1
|
Roth JH, Ward VCA. Production of Astaxanthin Using CBFD1/HFBD1 from Adonis aestivalis and the Isopentenol Utilization Pathway in Escherichia coli. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1033. [PMID: 37760135 PMCID: PMC10525928 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant and is used extensively as an animal feed additive and nutraceutical product. Here, we report the use of the β-carotene hydroxylase (CBFD1) and the β-carotene ketolase (HBFD1) from Adonis aestivalis, a flowering plant, to produce astaxanthin in E. coli equipped with the P. agglomerans β-carotene pathway and an over-expressed 4-methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway or the isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP). Introduction of the over-expressed MEP pathway and the IUP resulted in a 3.2-fold higher carotenoid content in LB media at 36 h post-induction compared to the strain containing only the endogenous MEP. However, in M9 minimal media, the IUP pathway dramatically outperformed the over-expressed MEP pathway with an 11-fold increase in total carotenoids produced. The final construct split the large operon into two smaller operons, both with a T7 promoter. This resulted in slightly lower productivity (70.0 ± 8.1 µg/g·h vs. 53.5 ± 3.8 µg/g·h) compared to the original constructs but resulted in the highest proportion of astaxanthin in the extracted carotenoids (73.5 ± 0.2%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie C. A. Ward
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martínez-Valdivieso D, Font R, Fernández-Bedmar Z, Merinas-Amo T, Gómez P, Alonso-Moraga Á, Del Río-Celestino M. Role of Zucchini and Its Distinctive Components in the Modulation of Degenerative Processes: Genotoxicity, Anti-Genotoxicity, Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Effects. Nutrients 2017; 9:E755. [PMID: 28708122 PMCID: PMC5537869 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo) is a seasonal vegetable with high nutritional and medical values. Many useful properties of this fruit are attributed to bioactive compounds. Zucchini fruits ("Yellow" and "Light Green" varieties) and four distinctive components (lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and dehydroascorbic acid) were selected. Firstly, the lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and dehydroascorbic acid contents were determined in these fruits. Then, in order to evaluate the safety and suitability of their use, different assays were carried out: (i) genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity tests to determine the safety and DNA-protection against hydrogen peroxide; (ii) cytotoxicity; and (iii) DNA fragmentation and Annexin V/PI (Propidium Iodide) assays to evaluate the pro-apoptotic effect. Results showed that: (i) all the substances were non-genotoxic; (ii) all the substances were anti-genotoxic except the highest concentration of lutein; (iii) "Yellow" zucchini epicarp and mesocarp exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 0.1 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively); and (iv) "Light Green" zucchini skin induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, β-carotene being the possible molecule responsible for its pro-apoptotic activity. To sum up, zucchini fruit could play a positive role in human health and nutrition due to this fruit and its components were safe, able to inhibit significantly the H₂O₂-induced damage and exhibit anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities toward HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cells) tumor cells. The information generated from this research should be considered when selecting potential accessions for breeding program purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Martínez-Valdivieso
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, IFAPA (Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Fisheries, Food and Ecological Production) Center La Mojonera, Camino San Nicolás, 1 La Mojonera, 04745 Almería, Spain.
| | - Rafael Font
- Department of Food and Health, IFAPA Center La Mojonera Camino San Nicolás, 1 La Mojonera, 04745 Almería, Spain.
| | - Zahira Fernández-Bedmar
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Gregor Mendel Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Tania Merinas-Amo
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Gregor Mendel Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Pedro Gómez
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, IFAPA (Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Fisheries, Food and Ecological Production) Center La Mojonera, Camino San Nicolás, 1 La Mojonera, 04745 Almería, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Alonso-Moraga
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Gregor Mendel Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Celestino
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, IFAPA (Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Fisheries, Food and Ecological Production) Center La Mojonera, Camino San Nicolás, 1 La Mojonera, 04745 Almería, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mercadante AZ, Rodrigues DB, Petry FC, Mariutti LRB. Carotenoid esters in foods - A review and practical directions on analysis and occurrence. Food Res Int 2016; 99:830-850. [PMID: 28847421 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are naturally found in both free form and esterified with fatty acids in most fruits and some vegetables; however, up to now the great majority of studies presents data on carotenoid composition only after saponification. The reasons for this approach are that a single xanthophyll can be esterified with several different fatty acids, generating a great number of different compounds with similar chemical and structural characteristics, thus, increasing the complexity of analysis compared to the respective saponified extract. This means that since UV/Vis spectrum does not change due to esterification, differentiation between free and acylated xanthophylls is dependent at least on elution order and mass spectrometry (MS) features. The presence of interfering compounds, especially triacylglycerides (TAGs), in the non-saponified extract of carotenoids can also impair carotenoid ester analyses by MS due to high background noise and ionization suppression since TAGs can be present in much higher concentrations than the carotenoid esters. This leads to the need of development of new and effective clean-up procedures to remove the potential interferents. In addition, only few standards of xanthophyll esters are commercially available, making identification and quantification of such compounds even more difficult. Xanthophyll esterification may also alter some properties of these compounds, including solubility, thermostability and bioavailability. Considering that commonly consumed foods are dietary sources of xanthophyll esters and that it is the actual form of ingestion of such compounds, an increasing interest on the native carotenoid composition of foods is observed nowadays. This review presents a compilation of the current available information about xanthophyll ester analyses and occurrence and a practical guide for extraction, pre-chromatographic procedures, separation and identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniele B Rodrigues
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane C Petry
- Food Research Center (FoRC), Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Regina Barros Mariutti
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-valdivieso D, Gómez P, Font R, Alonso-moraga Á, Del Río-celestino M. Physical and chemical characterization in fruit from 22 summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015; 64:1225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Lapshova MS, Deineka VI, Deineka LA, Blinova IP, Tret’yakov MY. Identification of xanthophylls in a marigold petal extract. J Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Obrero Á, González-Verdejo CI, Die JV, Gómez P, Del Río-Celestino M, Román B. Carotenogenic gene expression and carotenoid accumulation in three varieties of Cucurbita pepo during fruit development. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:6393-6403. [PMID: 23773001 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The control of gene expression is a crucial regulatory mechanism in carotenoid accumulation of fruits and flowers. We investigated the role of transcriptional regulation of nine genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in three varieties of Cucurbita pepo with evident differences in fruit color. The transcriptional levels of the key genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis were higher in flower-, leaf-, and fruit skin tissues than flesh tissues. This correlated with higher concentration of carotenoid content in these tissues. The differential expression among the colored and white cultivars detected for some genes, such as LCYe, in combination with other regulatory mechanisms, could explain the large differences found in terms of carotenoid content among the three varieties. These results are a first step to elucidate carotenogenesis in C. pepo and demonstrate that, in general, regulation of the pathway genes is a critical factor that determines the accumulation of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Obrero
- IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo. 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Abstract
The carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in the fruit of four species of Actinidia were measured to determine the chemical basis of color in kiwifruit and related Actinidia species. The species studied were the two commercial fruits Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward and a yellow-fleshed genotype Actinidia chinensis cv. Hort16A (known commercially as ZESPRI Gold kiwifruit), the yellow fruit of Actinida polygama, and the orange fruit of Actinida macrosperma. As reported previously, ripe fruit of A. deliciosa contain chlorophylls a and b and the carotenoids normally associated with photosynthesis, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and 9'-cis-neoxanthin. The carotenoids in A. chinensis were similar to those in A. deliciosa but also contained esterified xanthophylls. Only trace amounts of chlorophyll were present in A. chinensis. The major carotenoid in both A. macrosperma and A. polygama was beta-carotene, with no chlorophyll detected. The yellow color of A. chinensis was mostly due to the reduction of chlorophyll rather than an increase in carotenoid concentration. In contrast to the three yellow/orange species, the green fruit of A. deliciosa retains chlorophyll during maturation and ripening, and esterified xanthophylls are not produced. This suggests that in fruit of A. deliciosa chloroplasts are not converted to chromoplasts as is typical for ripening fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony K McGhie
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
In recent years, there has been particular emphasis on obtaining more accurate data on the types and concentrations of carotenoids in foods for various health and nutrition activities. The analysis of carotenoids is complicated because of the diversity and the presence of cis-trans isomeric forms of this group of compounds. In addition, a wide variety of food products of vegetal and animal origin, vegetables and animal samples contain carotenoids, and a great range of carotenoids can be found in these samples. The characteristic conjugated double bond system of carotenoids produces the main problem associated with work and manipulation on carotenoids, that is their particular instability, especially towards light, heat, oxygen and acids. For this reason, several precautions are necessary when handling carotenoids. Another problem associated with analysis of carotenoids is the difficulty in obtaining standard compounds. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of carotenoids in foods are reviewed. The sample extraction and treatment, carotenoid purification and standard manipulation are briefly commented on. We present a critical assessment of chromatographic methods developed for the determination of carotenoids in foods. Finally, some methods for carotenoid ester separation are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oliver
- Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hornero-Méndez D, Mínguez-Mosquera MI. Xanthophyll esterification accompanying carotenoid overaccumulation in chromoplast of Capsicum annuum ripening fruits is a constitutive process and useful for ripeness index. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:1617-1622. [PMID: 10820068 DOI: 10.1021/jf9912046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Changes in xanthophyll esterification degree during pepper fruit ripening have been studied in five cultivars (Numex, Mana, Belrubi, Delfin, and Negral). Esterification of xanthophylls with fatty acids is seen to be a process that is contemporary with and directly linked to the transformation of chloroplast (present in the green fruit) into chromoplast (present in the red fruit). Changes in the fractions of free and partially and totally esterified carotenoids are similar between varieties, reflecting the constitutive nature of esterification as part of the ripening process and being controlled by it. From the first stages of ripening, the fraction of totally esterified pigments (zeaxanthin diester, beta-cryptoxanthin diester, capsanthin diester, and capsorubin diester) makes up almost 50% of the total carotenoid content. The proportion of the partially esterified pigment fraction (zeaxanthin monoester, capsanthin monoester, and capsorubin monoester) in the total carotenoid content increases, with a gradual decrease in the fraction of free pigments (beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, capsanthin, and capsorubin). In the fully ripe stage, a balance is reached between the three esterification fractions (free, partially esterified, and totally esterified), with mean values of 24.17 +/- 4.06, 31.48 +/- 4. 61, and 44.36 +/- 5.05, respectively, which seems to be largely independent of variety. This suggests a marked control of the carotenoid composition of the totally developed chromoplast, indicating its use as an index of ripeness. The inclusion in the present study of a variety (Negral) that retains chlorophylls when ripening, and which shows the same esterification behavior, supports the idea that carotenogenesis is normal and independent of chlorophyll catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Av. Padre García Tejero 4, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khachik F, Englert G, Daitch CE, Beecher GR, Tonucci LH, Lusby WR. Isolation and structural elucidation of the geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in extracts from human plasma. J Chromatogr 1992; 582:153-66. [PMID: 1491035 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80314-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
All-E-(3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, all-E-(3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, all-E-(3R,3'S,6'R)-3'-epilutein and some geometrical isomers of the former two dihydroxycarotenoids have been separated from an extract of human plasma by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography on a silica-based nitrile-bonded column. In the order of chromatographic elution, the isolated fractions were identified as all-E-lutein, all-E-zeaxanthin, all-E-3'-epilutein, 9Z-lutein, 9'Z-lutein, a mixture of 13Z-lutein and 13'Z-lutein, 9Z-zeaxanthin, 13Z-zeaxanthin and 15Z-zeaxanthin. The structures of all compounds, including the relative configuration at C(3') and C(6') of the luteins and the position of the stereomutated double bonds in the geometrical isomers, were unambiguously established by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of the three all-E compounds was derived by circular dichroism and is also assumed to be valid for the geometrical isomers. The ultraviolet-visible absorption and mass spectra of each of the individually isolated compounds were also in agreement with the proposed structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Khachik
- Nutrient Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, MD 20705
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Chromatographic methods for the determination of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in foods are reviewed. For each vitamin, sample preparation, detection problems and chromatographic conditions are presented and discussed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is becoming a standard method in vitamin assay, especially for routine work. HPLC systems can be automated using in-line solid-phase extraction and column switchings, resulting in very sensitive methods, even when simple UV detection is employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzolo
- IVTPA, Istituto Sperimentale per la Valorizzazione Tecnologica deli Prodotti Agricoli, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Epler KS, Sander LC, Ziegler RG, Wise SA, Craft NE. Evaluation of reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns for recovery and selectivity of selected carotenoids. J Chromatogr A 1992; 595:89-101. [PMID: 1577914 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85149-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sixty commercially available and five experimental liquid chromatography columns were evaluated for the separation and recovery of seven carotenoid compounds. Methanol- and acetonitrile-based solvents (either straight or modified with ethyl acetate or tetrahydrofuran) were compared to determine which solvent systems and which columns provided better selectivity and recovery. Methanol-based solvents typically provided higher recoveries than did acetonitrile-based solvents. Polymeric C18 phases generally provided better selectivity for the difficult separation of lutein and zeaxanthin than did monomeric C18 phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Epler
- Organic Analytical Research Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lusby WR, Khachik F, Beecher GR, Lau J. [12] Gas-phase reaction mass spectrometric analysis of carotenoids. Carotenoids Part A: Chemistry, Separation, Quantitation, and Antioxidation. Elsevier; 1992. pp. 111-28. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(92)13116-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- F Khachik
- Nutrient Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Maryland 20705
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Olmedilla B, Granado F, Rojas-Hidalgo E, Blanco I. A Rapid Separation of Ten Carotenoids, Three Retinoids, Alpha-Tocopherol and d-Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and its Application to Serum and Vegetable Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919008048970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
The separation of carotenoids and retinoids on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phase with conventional mobile phases is reported. Compounds studied include beta-carotene (all-trans), 15,15'-cis-beta-carotene, 7,8,7',8'-dihydro-beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, retinal, retinol, retinol palmitate and retinol acetate. The best resolution of carotenes was obtained with low concentrations (less than or equal to 1%) of polar solvents (e.g., 2-propanol or ethyl acetate) in hexane or cyclohexane. Xanthophylls required much higher concentrations of polar solvents. The best solvent for the resolution of lutein and zeaxanthin was found to be dichloromethane. The resolution of cis/trans-isomers and the tentative identification of other isomers present in newly synthesized carotenoid standards is also reported. All-trans-isomers were found to be eluted before cis-isomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Stalcup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla 65401
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|