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Tsikas D. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide-A versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry: I. Analysis of inorganic anions and organophosphates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1043:187-201. [PMID: 27561968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br) is a versatile derivatization agent. It is widely used in chromatography and mass spectrometry since several decades. The bromide atom is largely the single leaving group of PFB-Br. It is substituted by wide a spectrum of nucleophiles in aqueous and non-aqueous systems to form electrically neutral, in most organic solvents soluble, generally thermally stable, volatile, strongly electron-capturing and ultraviolet light-absorbing derivatives. Because of these greatly favoured physicochemical properties, PFB-Br emerged an ideal derivatization agent for highly sensitive analysis of endogenous and exogenous substances including various inorganic and organic anions by electron capture detection or after electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization in GC-MS. The present article attempts an appraisal of the utility of PFB-Br in analytical chemistry. It reviews and discusses papers dealing with the use of PFB-Br as the derivatization reagent in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of endogenous and exogenous inorganic anions in various biological samples, notably plasma, urine and saliva. These analytes include nitrite, nitrate, cyanide and dialkyl organophosphates. Special emphasis is given to mass spectrometry-based approaches and stable-isotope dilution techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Doerge DR, Twaddle NC, Churchwell MI, Chang HC, Newbold RR, Delclos KB. Mass spectrometric determination of p-nonylphenol metabolism and disposition following oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 2002; 16:45-56. [PMID: 11934531 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(01)00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Isomers of 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are important industrial compounds and environmental breakdown products from widely used surfactants, have estrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo that has prompted interest in its potential for modulation of endocrine function in humans and wildlife. Mass spectrometry was used to quantify NP and metabolites in serum and endocrine-responsive tissues from dietary exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Tissue accumulation of NP aglycone was observed despite the predominance of glucuronidation in blood. Serum toxicokinetics of total NP, measured following gavage administration, showed rapid absorption and elimination (average half-times 0.8 and 3.5 h, respectively). NP was similarly administered by gavage to pregnant dams and total and aglycone NP were measured in dam serum and fetuses to show placental transfer into serum and brain. These data provide a basis for future correlations of biologic effects observed following dietary exposure in rats with those predicted from environmental exposures to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Doerge
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Milne RW, Nation RL, Somogyi AA. The disposition of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronide metabolites in humans and animals, and the importance of the metabolites to the pharmacological effects of morphine. Drug Metab Rev 1996; 28:345-472. [PMID: 8875123 DOI: 10.3109/03602539608994011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R W Milne
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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4
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Schneider JJ, Ravenscroft PJ. Determination of morphine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 497:326-9. [PMID: 2625470 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(89)80037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Schneider
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Vessman J, Karlsson KE, Gyllenhaal O. Direct derivatization of drugs in untreated biological samples for gas chromatographic analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1986; 4:825-34. [PMID: 16867563 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/1986] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibilities to derivatize an analyte directly in the biological sample are reviewed with examples from our own experiences and from the literature. Techniques, such as extractive acylation, alkylation and benzoylation, are frequently used. Improvement of the extractability of the drug from the matrix is a common feature, especially with hydrophilic compounds, where sometimes cyclizing reactions can be employed. Several analytes are reactive or labile in the sample and can be trapped in derivatization reactions in situ. In many cases, two-phase reactions lead to milder derivatization conditions (e.g. dealkylation of tertiary amines), which is favourable from a clean-up point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vessman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, AB Hässle, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Drost RH, van Ooijen RD, Ionescu T, Maes RA. Determination of morphine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring after reversed-phase column extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1984; 310:193-8. [PMID: 6501515 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(84)80081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Hulshoff A, Lingeman H. Derivatization reactions in the gas—liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological fluids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1984; 2:337-80. [PMID: 16867717 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alkylation, acylation, silylation and other derivatization reactions applied to the gas chromatographic analysis of drugs in biological matrices are reviewed. Reaction conditions are discussed in relation to reaction mechanisms. Detector-oriented labelling of drugs, and derivatization with chiral reagents for the separation of enantiomers are surveyed. Data on the sample clean-up, derivatization and GLC analysis of more than 300 drugs and related compounds are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hulshoff
- Department of Analytical Pharmacy, University of Utrecht, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Catherijnesingel 60, 3511 GH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ng KT, Kalbron JJ. Sensitive gas chromatographic quantitation of zomepirac in plasma using an electron-capture detector. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1983; 276:311-8. [PMID: 6630380 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)85097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of the non-narcotic analgesic agent, zomepirac, in plasma is described. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of zomepirac has been prepared. This enables the detection of zomepirac down to picogram levels using electron-capture detection. The lowest concentration of zomepirac which can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 15%) is 5 ng/ml in a 2-ml plasma sample or 25 ng/ml in a 0.1-ml plasma sample. Two previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays have detection limits of 50 ng/ml for 1-ml samples and 10 ng/ml for 2-ml samples, respectively. The present method is very useful when small sample size or interference is causing problems with the HPLC assay. This assay has been employed successfully in analyzing plasma samples from humans and monkeys as well as samples from rat milk.
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Cone EJ, Darwin WD, Buchwald WF. Assay for codeine, morphine and ten potential urinary metabolites by gas chromatography--mass fragmentography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1983; 275:307-18. [PMID: 6619237 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A mass fragmentography (MF) assay is described for ten potential, minor urinary metabolites of codeine (C) and morphine (M). Samples were hydrolyzed, extracted, derivatized with Tri-Sil Z and analyzed by methane chemical ionization (CI)-MF. The method is sensitive to ca. 0.01 microgram/ml for all compounds with the exception of normorphine (NM) which was difficult to extract with chloroform. The sensitivity of the MF assay for NM was only ca. 0.10 microgram/ml. Various solvent systems were investigated for optimization of extraction efficiency of all metabolites. A separate method for the extraction of NM is reported which utilizes a solid buffer--solvent combination, i.e., potassium carbonate--isopropanol. This latter method provided the best overall recovery of NM (39.0 +/- 3.4%). Gas chromatographic (GC) retention times of C, M and metabolites are reported for three liquid phases (3%) on Gas-Chrom Q (100-120 mesh). Resolution of metabolites (as trisilyl derivatives) was best on Silar-5CP and this phase was used in metabolic studies of C and M. GC resolution was not complete for all compounds; however, selection of specific ions for monitoring by MF provided the required specificity for all compounds except the 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxy isomers. CI spectra for all metabolites are reported. The MF assay was used for urinary analysis of samples from guinea pigs that received single doses of C (15 mg/kg) or M (8 mg/kg). Following C administration 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydrocodol, 6 alpha, beta-hydromorphol (undifferentiated), HM and M were measured. Following M administration only 6 alpha, beta-hydromorphol was found. The amount of total metabolite as percent dose for each component was calculated as less than 1%.
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de Silva JA, Pao J, Brooks MA. Determination of the analgesic 3-phenoxy-N-methylmorphinan in plasma by gas chromatography using either positive chemical ionization mass spectrometric or nitrogen-phosphorus-specific detection analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 232:63-77. [PMID: 6897248 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)86008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The compound 3-phenoxy-N-methylmorphinan (I) is under development as an analgesic agent. Studies on the biotransformation of the drug in the rat and in the dog have shown that I is extensively metabolized by N-demethylation to yield the nor-analogue (I-A), by para-hydroxylation of the 3-phenoxy ring to yield the phenolic analogue (I-B), cleavage of the ether linkage to yield levorphanol (I-C), and its N-demethylation to yield nor-levorphanol (I-D). The presence of these four metabolites (two of which, I-B and I-C, have analgesic potential) in addition to the parent drug, necessitated the development of sensitive and specific assays for their quantitation in plasma. This was accomplished by the development of (a) a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay using UV detection to obtain a qualitative/semi-quantitative profile of the metabolites present in plasma; (b) a gas chromatographic--nitrogen--phosphorus-specific detection method for the determination of the parent drug (I) for pre-clinical drug evaluation; and (c) a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic--positive chemical ionization mass spectrometric assay for eventual clinical evaluation for the determination of I and a key metabolite levorphanol (I-C). This report presents some preliminary pharmacokinetic data on I and I-C in the dog obtained during pre-clinical development.
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Min BH, Garland WA, Pao J. Determination of levorphanol (Levo-Dromoran) in human plasma by combined gas chromatography--negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 231:194-9. [PMID: 7119060 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hulshoff A, Förch AD. Alkylation with alkylhalides as a derivatization method for the gas chromatographic determination of acidic pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 1981; 220:275-311. [PMID: 7035475 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The various types of alkylation reactions with alkyl halides and their application in the gas chromatographic analysis of acidic compounds of pharmaceutical interest are reviewed. An extensive survey of the use of these methods for the analysis of various (classes of) compounds is given, with special reference to their determination in biological matrices.
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Lee HK, Gnad PA, Trebilco PR, Wright GJ, Pannell LK. A multiple-scan high resolution mass spectrometer data system for the analysis of mixtures: the analysis of morphine in liver. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1980; 7:418-23. [PMID: 7213941 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A high resolution mass spectrometer operating with a laboratory data system in multiple scan mode allows the generation of high resolution evaporation profiles for any m/z value. The system allows fast qualitative and quantitative analysis of components of complex mixtures. System performance is evaluated by analysis of morphine in liver samples; a precision of 15% at the 0.1 microgram g-1 level is obtainable on post-mortem samples.
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Pearce D, Wiersema S, Kuo M, Emery C. Simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine in blood by use of select ion monitoring and deuterated internal standards. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1979; 14:161-8. [PMID: 436391 DOI: 10.3109/15563657908988445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
A highly sensitive, specific and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of the anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin in micro-samples of blood plasma is described. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of tolmetin, which can be detected down to picogram levels using electron-capture detection, has been prepared. The lowest concentration of tolmetin which can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 15%) in a 25-microliter plasma sample is 0.1 microgram/ml. Previously reported assays require a sample size 20--80 times larger and have a detection limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives of both tolmetin and the internal standard have been identified from their chemical ionization mass spectra. The present method was found to be in good agreement with another published gas chromatographic assay when both methods were employed to analyze the same set of plasma samples from four juvenile reheumatoid arthritic patients.
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Glyllenhaal O, Näslund B, Hartvig P. Electron-capture gas chromatography of sulphapyridine and its N4-acetyl metabolite in serum after extraction methylation. J Chromatogr A 1978; 156:330-4. [PMID: 701435 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Gyllenhaal O. Degradation of pentafluorobenzyl bromide in the extractive alkylation procedure. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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