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Dorothee S, Sørensen G, Olsen LR, Bastlund JF, Sotty F, Belling D, Olsen MH, Mathiesen TI, Møller K, Larsen F, Birkeland P. Negligible In Vitro Recovery of Macromolecules from Microdialysis Using 100 kDa Probes and Dextran in Perfusion Fluid. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1322-1330. [PMID: 38478218 PMCID: PMC10991005 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microdialysis is applied in neurointensive care to monitor cerebral glucose metabolism. If recoverable, macromolecules may also serve as biomarkers in brain disease and provide clues to their passage across the blood-brain barrier. Our study aimed to investigate the in vitro recovery of human micro- and macromolecules using microdialysis catheters and perfusion fluids approved for clinical use. In vitro microdialysis of a bulk solution containing physiological or supraphysiological concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, human IgG, serum albumin, and hemoglobin was performed using two different catheters and perfusion fluids. One had a membrane cut-off of 20 kDa and was used with a standard CNS perfusion fluid, and the other had a membrane cut-off of 100 kDa and was perfused with the same solution supplemented with dextran. The flow rate was 0.3 µl/min. We used both push and push-pull methods. Dialysate samples were collected at 2-h intervals for 6 h and analyzed for relative recovery of each substance. The mean relative recovery of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate was > 90% in all but two sets of experiments. In contrast, the relative recovery of human IgG, serum albumin, and hemoglobin from both bulk solutions was below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). Using a push-pull method, recovery of human IgG, serum albumin, and hemoglobin from a bulk solution with supraphysiological concentrations were above LLOQ but with low relative recovery (range 0.9%-1.6%). In summary, exchanging the microdialysis setup from a 20 kDa catheter with a standard perfusion fluid for a 100 kDa catheter with a perfusion solution containing dextran did not affect the relative recovery of glucose and its metabolites. However, it did not result in any useful recovery of the investigated macromolecules at physiological levels, either with or without a push-pull pump system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spille Dorothee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - G Sørensen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L R Olsen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J F Bastlund
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Sotty
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Belling
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M H Olsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - T I Mathiesen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmannsvej 6, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Møller
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - F Larsen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Birkeland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmannsvej 6, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Gu H, Xiong P, Tang H, Chen S, Long Y, Shi G. In vivo monitoring of cerebral glucose with an updated on-line electroanalytical system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5929-5935. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tang J, Ma D, Pecic S, Huang C, Zheng J, Li J, Yang R. Noninvasive and Highly Selective Monitoring of Intracellular Glucose via a Two-Step Recognition-Based Nanokit. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8319-8327. [PMID: 28707883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of intracellular glucose is very important for exploring its chemical and biological functions in metabolism events of living cells. In this paper, we developed a new noninvasive and highly selective nanokit for intracellular glucose monitoring via two-step recognition. The liposome-based nanokit coencapsulated the aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the Shinkai's receptor together. When the proposed nanokit was transfected into living cells, the Shinkai's receptor could recognize glucose first and then changed its conformation to endow aptamers with binding and sensing properties which were not readily accessible otherwise. Then, the binary complexes formed by the intracellular glucose and the Shinkai's receptor can in situ displace the complementary oligonucleotide of the aptamer on the surface of AuNPs. The fluorophore-labeled aptamer was away from the AuNPs, and the fluorescent state switched from "off" to "on". Through the secondary identification of aptamer, the selectivity of the Shinkai's receptor could be greatly improved while the intracellular glucose level was assessed by fluorescence signal recovery of aptamer. In the follow-up application, the approach exhibits excellent selectivity and is noninvasive for intracellular glucose monitoring under normoxia and hypoxia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the advantages of organic receptors and nucleic acids have been combined and highly selective monitoring of intracellular glucose has been realized via two-step recognition. We expect it to open up new possibilities to integrate devices for diagnosis of various metabolic diseases and insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Stevan Pecic
- University Medical Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Caixia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.,School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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Tao Y, Li M, Ren J, Qu X. Metal nanoclusters: novel probes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:8636-63. [PMID: 26400655 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00607d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters, composed of several to a few hundred metal atoms, have received worldwide attention due to their extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics. Recently, great efforts have been devoted to the exploration of the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of metal nanoclusters. Here we focus on the recent advances and new horizons in this area, and introduce the rising progress on the use of metal nanoclusters for biological analysis, biological imaging, therapeutic applications, DNA assembly and logic gate construction, enzyme mimic catalysis, as well as thermometers and pH meters. Furthermore, the future challenges in the construction of biofunctional metal nanoclusters for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are also discussed. We expect that the rapidly growing interest in metal nanocluster-based theranostic applications will certainly not only fuel the excitement and stimulate research in this highly active field, but also inspire broader concerns across various disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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Wang LL, Qiao J, Liu HH, Hao J, Qi L, Zhou XP, Li D, Nie ZX, Mao LQ. Ratiometric fluorescent probe based on gold nanoclusters and alizarin red-boronic acid for monitoring glucose in brain microdialysate. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9758-64. [PMID: 25157796 DOI: 10.1021/ac5023293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose monitoring with high sensitivity and accuracy in the cerebrospinal fluid is a challenge for evaluating the role of glucose in the physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescent probe for sensing glucose was developed. In the probe, the gold nanoclusters protected by ovalbumin played the role as the reference of fluorophore and the Alizarin Red S-3-aminophenyl boronic acid immobilized on the poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide) acted as both the response signal and specific recognition unit for sensing glucose. Once the ratiometric fluorescent probe reacted with glucose in the biological system, its fluorescence intensity at 567 nm was quenched, while the fluorescence intensity at 610 nm was essentially unchanged. In addition, the prepared ratiometric fluorescent probe showed higher stability against environmental effects. As a result, the present ratiometric fluorescent probe was successfully used for monitoring of glucose in the rat brain following the cerebral calm/ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Liang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Lin Y, Yu P, Hao J, Wang Y, Ohsaka T, Mao L. Continuous and Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurements of Glucose, Lactate, and Ascorbate in Rat Brain Following Brain Ischemia. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3895-901. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4042087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Takeo Ohsaka
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,
Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Pires VLDS, Souza JRFD, Guimarães SB, Silva Filho ARD, Garcia JHP, Vasconcelos PRLD. Preconditioning with L-alanyl-L-glutamine in a Mongolian Gerbil model of acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 26 Suppl 1:14-20. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine (L-Ala-Gln) preconditioning in an acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model in gerbils. METHODS: Thirty-six Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), (60-100g), were randomized in 2 groups (n=18) and preconditioned with saline 2.0 ml (Group-S) or 0.75g/Kg of L-Ala-Gln, (Group-G) administered into the femoral vein 30 minutes prior to I/R. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n=6). Anesthetized animals (urethane, 1.5g/Kg, i.p.) were submitted to bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries during 15 minutes. Samples (brain tissue and arterial blood) were collected at the end of ischemia (T0) and after 30 (T30) and 60 minutes (T60) for glucose, lactate, myeloperoxidase (MPO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) assays and histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Glucose and lactate levels were not different in studied groups. However glycemia increased significantly in saline groups at the end of the reperfusion period. TBARS levels were significantly different, comparing treated (Group-G) and control group after 30 minutes of reperfusion (p<0.05) in cerebral tissue. Pretreatment with L-Ala-Gln promoted a significant increase in cerebral GSH contents in Group-G at T30 (p<0.001) time-point compared with Group-S. At T30 and T60, increased levels of GSH occurred in both time-points. There were no group differences regarding MPO levels. Pyknosis, presence of red neurons and intracellular edema were significantly smaller in Group-G. CONCLUSION: Preconditioning with L-Ala-Gln in gerbils submitted to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion reduces oxidative stress and degeneration of the nucleus (pyknosis) and cell death (red neurons) in the cerebral tissue.
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Lin Y, Zhu N, Yu P, Su L, Mao L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2067-74. [PMID: 19281258 DOI: 10.1021/ac801946s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a new electroanalytical method with a high physiological relevance for simultaneous online monitoring of glucose and lactate in the striatum of the rat brain following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. The online analytical method is based on the efficient integration of in vivo microdialysis sampling with an online selective electrochemical detection with the electrochemical biosensors with dehydrogenases, i.e., glucose and lactate dehydrogenases, as recognition elements. The dehydrogenase-based electrochemical biosensors are developed onto the dual split-disk plastic carbon film (SPCF) electrodes with methylene green (MG) adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the electrocatalyst for the oxidation of dihydronicotiamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at a low potential of 0.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing NAD(+) is externally perfused from a second pump and online mixed with the brain microdialysates to minimize the variation of pH that occurred following the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and to supply NAD(+) cofactor and O(2) for the enzymatic reactions of dehydrogenases and ascorbate oxidase, respectively. As a result, the developed online electroanalytical method exhibits a high selectivity against the electrochemically active species endogenously existing in the cerebral systems and a high tolerance against the variation of pH and O(2) following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. This property, along with the good linearity and a high stability toward glucose and lactate as well as little cross-talk between two biosensors, substantially makes this method possible for the continuous, simultaneous, and online monitoring of glucose and lactate in the rat brain following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. This study establishes a new and effective platform for the investigation of the energy metabolism in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Brouns R, Sheorajpanday R, Wauters A, De Surgeloose D, Mariën P, De Deyn PP. Evaluation of lactate as a marker of metabolic stress and cause of secondary damage in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 397:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Nakao R, Okada M, Inoue O, Fukumura T, Suzuki K. Combining high-performance liquid chromatography-positron detection and on-line microdialysis for animal metabolism study of positron emission tomography probes. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hertz L. Bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia: a cellular perspective. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:289-309. [PMID: 18639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In cerebral ischemia survival of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells is threatened during energy deprivation and/or following re-supply of oxygen and glucose. After a brief summary of characteristics of different cells types, emphasizing the dependence of all on oxidative metabolism, the bioenergetics of focal and global ischemia is discussed, distinguishing between events during energy deprivation and subsequent recovery attempt after re-circulation. Gray and white matter ischemia are described separately, and distinctions are made between mature and immature brains. Next comes a description of bioenergetics in individual cell types in culture during oxygen/glucose deprivation or exposure to metabolic inhibitors and following re-establishment of normal aerated conditions. Due to their expression of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors neurons and oligodendrocytes are exquisitely sensitive to excitotoxicity by glutamate, which reaches high extracellular concentrations in ischemic brain for several reasons, including failing astrocytic uptake. Excitotoxicity kills brain cells by energetic exhaustion (due to Na(+) extrusion after channel-mediated entry) combined with mitochondrial Ca(2+)-mediated injury and formation of reactive oxygen species. Many (but not all) astrocytes survive energy deprivation for extended periods, but after return to aerated conditions they are vulnerable to mitochondrial damage by cytoplasmic/mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and to NAD(+) deficiency. Ca(2+) overload is established by reversal of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers following Na(+) accumulation during Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter stimulation or pH regulation, compensating for excessive acid production. NAD(+) deficiency inhibits glycolysis and eventually oxidative metabolism, secondary to poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) activity following DNA damage. Hyperglycemia can be beneficial for neurons but increases astrocytic death due to enhanced acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Lin Y, Liu K, Yu P, Xiang L, Li X, Mao L. A Facile Electrochemical Method for Simultaneous and On-Line Measurements of Glucose and Lactate in Brain Microdialysate with Prussian Blue as the Electrocatalyst for Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9577-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac070966u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xianchan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Graduate School of the CAS, Beijing 100039, China
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Tzen JT, Jinn TR, Chen YC, Li FY, Cheng FC, Shi LS, She HK, Chen BC, Hsieh V, Tu ML. Magnesium lithospermate B possesses inhibitory activity on Na+,K+-ATPase and neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:609-15. [PMID: 17439716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine if magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) extracted from Danshen, the dried roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, may act as an active component responsible for the cardiac therapeutic effect of this traditional Chinese herb via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and digoxin. Moreover, we wanted to test if MLB may provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke as observed for cardiac glycosides. METHODS Similarity in the chemical structure and molecular configuration between MLB and ouabain was analyzed. The inhibition potency of MLB and ouabain on Na( +),K( +) -ATPase activity of a commercial product, as well as in purified membrane fractions from rat brain and heart tissues, was examined and compared. Neuroprotective effect of MLB against ischemic stroke was also evaluated using a cortical brain slice-based assay model. RESULTS Dose-dependent inhibition on the commercial Na( +),K( +)-ATPase equivalent to that for ouabain was observed for MLB of approximately half dosage by weight. This relative potency of ouabain and MLB was also observed for their inhibition on Na( +),K( +)-ATPase activity of plasma membrane purified from rat tissues, although these 2 inhibitors exhibited somewhat lower competence in these crude extracts. In ischemic gerbil brains, post-treatment with MLB significantly reduced the infarct size, visualized by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, by approximately 55% when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION These results evidently suggest that the cardiac therapeutic effect of Danshen should be at least partly attributed to the effective inhibition of Na( +),K( +)-ATPase by MLB, and that MLB provides anti-ischemic neuroprotection in gerbils subjected to focal ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tc Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402 China.
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Yang DY, Lee JB, Lin MC, Huang YL, Liu HW, Liang YJ, Cheng FC. The determination of brain magnesium and zinc levels by a dual-probe microdialysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 23:552S-555S. [PMID: 15466964 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a microdialysis-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (MD-GFAAS) for monitoring dynamic changes of extracellular magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the cortex of gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia, that had been produced in anesthetized gerbils by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. METHODS Two microdialysis probes were inserted into both sides of the cortex to simultaneously collect dialysates during cerebral ischemia. Dynamic changes in these analytes, on ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the brain, were assayed by MD-GFAAS. Optimal conditions and analytical precision of GFAAS were studied in the present assay. RESULTS The present study demonstrated significant decreases in Mg (65% of baseline) and zinc (74% of baseline) maintained their levels within 3 h on the ipsilateral side of cortex during cerebral ischemia. Slight changes of Mg and Zn on the contralateral sides were also observed. CONCLUSION The derangement of extracellular Mg and Zn could be important in the progression of cell injury and may be associated with cerebral ischemia insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Yu Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
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Lin MC, Huang YL, Liu HW, Yang DY, Lee CP, Yang LL, Cheng FC. On-line microdialysis-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in the determination of brain magnesium levels in gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 23:561S-565S. [PMID: 15466966 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Description of use of equipment for on-line microdialysis (MD) coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) system, for dynamic monitoring of extracellular Mg in gerbils subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS Gerbils' right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and common carotid artery (CCA) were occluded for 60 minutes, and then reperfused for 60 minutes with Ringer's solution, after which extracellular fluid samples were collected via a microdialysis probe inserted into the right cortex before, during and after inducing ischemia. Reperfusion was at a rate of 2 microL/min through the microdialysis probe, on-line diluted with measured water injected onto the GFAAS via an autosampler for Mg analysis. RESULTS The detection limit of the Mg concentrations has ranged from 0.50 to 3.00 microg/L; our detection limit was 0.03 microg/L. We applied this on-line system to monitor extracellular Mg levels in the cortex during focal cerebral ischemia. Mg concentrations significantly decreased to 41% of baseline during cerebral ischemia and gradually returned to 67% of baseline after 60 minutes of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS We presume that derangement of Mg homeostasis could be important in brain cell injury and is closely associated with cerebral ischemia event. The described analytic system permits autosampling in the brain and allows for continuous determination of Mg and trace minerals in minute sample volumes in a living system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
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Wilson GS, Gifford R. Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2388-403. [PMID: 15854814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current status of sensors capable of continuous measurement of analytes in biological media is reviewed. This review containing 173 references deals with devices whose use in single cells, tissue slices, animal models and humans has been demonstrated. In addition to sensors specific for glucose, lactate, glutamate, pyruvate, choline and acetylcholine, insights obtained from monitoring nitric oxide, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and dopamine are presented. Performance criteria for sensor performance are described as is the subject of biosensor calibration. Biocompatibility issues are dealt with in some detail as is the status of continuous blood glucose monitoring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Lin JY, Cheng FC, Chung SY, Lin MC. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and FK506 preserve energy metabolites in the striatum during focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in gerbils monitored by microdialysis. J Biomed Sci 2005; 11:611-6. [PMID: 15316136 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death after cerebral ischemia is mediated by the accumulation of excitatory amino acids, calcium influx into cells and the generation of free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in energy-related metabolites in the striatum of gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia after pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761), a well-known antioxidant, and FK506, a calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin inhibitor. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the right common carotid artery and the right middle cerebral artery for 60 min. A microdialysis probe was inserted into the right striatum to monitor extracellular glucose, lactate and pyruvate levels. This study showed decreases in glucose (10% of the baseline), pyruvate (20% of the baseline) and lactate (60% of the baseline), and a 5-fold increase in the lactate to pyruvate ratio during ischemia in the control group. Both EGb761 treatment and the combination (EGb761 and FK506) therapy significantly preserved glucose (50% of the baseline) and pyruvate (60% of the baseline) levels during ischemia. The marked increase in the lactate to pyruvate ratio was not observed in the combination group. These results suggest that preservation of cellular energy metabolism during cerebral ischemia and after restoration with reperfusion may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of EGb761 and FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung-Tai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lee MS, Wu YS, Yang DY, Lee JB, Cheng FC. Significantly decreased extracellular magnesium in brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 318:121-5. [PMID: 11880121 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A method for determining extracellular magnesium (Mg) levels in gerbil brain dialysates was developed by microdialysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). METHODS Two microdialysis probes were inserted into the right and left cortices of a gerbil subjected to a focal cerebral ischemia. Extracellular magnesium concentrations in diluted dialysates were 1.10 and 1.12 ppb in the ipsilateral and contralateral gerbil cortex, respectively. RESULTS During cerebral ischemia, these concentrations decreased significantly to approximately 60% of basal in the ipsilateral cortex, whereas no changes in the contralateral cortex were detected. Extracellular magnesium concentrations returned to baseline within 3 h of reperfusion. The linearity of magnesium concentrations ranged from 0.50 to 5.0 ppb with a detection limit of 0.03 ppb in the present assay. A complete analysis can be performed within 2 min. The intra- and interassay precision was < 5%. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the present method is the first analytical assay measuring dynamic extracellular magnesium concentrations during cerebral ischemia by microdialysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shih Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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