaluation, and model optimization. This review critically evaluates forward-dynamics simulation models of maximal effort sporting movements using a dynamical systems theory framework. Organismic, environmental, and task constraints applied within such models are critically evaluated, and recommendations are made regarding future directions and best practices. The incorporation of self-organizational processes representing movement variability and “intrinsic dynamics” remains limited. In the future, forward-dynamics simulation models predicting individual-specific optimal techniques of sporting movements may be used as indicative rather than prescriptive tools within a coaching framework to aid applied practice and understanding, although researchers and practitioners should continue to consider concerns resulting from dynamical systems theory regarding the complexity of models and particularly regarding self-organization processes.
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SERBEST KASIM, BERISHA MILAIM, CILLI MURAT. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT HIGH BAR DISMOUNTS IN THE SIMMECHANICS ENVIRONMENT. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compares certain kinematic and kinetic parameters in giant circles performed before twisting, double stretched and double tucked dismounts using the dynamic model in the SimMechanics environment. The joint moments calculated using the designed model were investigated for the three different dismounts. The study included a 13-year-old voluntary national gymnast with seven years of training history. Markers were placed on the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and ankle joints of the gymnast. The gymnast was asked to perform twisting, double stretched and double tucked dismounts. MATLAB and SimMechanics were used to calculate joint moments. The moves were simulated and the joint moments during the moves were calculated using the SimMechanics toolbox. The study observed that the highest joint moment was in the wrist joint in all three dismounts, in line with the findings of previous studies. However, unlike other studies, higher joint moments were calculated in the accelerated giant circle performed together with thrusts, compared with the regular giant circle. While there were similar maximum moment values in twisting dismounts and double tucked dismounts, an almost three times higher moment was observed in double stretched dismounts. In terms of joint moments, stretched dismount is obviously the most difficult move, which is consistent with the difficulty levels. A recorded performance of the mechanical model created in the SimMechanics environment was investigated in terms of the twist angle and moments generated on the bar, and found to be sufficient and useful. However, there are certain restrictions regarding the methods employed in this study. We concluded that the mechanical model will allow for the performance of kinematic and kinetic analyses of different gymnasts and types of moves thanks to its flexible structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- KASIM SERBEST
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - MILAIM BERISHA
- Department of Education Coaching, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - MURAT CILLI
- Department of Education Coaching, Sakarya University, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
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Haering D, Huchez A, Barbier F, Holvoët P, Begon M. Identification of the contribution of contact and aerial biomechanical parameters in acrobatic performance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172083. [PMID: 28422954 PMCID: PMC5396868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Teaching acrobatic skills with a minimal amount of repetition is a major challenge for coaches. Biomechanical, statistical or computer simulation tools can help them identify the most determinant factors of performance. Release parameters, change in moment of inertia and segmental momentum transfers were identified in the prediction of acrobatics success. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution of these parameters in performance throughout expertise or optimisation based improvements. The counter movement forward in flight (CMFIF) was chosen for its intrinsic dichotomy between the accessibility of its attempt and complexity of its mastery. METHODS Three repetitions of the CMFIF performed by eight novice and eight advanced female gymnasts were recorded using a motion capture system. Optimal aerial techniques that maximise rotation potential at regrasp were also computed. A 14-segment-multibody-model defined through the Rigid Body Dynamics Library was used to compute recorded and optimal kinematics, and biomechanical parameters. A stepwise multiple linear regression was used to determine the relative contribution of these parameters in novice recorded, novice optimised, advanced recorded and advanced optimised trials. Finally, fixed effects of expertise and optimisation were tested through a mixed-effects analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Variation in release state only contributed to performances in novice recorded trials. Moment of inertia contribution to performance increased from novice recorded, to novice optimised, advanced recorded, and advanced optimised trials. Contribution to performance of momentum transfer to the trunk during the flight prevailed in all recorded trials. Although optimisation decreased transfer contribution, momentum transfer to the arms appeared. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that novices should be coached on both contact and aerial technique. Inversely, mainly improved aerial technique helped advanced gymnasts increase their performance. For both, reduction of the moment of inertia should be focused on. The method proposed in this article could be generalized to any aerial skill learning investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Haering
- Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- Université de Montréal, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Simulation & Movement Modeling, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Aurore Huchez
- Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis, Laboratoire d’Automatique et Mécanique Industrielles et Humaines, Le Mont Houy, Valenciennes, France
| | - Franck Barbier
- Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut Cambrésis, Laboratoire d’Automatique et Mécanique Industrielles et Humaines, Le Mont Houy, Valenciennes, France
| | - Patrice Holvoët
- Université de Lille 2, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l’Education Physique, Ronchin, France
| | - Mickaël Begon
- Université de Montréal, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Simulation & Movement Modeling, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. What governs successful performance of a complex whole body movement: The Kovacs release-regrasp on horizontal bar? J Biomech 2016; 49:3971-3976. [PMID: 27890532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Kovacs is a release and regrasp skill performed on the horizontal bar in men׳s artistic gymnastics. It is a popular skill in elite competitive gymnastics with over 40% of male gymnasts performing a variation of the Kovacs at the London 2012 Olympics. In the qualifying competition 84% of Kovacs were successfully regrasped, with the remaining 16% resulting in a fall. The aim of the present study was to determine why some gymnasts are more successful than others at regrasping the bar, with a secondary aim to determine how a less successful gymnast could alter his technique in order to become more successful. Nine performances of the Kovacs by each of two gymnasts, one 100% successful and one 11% successful, were analysed to determine differences in release and regrasp parameters. The technique of the less successful gymnast was optimised using a computer simulation model to increase the percentage of catches (success rate). The successful gymnast had larger and more consistent release windows and a radial velocity towards the bar at regrasp. The less successful gymnast had higher horizontal velocity at release and a mean radial velocity away from the bar at regrasp. Optimising his simulated technique increased the rate of success from 11% to 93%. The actions prior to release were performed earlier than in the recorded performances leading to a more vertical path of the mass centre at release and a radial velocity towards the bar at regrasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Maurice R Yeadon
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. The role of functional variability in a whole body co-ordinated movement – Application to high bar giant circles. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Bezodis NE, Trewartha G, Salo AIT. Understanding the effect of touchdown distance and ankle joint kinematics on sprint acceleration performance through computer simulation. Sports Biomech 2015; 14:232-45. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1052748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Investigating optimal technique in the presence of motor system noise: application to the double layout somersault dismount on high bar. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:440-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1057211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Is skilled technique characterized by high or low variability? An analysis of high bar giant circles. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Williams G, Irwin G, Kerwin DG, Newell KM. Kinematic changes during learning the longswing on high bar. Sports Biomech 2012; 11:20-33. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2011.637120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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The Effect of Cost Function on Optimum Technique of the Undersomersault on Parallel Bars. J Appl Biomech 2012; 28:10-9. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.28.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The undersomersault, or felge, to handstand on parallel bars has become an important skill in Men’s Artistic Gymnastics as it forms the basis of many complex variations. To receive no deductions from the judges, the undersomersault must be performed without demonstrating the use of strength to achieve the final handstand position. Two male gymnasts each performed nine undersomersaults from handstand to handstand while data were recorded using an automatic motion capture system. The highest and lowest scoring trials of each gymnast, as determined by four international judges, were chosen for further analysis. Three optimization criteria were used to generate undersomersault technique during the swing phase of the skill using a computer simulation model: minimization of peak joint torques, minimization of horizontal velocity before release, and maximization of angular momentum. The techniques used by both gymnasts could be explained using the second optimization criterion which facilitated further skill development. The first optimization criterion generated a technique advocated for beginners where strength might be expected to be a limiting factor. The third optimization criterion resulted in a different type of undersomersault movement of greater difficulty according to the FIG Code of Points.
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Manning ML, Irwin G, Gittoes MJR, Kerwin DG. Influence of longswing technique on the kinematics and key release parameters of the straddle Tkachev on uneven bars. Sports Biomech 2011; 10:161-73. [PMID: 21936286 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2011.592208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Linge SO. Men’s Artistic Gymnastics: a new high bar-gymnast model with sensitivity analysis. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-011-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The felge, or undersomersault, on parallel bars has become an important skill in men's artistic gymnastics as it forms the basis of many complex variations. To receive no deductions from the judges, the felge must be performed without demonstrating the use of strength to achieve the final handstand position. Two male gymnasts each performed nine trials of the felge from handstand to handstand while data were recorded using an automatic motion capture system. The highest and lowest scoring trials of each gymnast, as determined by four international judges, were chosen for further analysis. The technique used by each gymnast was optimized using a computer simulation model so that the final handstand position could be achieved with straight arms. Two separate optimizations found different techniques identified in the coaching literature that are used by gymnasts. Optimum simulations resulted in improved performances through a combination of increased vertical velocity and height of the mass centre at release. Although the optimum technique found close to the gymnasts' own technique was more demanding in terms of the strength required, it offered the potential for more consistent performance and future developments in skill complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
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Begon M, Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Effect of hip flexibility on optimal stalder performances on high bar. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2009; 12:575-83. [PMID: 19266351 DOI: 10.1080/10255840902788595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the optimisation of sports movements using computer simulation models, the joint actuators must be constrained in order to obtain realistic results. In models of a gymnast, the main constraint used in previous studies was maximum voluntary active joint torque. In the stalder, gymnasts reach their maximal hip flexion under the bar. The purpose of this study was to introduce a model of passive torque to assess the effect of the gymnast's flexibility on the technique of the straddled stalder. A three-dimensional kinematics driven simulation model was developed. The kinematics of the shoulder flexion, hip flexion and hip abduction were optimised to minimise torques for four hip flexion flexibilities: 100 degrees, 110 degrees, 120 degrees and 130 degrees. With decreased flexibility, the piked posture period is shorter and occurs later. Moreover the peaks of shoulder and hip torques increase. Gymnasts with low hip flexibility need to be stronger to achieve a stalder; hip flexibility should be considered by coaches before teaching this skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Begon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Sevrez V, Berton E, Rao G, Bootsma RJ. Regulation of pendulum length as a control mechanism in performing the backward giant circle in gymnastics. Hum Mov Sci 2009; 28:250-62. [PMID: 19193466 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seven female elite gymnasts performed backward giant circles on the high bar under different conditions of loading. The magnitude (2 or 4 kg) and location (shoulders, waist, and ankles) of load systematically influenced the overall swing duration as well as the relative timing of movements at the joints. An analysis of the mechanical constraints operating suggested that the gymnast should be considered as a pendulum of variable length. Increasing and decreasing pendulum length at appropriate phases of the swing effectively allows energy to be injected into the system, thereby compensating the energy lost to friction. A sharp negative peak in the relative rate of change of pendulum length, characteristic of the upward swing phase of all gymnasts, was found to invariably occur at a particular value of the first-order time-to-closure of the body orientation gap with respect to the vertical. The presence of this invariant suggested that the gymnasts organize their behavior on the basis of such a first-order temporal relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Sevrez
- UMR 6233 ISM Marey, Université de la Méditerranée, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Sheets AL, Hubbard M. Evaluation of a subject-specific female gymnast model and simulation of an uneven parallel bar swing. J Biomech 2008; 41:3139-44. [PMID: 18930233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Optimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount. J Biomech 2008; 41:1730-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A dynamic approximation of balanced gymnastics landings. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02933569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
The release window for a given dismount from the asymmetric bars is the period of time within which release results in a successful dismount. Larger release windows are likely to be associated with more consistent performance because they allow a greater margin for error in timing the release. A computer simulation model was used to investigate optimum technique for maximizing release windows in asymmetric bars dismounts. The model comprised four rigid segments with the elastic properties of the gymnast and bar modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances of three gymnasts in terms of rotation angle (1.5°), bar displacement (0.014 m), and release velocities (<1%). Three optimizations to maximize the release window were carried out for each gymnast involving no perturbations, 10-ms perturbations, and 20-ms perturbations in the timing of the shoulder and hip joint movements preceding release. It was found that the optimizations robust to 20-ms perturbations produced release windows similar to those of the actual performances whereas the windows for the unperturbed optimizations were up to twice as large. It is concluded that robustness considerations must be included in optimization studies in order to obtain realistic results and that elite performances are likely to be robust to timing perturbations of the order of 20 ms.
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Abstract
The Tkatchev on the high bar is a release and re-grasp skill in which the gymnast rotates in a direction during flight opposite to that of the preceding swing. Since the release window is defined as the time during which the gymnast has appropriate linear and angular momentum to ensure the bar can be re-grasped, it was speculated that the release windows for this skill would be smaller than for dismounts that are less constrained. One senior male gymnast competing at national standard performed 60 Tkatchev trials. A four-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and high bar was used to determine the release windows in 10 successful and 10 unsuccessful performances of the Tkatchev recorded using a Vicon motion analysis system. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulations and recorded performances in terms of rotation angle (1 degree), bar displacements (0.01 m), and release velocities (1%). Each matched simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the Tkatchev successfully. The release windows for the successful trials were small compared with those of dismounts. The unsuccessful trials were associated with later release and later timing of the actions at the shoulders and hips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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Abstract
Biomechanical research into artistic gymnastics has grown substantially over the years. However, most research is still skill oriented with few tries at generalization. Consequently, our understanding of the principles and bases of the sport, although improved, is still marginal with gaps in knowledge about technique attributes throughout the sport. For that reason, this review begins with an attempt to identify important variables contributing to successful performance. The review is presented in clusters of work in similar apparatuses culminating in Tables offering an 'at a glance' summary of knowledge in each cluster. The last section of the review tries to give some direction to future biomechanical research in gymnastics in issues relating to data collection--two-dimensional or three-dimensional, image size, frame rate--and analysis, such as descriptive or explanatory, simulation and optimization, and statistical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Prassas
- California State University, East Bay, Hayward 94542, USA
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27
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Abstract
In men's artistic gymnastics the triple straight somersault dismount from the high bar has yet to be performed in competition. The present study used a simulation model of a gymnast and the high bar apparatus (J. Appl. Biomech. 19(2003a) 119) to determine whether a gymnast could produce the required angular momentum and flight to complete a triple straight somersault dismount. Optimisations were carried out to maximise the margin for error in timing the bar release for a given number of straight somersaults in flight. The amount of rotation potential (number of straight somersaults) the model could produce whilst maintaining a realistic margin for error was determined. A simulation model of aerial movement (J. Biomech.23 (1990) 85) was used to find what would be possible with this amount of rotation potential. The model was able to produce sufficient angular momentum and time in the air to complete a triple straight somersault dismount. The margin for error when releasing the bar using the optimum technique was 28 ms, which is small when compared with the mean margin for error determined for high bar finalists at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games (55 ms). Although the triple straight somersault dismount is theoretically possible, it would require close to maximum effort and precise timing of the release from the bar. However, when the model was required to have a realistic margin for error, it was able to produce sufficient angular momentum for a double twisting triple somersault dismount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hiley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
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28
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Abstract
It has previously been shown that male gymnasts using the “scooped” giant circling technique were able to flatten the path followed by their mass center, resulting in a larger margin for error when releasing the high bar (Hiley & Yeadon, 2003a). The circling technique prior to performing double layout somersault dismounts from the asymmetric bars in women's artistic gymnastics appears to be similar to the “traditional” technique used by some male gymnasts on the high bar. It was speculated that as a result the female gymnasts would have margins for error similar to those of male gymnasts who use the traditional technique. However, it is unclear how the technique of the female gymnasts is affected by the need to avoid the lower bar. A 4-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and upper bar was used to determine the margins for error when releasing the bar for 9 double layout somersault dismounts at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The elastic properties of the gymnast and bar were modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters, primarily the inertia and spring parameters, were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances in terms of rotation angle (1.2°), bar displacement (0.011 m), and release velocities (<1%). Each matching simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the dismount successfully. The margins for error of the 9 female gymnasts (release window 43–102 ms) were comparable to those of the 3 male gymnasts using the traditional technique (release window 79–84 ms).
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