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Mohammadian E, Rahimpour E, Foroumadi A, Alizadeh-Sani M, Hasanvand Z, Jouyban A. Derivatization of γ-Amino Butyric Acid Analogues for Their Determination in the Biological Samples and Pharmaceutical Preparations: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1727-1754. [PMID: 34096806 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1916733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability. Four structurally related drugs to GABA including pregabalin (PGB), gabapentin (GBP), vigabatrin (VGB), and baclofen are used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These drugs are small aliphatic molecules having neither fluorescent nor strong absorbance in the ultraviolet/visible region; therefore, direct determination of these analytes by optical methods is difficult. Additionally, their high boiling point makes gas chromatography impossible. Accordingly, the amine or acid moiety in these drugs is derivatized in order to improve their selectivity and sensitivity during determination in the biological samples. This review focuses on derivatization based methods and their different reactions for determination of PGB, GBP, VGB, and baclofen in the biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations reported between 1980 and 2020. High-performance liquid chromatography methods coupled with different detectors are a commonly used methods for determination of GABA analogs after derivatization. These methods cover 38.89% of all developed methods for determination of GABA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mohammadian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Rahimpour
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaman Hasanvand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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D'Orazio G, Fanali C, Gentili A, Tagliaro F, Fanali S. Nano-liquid chromatography for enantiomers separation of baclofen by using vancomycin silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360358. [PMID: 31337499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The chiral separation of baclofen (Bac) was obtained by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) using a 100 μm I.D. fused silica capillary column packed with silica particles chemically modified with vancomycin. Various experimental parameters, such as composition (buffer concentration, water content, organic modifier) and pH of the mobile phase and sample solvent were investigated for method optimization. In order to increase the sensitivity an on-column focusing procedure was applied. Acceptable separation of Bac enantiomers was obtained in less than 11 min eluting in isocratic mode, with 90:10 MeOH/water (v/v) containing 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5. These optimized experimental conditions were applied to the analysis of human plasma samples spiked with racemic mixture of Bac. The use of a Buckypaper disc as sorbent membrane allows one to recover both enantiomers with yields ≥ 65%. The method was fully validated, following the identification criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Orazio
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB), CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomics Laboratory of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Zeid AM, Kaji N, Nasr JJM, Belal F, Walash MI, Baba Y. Determination of baclofen and vigabatrin by microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection: application of field-enhanced sample stacking and dynamic pH junction. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel microchip gel electrophoretic method for the assay of baclofen and vigabatrin for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M. Zeid
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Jenny Jeehan M. Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Walash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Mansoura University
- Mansoura
- Egypt
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
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Sydes D, Kler PA, Meyer H, Zipfl P, Lutz D, Huhn C. On-chip intermediate LED-IF-based detection for the control of electromigration in multichannel networks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8713-8725. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Batra S, Bhushan R. Enantioresolution of (RS)-baclofen by liquid chromatography: A review. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Batra
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences; GD Goenka University; Gurgaon India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee India
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Vashistha VK, Bhushan R. Preparative Enantioseparation of (RS
)-Baclofen: Determination of Molecular Dissymmetry. Chirality 2015; 27:299-305. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee India
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Chou FM, Whang CW. Analysis of Phenylpropanolamine by Micellar Electroknetic Chromatography with Laser-induced Fluorescence Detection. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Cao LW, Li C. Rapid and sensitive analysis of baclofen by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis and FD detection. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Enhancing Fluorescence LC Analysis of Biogenic Amines in Fish Tissues by Precolumn Derivatization with Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Su SW, Liao YC, Whang CW. Analysis of alendronate in human urine and plasma by magnetic solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:681-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Wei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Whang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University; Taichung Taiwan
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11
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Study of the naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde pre-column derivatization of biogenic mono- and diamines in mixture and fluorescence−HPLC determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:1039-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Rammouz G, Lacroix M, Garrigues JC, Poinsot V, Couderc F. The use of naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde for the analysis of primary amines using high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1223-39. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Kavran-Belin G, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Enantioseparation of baclofen with highly sulfated β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2187-92. [PMID: 16318216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) was achieved by CE-LIF with highly sulfated beta-CD (HS-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde was used for the derivatization of nonfluorescent baclofen. HS-beta-CD (2%) containing 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.5 was chosen as the optimal running electrolyte and applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The linearity of calibration curves (R2 > or = 0.998) for R-(-) and S-(+)-baclofen was in the 0.1-2.0 microM concentration range. After a simple ACN-protein precipitation, the LOD of baclofen in plasma sample was found as low as 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kavran-Belin
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Rat'ko AA, Stefan-van Staden RI. Determination of baclofen enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations using maltodextrin-based enantioselective, potentiometric membrane electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:993-7. [PMID: 15598435 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 08/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two enantioselective, potentiometric membrane electrodes (EPMEs) based on maltodextrins with different value of dextrose equivalent (DE) (maltodextrin I: DE 4.0-7.0; maltodextrin II: DE 16.5-19.5) were proposed for the assay of baclofen enantiomers in baclofen raw materials and from its pharmaceutical formulation, Norton-Baclofen tablets. The slopes of the electrode function of the proposed electrodes were 55.0 mV/pS-baclofen for maltodextrin I-based electrode and 59.0 mV/pR-baclofen for maltodextrin II-based electrode and the detection limits were 1.34 x 10(-6) mol l(-1) (S-baclofen) and 2.52 x 10(-10) mol l(-1) (R-baclofen), respectively. The surfaces of the electrodes are stable and easily renewable by simply polishing on alumina paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Rat'ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Goda R, Murayama N, Fujimaki Y, Sudo K. Simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of the S(+)- and R(−)-enantiomers of baclofen in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 801:257-64. [PMID: 14751794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to determine the enantiomers of the muscle relaxant baclofen in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been developed. A commercially available ultrafiltration membrane is used to prepare the sample. A chiral CROWNPAK CR(+) stationary phase column is then used to perform complete resolution of the S(+)- and R(-)-enantiomers of baclofen. This method was used to analyze human plasma and CSF spiked with baclofen, and the calibration curves for both biologic samples were linear over a concentration range of 0.15-150 ng enantiomer/ml. The lower limit of quantification was 0.15 ng enantiomer/ml in both fluids. Finally, the method was tested with an artificial CSF as an alternative to authentic human CSF. The results showed that no matrix effects and no interfering peaks were observed using this artificial CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goda
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemical Property Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 16-13 Kita-Kasai 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, 134-8630 Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Rat'ko AA, Stefan R. Teicoplanin‐Based Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes for the Determination of R‐Baclofen in Pharmaceutical Formulations. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Chang S, Yang H. Determination of baclofen by derivatization with anthracene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde followed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Jain S, Jain NK, Pitre KS. Electrochemical analysis and analgesic behavior of Zn(II)-baclofen complex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:1035-9. [PMID: 12684117 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The electroanalytical behavior of Zn(II)-baclofen complex has been described by direct current polarographic (DCP) method. The complex of transition metal Zn(II) with baclofen, [4-amino-3(4-chlorophenyl) butanoic acid, has been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR-spectral, polarographic and amperometric studies. The metal-ligand interaction in aqueous medium has been studied polarographically at 25 degrees C and at an ionic strength of mu = 1.0 M KCl. The reduction of the complex was found to involve two electrons and of diffusion controlled nature. The analytical results indicated a 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometry for Zn(II)-baclofen complex. The results on the drug and drug-metal complex revealed that the complex is more potent as compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Dr HS Gour University, 55 Gour Nagar, Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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Gu YS, Whang CW. Capillary electrophoresis of baclofen with argon-ion laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 972:289-93. [PMID: 12416888 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic method with laser-induced fluorescence detection for baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) has been developed. 6-Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester was used for precolumn derivatization of the non-fluorescent drug. Optimal separation and detection were obtained with an electrophoretic buffer of 50 mM sodium borate (pH 9.5) and an air-cooled argon-ion laser (excitation at 488 nm, emission at 520 nm). Linearity (r > or = 0.99) over three orders of magnitude was generally obtained and the lowest derivatizable concentration limit for baclofen in aqueous solution was 10 nM (2 ng baclofen/ml). Coupled with a simple clean up procedure, the method can be applied to the analysis of baclofen in human plasma at micromolar level. Recovery of spiked baclofen in plasma was 95%. The relative standard deviation values on peak size (0.5 microM level) and migration time were 8.2 and 1.0% (n=7), respectively. The limit of detection of baclofen in plasma was 0.1 microM (21 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Páez X, Hernández L. Biomedical applications of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:273-89. [PMID: 11835251 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-efficiency analytical technique that has had a great impact as a tool in biomedical research, clinical and forensic practice in the last ten years. Only in one of the applications, the DNA analysis, it has had an explosive exponential growth in the last few years. This impact is expressed in an enormous amount of CE articles and many reviews. The CE advantages with respect to other analytical techniques: the required very small sample volume, rapid analysis, great resolution power and low costs, have made this technique ideal for the analysis of a numerous endogenous and exogenous substances present in biological fluids. The different modes of CE have been coupled to different detection techniques such as UV-absorbance, electrochemical, mass spectrometry and laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) to detect different nature and molecular size separated analytes. This review focuses mostly on the applications of CE-LIFD, to measure drugs and endogenous neuroactive substances such as amino acids and monoamines, especially in microdialysis samples from experimental animals and humans. CE-LIFD trends are discussed: automated faster analysis with capillary array systems, resolution power improvement, higher detection sensitivity, and CE systems miniaturization for extremely small sample volume, in order to make CE easier and affordable to the lab bench or the clinical bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Páez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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Chiang MT, Chang SY, Whang CW. Chiral analysis of baclofen by alpha-cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:123-7. [PMID: 11197160 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200101)22:1<123::aid-elps123>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective method for baclofen (4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid) based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection has been developed. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) was used for precolumn derivatization of the nonfluorescent drug. alpha-Cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) was included in the buffer as a chiral selector for the separation of NDA-labeled S-(+)- and R-(-)-baclofen. Optimal resolution and detection were obtained with an electrophoretic buffer of 50 mM sodium borate (pH 9.5) containing 7 mM alpha-CD and a He-Cd laser (lambda ex = 442 nm, lambda em = 500 nm). Combined with a simple cleanup procedure, this method can be applied to the analysis of baclofen enantiomers in human plasma. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values on peak areas of a plasma sample containing 1.0 microM racemic baclofen were 6.4 and 4.9% (n = 8) for the S-(+)- and R-(-)-enantiomer, respectively. The RSD value on migration times of both enantiomers was 0.5% (n = 8). Calibration graphs for S-(+)- and R-(-)-baclofen in plasma showed a good linearity (r > or = 0.999) in the concentration range of 0.1-2.0 microM. The limit of detection of baclofen in plasma was about 10 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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