1
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Ghorbani YA, Ghoreishi SM, Ghani M. Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water Samples Using Porous Membrane-Protected Melamine-Modified MIL-88 Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1954038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ali Ghorbani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mehdi Ghoreishi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Milad Ghani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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2
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A green analytical method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oral fluids from crack smokers. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1711-1724. [PMID: 33275040 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Develop and validate a method of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography to investigate three major polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oral fluid. Results/Methodology: The extraction phase was exposed to 1.5 ml of diluted oral fluid under stirring at 1000 rpm for 60 min, at 70°C. Then, it was immersed in 200 μl of acetonitrile for 10 min at 25°C for desorption of the analytes. Linearity, absolute recovery, and inter- and intra-assay relative standard deviations and relative errors were 50-300 ng.ml-1, ≥24% and ≤15% for all analytes, respectively. A full factorial design was used to SPME optimization. Discussion/Conclusion: The method is suitable for the exploratory analysis of some PAHs in the oral fluid of crack smokers.
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3
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Stankov Jovanović V, Mitić V, Ćirić S, Ilić M, Nikolic J, Dimitrijević M, Stojanović G. Optimized Ultrasonic Extraction for the Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1293677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Stankov Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - V. Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - S. Ćirić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Ilić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - J. Nikolic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - M. Dimitrijević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - G. Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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4
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Razmi H, Farrokhzadeh S. Introduction of a coiled solid-phase microextraction fiber based on a coating of animal bone waste for chromatographic analysis. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1747-1754. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Razmi
- Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Sciences; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
| | - Samaneh Farrokhzadeh
- Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Sciences; Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University; Tabriz Iran
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5
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Rubio-Clemente A, Chica E, Peñuela GA. Rapid Determination of Anthracene and Benzo(a)pyrene by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1225304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - E. Chica
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A. Peñuela
- Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Klöslová Z, Drímal M, Balog K, Koppová K, Dubajová J. The Relations between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure and 1-OHP Levels as a Biomarker of the Exposure. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 24:302-307. [DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Piri-Moghadam H, Ahmadi F, Pawliszyn J. A critical review of solid phase microextraction for analysis of water samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Abdar A, Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Amiri A, Bagheri N. Magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples by Fe3O4@polypyrrole/carbon nanotubes. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2746-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abdar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Iran
| | - Ali Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Iran
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Hakim Sabzevari University; Sabzevar Iran
| | - Navid Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Iran
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9
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Naing NN, Li SFY, Lee HK. Application of porous membrane-protected chitosan microspheres to determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and styrene in water. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1448:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Evaluation of graphene-based sorbent in the determination of polar environmental contaminants in water by micro-solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1427:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Jabbari M, Razmi H. New solid phase microextraction fiber based on an eggshell membrane coating for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduced a novel soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP) coating for the fabrication of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jabbari
- Analytical Research Lab
- Faculty of Sciences
- Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Habib Razmi
- Analytical Research Lab
- Faculty of Sciences
- Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
- Tabriz
- Iran
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12
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Rokhian T, Amiri A, Ghaemi F. Carbon nanofibers decorated with magnetic nanoparticles as a new sorbent for the magnetic solid phase extraction of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proposed method offers advantages such as wide linearity, satisfactory relative recovery, good sensitivity and precision and short analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sarafraz-Yazdi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Talat Rokhian
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Iran
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Ferial Ghaemi
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
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13
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Matin AA, Biparva P, Gheshlaghi M. Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and smoked rice samples after solid-phase microextraction using multiwalled carbon nanotube loaded hollow fiber. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Chaiphet T, Bunkoed O, Thammakhet C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. A novel microextractor stick (polyaniline/zinc film/stainless steel) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:882-891. [PMID: 24766589 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.893791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel microextractor stick (MES) has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples. The proposed MES was prepared by electrodepositing a Zn-film onto a stainless steel stick followed by a coating with polyaniline (PANI) sorptive layers. This PANI/Zn-film/stainless steel stick produced a large surface area, provided a high extraction efficiency (82.0 ± 6.2% to 111.0 ± 7.5% recovery) of spiked chrysene (Chry) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). This MES is cost-effective, easy to prepare, robust and provides a good stick-to-stick reproducibility (n = 10) with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%. The effect of various parameters on the efficiency of extraction of PAHs were optimized, including the extraction time, extraction and desorption stirring speeds, volume of desorption solvent and desorption time. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (S/N ≥ 3) and limit of quantification (S/N ≥ 10) of both Chry and BaP were 0.05 and 0.12 μg L(-1), respectively. The developed MES was successfully applied to determine PAHs in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiphan Chaiphet
- a Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai , Songkhla , Thailand
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15
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Tsai HL, Wong YG, Ho WH. Determination of Aqueous Butachlor Using Solid-phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200400142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Moja SJ, Mtunzi F, Madlanga X. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river water samples from the Vaal Triangle area in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:847-854. [PMID: 23485233 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.761477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are fused ring aromatic pollutants some of which are highly carcinogenic to humans and are persistent in the environment. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable extraction method for PAHs from river water samples, identify and quantify the individual compounds. An optimized reverse solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used after conditioning the sorbent to extract and preconcentrate compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river water samples. The following ten compounds were identified and quantified with a High Performance Liquid Chromatographic technique (HPLC): naphthalene (Naph), acenaphthylene (Ace), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Anth), fluoranthene (Fluo), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbFl), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkFl), benzo(a)pyrene (BaPy), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DiAn) and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (InPy). An LC-18 sorbent showed good recoveries after extracting PAHs standard mixture of 1.0 mg/L. The best performing eluting solvent was acetone and very good percentage recoveries that ranged from 97.17-101.18% were obtained for seven compounds. Poor recoveries were also obtained for Fluo (1.03%), BbF1 (0.22%) and BkF1 (0.7%). The standard deviation ranged from 0.05 to 2.26 and the detection limits of less than 0.2 were obtained. Average concentration ranges of PAHs identified within the study area were: Naph (0.0339-0.0382 mg/L) at the Klip river site; Ace (00815-0.0828 mg/L) at Vaal river, (0.0538-0.0591 mg/L) at Klip river and (0.001-0.0073 mg/L) at Vaal barrage; Phe (0.0214-0.0263 mg/L) at Vaal river, (0.0487-0.0521 mg/L) at Klip river and (0.3837-0.4373 mg/L) at Vaal barrage; Anth (0.0073-0.0092 mg/L) at Vaal river, (0.3582-0.4072 mg/L) at Klip river and (0.3457-0.4022 mg/L) at Vaal barrage; Fluo (0.0985-0.1205 mg/L) at Vaal river, (0.0552-0.0593 mg/L) at Klip river and (0.1321-0.1612 mg/L) at Vaal barrage; BbFl (0.0681-0.1151 mg/L) and InPy (0.2561 ± 0.3067 mg/L) at Vaal barrage sites only. Benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene were not detected. The obtained data will be useful as baseline information when similar studies are undertaken in the future and could also be useful to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadung J Moja
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa.
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17
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Heidari H, Razmi H, Jouyban A. Preparation and characterization of ceramic/carbon coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposite as a solid-phase microextraction adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1245:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Lu S, Fan R, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J. AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FLUORESCENCE DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.619041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyou Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resources Utilization , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
- b Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen , China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- c South China Normal University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resources Utilization , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resources Utilization , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- a State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resources Utilization , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
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19
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Krüger O, Christoph G, Kalbe U, Berger W. Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in complex aqueous matrices. Talanta 2011; 85:1428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Hyder M, Aguilar LL, Genberg J, Sandahl M, Wesén C, Jönsson JÅ. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from organic aerosols using hollow fiber micro – porous membrane liquid – liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2011; 85:919-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Cheng J, Matsadiq G, Liu L, Zhou YW, Chen G. Development of a novel ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction method and its application to the analysis of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at trace levels in water. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2476-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kueseng P, Thammakhet C, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Custom-Made C18Column for Simultaneous Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Substances in Water by Diode-Array and Fluorescence Detectors. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003789942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Padrón MET, Ferrera ZS, Rodríguez JJS. Coupling of solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental liquid samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 23:1175-85. [PMID: 19444801 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A residue analytical method combining solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with external micellar desorption (MD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to various therapeutic categories in water samples. Target compounds include antiinflamatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an analgesic (phenazone), a lipid regulator (bezafibrate) and an antiepileptic (carbamazepine). A detailed study of the experimental conditions of extraction and desorption with different surfactants was performed in order to obtain the best results during instrumental analysis. Of the different fibers and surfactants investigated, 65 microm polydimethysiloxane-divinilbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber and polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and polyoxyethylene 6 lauryl ether (C(12)E(6)) as desorbing agents produced the optimal response to pharmaceutical residues. Recoveries obtained were generally higher than 80% and the variability of the method was below 16% for all compounds in both surfactants. Method detection limits were 0.05-12 ng mL(-1) for POLE and 0.1-5 ng mL(-1) for C(12)E(6). The developed method was compared using external desorption with organic solvent and it was successfully applied to the determination of these pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from different origin. Solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption (SPME-MD) represents a new approach for the extraction of different pharmaceutical compounds in natural waters because it combines shorter handling time, better efficiency, safety and more environmentally friendly process than the traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Torres Padrón
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hii TM, Basheer C, Lee HK. Commercial polymeric fiber as sorbent for solid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7520-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Sánchez-Avila J, Bonet J, Velasco G, Lacorte S. Determination and occurrence of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs in an industrial sewage grid discharging to a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4157-4167. [PMID: 19362327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and urban discharges release organic contaminants which might affect the quality of receiving waters if not properly eliminated in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). This study is aimed to evaluate the source, transport and fate of contaminants of industrial origin in a sewage grid discharging to a WWTP and finally to the sea. The sampling network covered an industrial and urban area and wastewaters, influents and effluents of a WWTP were analyzed using a newly developed multiresidual method to capture a wide range contaminants (phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs). Alkylphenols and phthalates followed by PAHs were the main compounds detected at levels between 0.01 to 698 microg l(-1) in the sewage pipelines. At the WWTP influent they were detected at concentrations up to 345 microg l(-1). The contaminant load was eliminated in a 64-92% during the primary and secondary treatment of the plant. However, alkylphenols, phthalates bisphenol A and traces of PAHs were discharged with the effluent, producing a total net input of 825 g d(-1) to the sea. The study of wastewaters herein proposed can be used to better predict the loads into WWTP to improve treatment conditions according to specific sewage inputs and to assess the risks associated with the continuous discharge of contaminants to receiving plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Zhao X, Liu X, Zhao Z, Huang C, Zhang M, Wang H, Wang X. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2051-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Zhao X, Fu L, Hu J, Li J, Wang H, Huang C, Wang X. Analysis of PAHs in Water and Fruit Juice Samples by DLLME Combined with LC-Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction conditions for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic species using gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1419-24. [PMID: 18246462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) for the determination of eight PAHs in aquatic species. The influence of various parameters on the PAH extraction efficiency was carefully examined. At 75 degrees C and for an extraction time of 60 min, a polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber coating was found to be most suitable. Under the optimized conditions, detection limits ranged from 8 to 450 pg g(-1), depending on the compound and the sample matrix. The repeatability varied between 7 and 15% (RSD). Accuracy was tested using the NIST SRM 1974b reference material. The method was successfully applied to different samples, and the studied PAHs were detected in several of the samples.
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Ricardo Lucio‐Gutiérrez J, de la Luz Salazar‐Cavazos M, Waksman de Torres NH, Castro‐Ríos R. Solid‐Phase Microextraction Followed by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorimetric and UV Detection for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701746758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Viñas P, Campillo N, Aguinaga N, Pérez-Cánovas E, Hernández-Córdoba M. Use of headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusions. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1164:10-7. [PMID: 17628570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and solvent-free procedure for the determination of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea infusions using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection is described. A medium polarity polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene 60 microm fiber was found to be suitable for extraction at 90 degrees C and with an extraction time of 60 min under continuous stirring. Desorption was carried out using the static mode for 5 min. Under the optimized conditions, when 1.75 g of tea sample were extracted with boiling water, the precision ranged from 4 to 16% (RSD) and detection limits were between 4 and 145 ngL(-1), depending on the compound. The reliability of the procedure was corroborated by means of GC-MS. The results obtained for a standard reference material were within the range indicated by the supplier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, E-30071, Murcia, Spain
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Moraes de Oliveira AR, Sueli Bonato P. Stereoselective determination of hydroxychloro-quine and its major metabolites in human urine by solid-phase microextraction and HPLC. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2351-9. [PMID: 17722190 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective analysis of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its major metabolites was achieved by HPLC and solid-phase microextraction. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Chiralcel OD-H column using hexane/methanol/ethanol (96:2:2, v/v/v) plus 0.2% diethylamine as the mobile phase, at the flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. The main extraction parameters were optimized. The best condition was achieved by the addition of 10% NaCl and 1 mL phosphate buffer 1 mol/L pH 11 to 3 mL human urine. The extraction was conducted for 40 min at 25 degrees C and the desorption time was 3 min using methanol (100%). PDMS-DVB 60 microm fiber was used in this study. The mean recoveries were 9.3, 9.2, and 14.4% for HCQ, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), and desethylchloroquine (DCQ), respectively. The method was linear over the range of 50-1000 ng/mL for HCQ enantiomers and over the range of 42-416 ng/mL for DCQ and DHCQ enantiomers. Within-day and between-day precision and accuracy assays for HCQ and its metabolites were lower than 15%. The preliminary 48 h urinary excretion study performed in human urine showed to be stereoselective. The amount of (+)-(S)-enantiomer excreted was higher than its antipode.
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Bourdat-Deschamps M, Daudin JJ, Barriuso E. An experimental design approach to optimise the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from rainfall water using stir bar sorptive extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1167:143-53. [PMID: 17826785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by HPLC-fluorescence detection (FLD) was optimised for analysing 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples, especially rainfall water with low PAH content. The literature data described widely different experimental conditions for the extraction of PAHs by SBSE. A chemometric approach was therefore used to evaluate the statistically influential and/or interacting factors, among those described in the literature, and to find the best extraction and desorption conditions. Among six factors studied in a 2(6-2) fractional factorial design, only sample volume, extraction time and the interaction between both of them had significant effects on the PAH extraction recoveries. Optimal sample volume of 10 mL and extraction time of 140 min were obtained with a response surface design. For the desorption conditions, a Box-Behnken design showed that desorption time, temperature and PAH concentrations had significant effects. The best conditions were two successive desorptions with 100 microL of acetonitrile for 25 min at 50 degrees C. The optimised method was repeatable (RSD< or =5.3% for 50 ng L(-1) spiked water and < or =12.8% for 5 ng L(-1) spiked water), linear (R(2)> or =0.9956), with quantitative absolute recoveries (> or =87.8% for 50 ng L(-1) spiked water), and with the LOD between 0.2 and 1.5 ng L(-1). The optimised method was successfully applied to six-rainfall water samples collected in a suburban area. The total PAHs concentrations studied ranged from 31 to 105.1 ng L(-1). Seasonal variation was observed and on average three PAHs were at the highest concentrations (phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene).
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Lord HL. Strategies for interfacing solid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:2-13. [PMID: 17178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are equally applicable to both volatile and non-volatile analytes, but the progress in applications to gas-phase separations has outpaced that of liquid-phase separations. The interfacing of SPME to gas chromatographic equipment has been straight-forward, requiring little modification of existing equipment. The requirement of solvent desorption for non-volatile or thermally labile analytes has, however, proven challenging for interfacing SPME with liquid-phase separations. Numerous options to achieve this have been described in the literature over the past decade, with applications in several different areas of analysis. To date, no single strategy or interface device design has proven optimal. During method development analysts must select the most appropriate interfacing technique among the options available. Out of these options three general strategies have emerged: (1) use of a manual injection interface tee; (2) in-tube SPME; and (3) off-line desorption followed by conventional liquid injection. In addition, there has been interest in coupling SPME directly to electrospray ionisation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) for mass spectrometry. Several examples of each of these strategies are reviewed here, and an overview of their use and application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, W. Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5.
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Rawa-Adkonis M, Wolska L, Namieśnik J. Analytical Procedures for PAH and PCB Determination in Water Samples—Error Sources. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340600713645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rawa-Adkonis
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Wolska
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT) , Gdańsk, Poland
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Delhomme O, Rieb E, Millet M. Solid-Phase Extraction and LC with Fluorescence Detection for Analysis of PAHs in Rainwater. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Li Q, Xu X, Sen-Chun LF, Wang X. Determination of trace PAHs in seawater and sediment pore-water by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-006-2026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Cantú MD, Toso DR, Lacerda CA, Lanças FM, Carrilho E, Queiroz MEC. Optimization of solid-phase microextraction procedures for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants in plasma samples by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:256-63. [PMID: 16896629 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple, sensitive, and reproducible off-line solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography (SPME/LC) methods are described for the determination of seven anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma. Factorial design and simplex methodology were applied in the optimization of the SPME procedure for tricyclic antidepressants analyses. Important factors in the SPME efficiency are discussed, such as the fiber coatings (both lab-made and commercial), extraction time, pH, ionic strength, influence of plasma proteins, and desorption conditions. The development of the lab-made fiber coatings, namely, octadecylsilane, aminosilane, and polyurethane, are further described and applied to anticonvulsants analyses. The investigated plasmatic range for the evaluated anticonvulsants, using CW-TPR fiber, were the following: phenylethylmalonamide (3.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), phenobarbital (5.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), primidone (3.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide (2.00-24.0 microg mL(-1)), phenytoin (2.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), and lamotrigine (0.50-12.0 microg mL(-1)). The antidepressants' linear plasmatic concentration ranged from 75.0 to 500 ng mL(-1) for imipramine, amitriptyline, and desipramine, and from 50.0 to 500 ng mL(-1) for nortriptyline, being in all cases, the limit of quantification represented by the lowest value. The precision (interassays) for all investigated drugs in plasma sample spiked with different concentrations of each analyte and submitted to the described procedures were lower than 15%. The off-line SPME/LC methodologies developed allow anticonvulsants and antidepressants analyses from therapeutic to toxic levels for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Delmar Cantú
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Avenue, 400-CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Quintana JB, Rodríguez I. Strategies for the microextraction of polar organic contaminants in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1447-61. [PMID: 16496135 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the most recent developments in the microextraction of polar analytes from aqueous environmental samples are critically reviewed. The particularities of different microextraction approaches, mainly solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), and liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), and their suitability for use in combination with chromatographic or electrically driven separation techniques for determination of polar species are discussed. The compatibility of microextraction techniques, especially SPME, with different derivatisation strategies enabling GC determination of polar analytes and improving their extractability is revised. In addition to the use of derivatisation reactions, the possibility of enhancing the yield of solid-phase microextraction methods for polar analytes by using new coatings and/or larger amounts of sorbent is also considered. Finally, attention is also focussed on describing the versatility of LPME in its different possible formats and its ability to improve selectivity in the extraction of polar analytes with acid-base properties by using separation membranes and buffer solutions, instead of organic solvents, as the acceptor solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Vrana B, Allan IJ, Greenwood R, Mills GA, Dominiak E, Svensson K, Knutsson J, Morrison G. Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Charalabaki M, Psillakis E, Mantzavinos D, Kalogerakis N. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater treatment plant effluents using hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 60:690-8. [PMID: 15963807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the enrichment of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in effluents originating from wastewater treatment plants is presented here. The proposed protocol couples the recently introduced hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Method parameters were controlled and the optimised experimental conditions were: 5 ml aqueous samples, containing 2.5% NaCl w/v, stirred at 1000 rpm, extracted with toluene for 15 min. The developed protocol yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.5 to 50 microg l(-1) for all target analytes (namely acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene) and limits of detection in the low microg l(-1) level (0.005-0.011 microg l(-1)). The repeatability and inter-day precision of the method varied between 2.7% and 11.3% and 7.9% and 14.4% respectively. The relative recoveries from different types of natural water samples revealed that matrix had a small effect on the hollow fibre LPME process. The developed method was then applied for the determination of PAHs contamination in effluent samples taken from two major municipal wastewater treatment plants. The results were compared with those obtained with solid-phase microextraction. The ability of both microextraction methods to concentrate organic analytes was demonstrated as both methods confirmed the presence of PAHs as well as of phthalates in the examined effluent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Charalabaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, University Campus, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
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Cao Z, Wang Y, Ma Y, Xu Z, Shi G, Zhuang Y, Zhu T. Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reclaimed water and surface water of Tianjin, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2005; 122:51-9. [PMID: 15943926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxic effects. In this work, 16 PAHs included in the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) priority pollutant list were analyzed using solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) with a selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Reclaimed water and surface water sampling was undertaken in Tianjin, northern China. Total PAH concentrations varied from 1800 to 35,000 ng/L in surface waters (main rivers, tributaries, ditches, etc.) with mean value of 14,000 ng/L and from 227 to 600 ng/L in reclaimed water with mean value of 352 ng/L, respectively. The PAH profiles were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs (two- and three-ring components) in reclaimed water samples and surface water samples. These indicated that PAHs in reclaimed water and surface water might origin from oil or sewage contamination (petrogenic input). To elucidate sources, molecular indices based on indices among phenanthrene versus anthracene and fluoranthene versus pyrene were used to evaluate the possible source (pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, respectively) of PAH contamination in reclaimed water and surface water. The collected data showed that petrogenic input was predominant at almost all the stations investigated. To discriminate pattern differences and similarities among samples, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using a correlation matrix. PCA revealed the latent relationships among all the surface water stations investigated and confirmed our analytical results. The analysis results of the ratios and PCA in this study showed that the ratios and PCA could be applied to the surface water investigation to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghong Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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43
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de Oliveira ARM, de Santana FJM, Bonato PS. Stereoselective determination of the major ibuprofen metabolites in human urine by off-line coupling solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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García-Falcón MS, Pérez-Lamela M, Simal-Gándara J. Comparison of strategies for extraction of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from drinking waters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:6897-6903. [PMID: 15537293 DOI: 10.1021/jf049385l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Simple, rapid, and inexpensive methods have been developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking waters without interferences from other chemical contaminants by use of two different extraction techniques and analysis by an optimized reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography followed by fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. The feasibility of SPE (solid-phase extraction) and SPME (solid-phase microextraction) for the determination of PAH in drinking water samples has been evaluated. Several parameters have been studied and optimized for both extraction procedures. The relationship between the nature of the fibers and the quantity of extracted compounds and the effects of organic solvent, salt addition, sampling temperature, and sampling time was studied for SPME. Acetonitrile percentage added to the sample, sample storage conditions (temperature and time), and type of organic elution solvent and elution volume were evaluated for SPE. The results show that both extraction procedures can be used to determine PAHs in drinking waters, but SPE gives better performance (recovery, precision, and quantification limits) for the determination of PAHs in drinking water at the levels established by the legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S García-Falcón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Bagheri H, Salemi A. Coupling of a Modified In-Tube Solid Phase Microextraction Technique with High Perfor- mance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Ultra-Trace Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Application of a polysiloxane-based extraction method combined with column liquid chromatography to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Fedotov PS, Bauer C, Popp P, Wennrich R. Dynamic extraction in rotating coiled columns, a new approach to direct recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:305-9. [PMID: 14753697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to the direct recovery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental solid samples has been proposed. It has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCCs) earlier used mainly in countercurrent chromatography can be successfully applied to the fast continuous-flow extraction of PAHs from soils. A particulate solid sample was retained in the rotating column as the stationary phase under the action of centrifugal forces while a mixture of organic solvents (acetone-cyclohexane, 1:1, v/v) was continuously pumped through. The separation procedure requires less than half an hour, complete automation being possible. No clean-up step is needed before the subsequent HPLC- analysis of extracts. Besides, the dynamic multistage extraction performed in the rotating column at room temperature and normal pressure may have nearly the same efficiency as accelerated batch solvent extraction repeated three times at 150 degrees C and 14 MPa. Contents of PAHs in extracts obtained by using both methods are in good agreement with the certified data on the PAHs concentrations in the soil samples. The use of appropriate "mild" solvents for the dynamic extraction in rotating columns may be very perspective for the simulation of naturally occurring processes and determination of environmentally-relevant forms of PAHs and other pollutants in environmental solids. A particular emphasis could be placed on time-resolved (kinetic) studies of the mobilization of toxicants in soil systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr S Fedotov
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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48
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Popp P, Bauer C, Hauser B, Keil P, Wennrich L. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine compounds from water: A comparison between solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Cho DH, Kong SH, Oh SG. Analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water using headspace-SPME technique with gas chromatography. WATER RESEARCH 2003; 37:402-408. [PMID: 12502068 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In many drinking water treatment plants, the chlorination process is one of the main techniques used for the disinfection of water. This disinfecting treatment leads to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) such as chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform. In this study, headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, 85 microm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber) technique was applied for the analysis of THMs in drinking water. The effects of experimental parameters such as kinds of SPME fiber, the volume ratio of sample to headspace, the addition of salts, magnetic stirring, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time on the analysis were investigated. Analytical parameters such as linearity, repeatability and limit of detection were also evaluated. The results of THMs from the survey of Seongnam (Korea) drinking water samples showed that the highest total trihalomethane and chloroform were 24.03 and 13.34 microg/l, which were well within the Korean drinking water quality standard of 100 and 80 microg/l, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Hee Cho
- Bok-Jeong Waterworks, Seongnam City, Kyonggi Province, South Korea
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50
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Cortazar E, Zuloaga O, Sanz J, Raposo JC, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. MultiSimplex optimisation of the solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalates from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 978:165-75. [PMID: 12458953 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS was optimised for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water samples. A 30-microm polydimethylsiloxane fiber was immersed in a 30-ml water sample that contained the analytes of interest (PAHs, PCBs and phthalate esters) and the variables studied were extraction time (15-60 min), extraction temperature (30-90 degrees C), desorption time (1-5 min), desorption temperature (220-270 degrees C) and the addition of sodium chloride (0-9 g). The MultiSimplex programme based on the simplex algorithm was used to establish the optimal conditions. MultiSimplex allowed the simultaneous study of the variables mentioned above and considered the answers of all types of compounds studied in this work. Thus, the optimal conditions obtained allowed the simultaneous determination of PAHs, phthalate esters and PCBs. Furthermore, the accuracy and repeatability of the developed method were calculated from water samples spiked at known concentrations of the analytes. Finally, the optimised method was used to analyse water samples from different sampling points of the Urdaibai and Nerbioi-Ibaizabal estuaries (Biscay, Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cortazar
- Kimika Analitikoaren Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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