Retention behaviour and fluorimetric detection of procaine hydrochloride using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin as an additive in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

A comprehensive study on retention of selected model substances in β-cyclodextrin-modified high performance liquid chromatography

The quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) models are not only employed in retention behaviour prediction, but also in an in-depth understanding of complex chromatographic systems. The goal of the present research is to enable the comprehensive understanding of retention underlying the separation in β-cyclodextrin (CD) modified reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) systems, through the development of mixed QSRR models. Moreover, the amount of β-CD adsorbed on the stationary phase surface (β-CD_A) is added as the model's input in order to evaluate its contribution to both model performances and retention. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were conducted to confirm the predicted inclusion complex structures and support the application of in silico tools. The most significant descriptors revealed that retention is governed by the steric factors 7.5 Å distant from the geometrical centre of a molecule, 3D arrangement of atoms determining the molecular size and shape, lipophilicity indicated by topological distances, as well as the unbound system's energy, related to the inclusion complex formation. In addition, a notable effect of the pH of the aqueous phase on the retention of ionizable analytes was shown. In the case of pH of the aqueous phase and β-CD_A the change in retention behaviour of the studied analytes was observed only at the highest β-CD_A value (5.17 μM/m²), but it was not related to the ionization state of analytes. When the analytes did not change the ionization form across the investigated studied pH range, and the acetonitrile content in the mobile phase was 25% (v/v), the retention factor had low values regardless of the β-CD_A; under these circumstances the retention is probably acetonitrile driven.

Eco-friendly separation of catechins using cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in RP-HPLC

BACKGROUND

New mobile phases for RP-HPLC were developed for the separation of catechin compounds in tea. Cyclodextrin mobile phase additives decreased the use of toxic and inflammable organic solvents without compromising resolution or separation efficiency.

AIMS

To develop a simple greener method for analyzing five tea catechins in RP-HPLC, the mobile phase condition was optimized and the lowest organic modifier proportion with content resolutions and retention factors were obtained.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Eco-friendly cyclodextrins were used as mobile phase additives to decrease the proportion of organic modifier and improve resolutions and retention factors.

RESULTS

The effects of several physico-chemical parameters on the retention factors were investigate d and the optimum conditions were obtained on a conventional C₁₈ column, where the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water (12/88, v/v) with 1.5 mmol/L β-cyclodextrin at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.

DISCUSSION

Cyclodextrins can separate analytes through host-guest complexation, where a transient diastereomeric complex is formed between the cyclodextrin and the analyte. β-Cyclodextrin is the most accessible, the least expensive and generally the most useful cyclodextrin.

CONCLUSION

This work developed a simple eco-friendly method with the lowest concentration of organic solvents. Under the optimal condition, five catechins could be baseline separated within 17 minutes in the isocratic mode. This research exhibited the potential for the separation and determination of other active compounds from natural plants by a greener method.

Characterization of procaine metabolism as probe for the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme investigation by simultaneous determination of procaine and its metabolite using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection

Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescene detection was used to characterize procaine hydrolysis as a probe for butyrylcholinesterase by in vitro procaine metabolism in plasma with butyrylcholinesterase acting as bioscavenger. Procaine and its metabolite N,N-diethylethanolamine were separated at 16 kV and then detected at 1.25 V in the presence of 5.0 mM Ru(bpy)(3)2+, with the detection limits of 2.4x10(-7) and 2.0x10(-8) mol/L (S/N=3), respectively. The Michaelis constant Km value was 1.73x10(-4) mol/L and the maximum velocity Vmax was 1.62x10(-6) mol/L/min. Acetylcholine bromide and choline chloride presented inhibition effects on the enzymatic cleavage of procaine, with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 6.24x10(-3) and 2.94x10(-4) mol/L.

Photo-Fenton treatment of TNT contaminated soil extract solutions obtained by soil flushing with cyclodextrin

The technical feasibility and performances of coupling flushing abilities of cyclodextrin solutions for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) removal from contaminated soil and the ability of Photo-Fenton treatment for final disposal of soil extract solutions containing high TNT loads have been investigated at laboratory scale. Methylated-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) has shown better ability than hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) to complex TNT. The MCD solution increased the aqueous concentration of TNT in soil extract effluents as much as 2.1 times the concentrations obtained during the water flush of the soil. TNT in soil extract solution has been treated by Photo-Fenton. Our results indicate that MCD has a beneficial effect on the degradation rates of TNT. This relative improvement of TNT degradation rate (1.3 time) in presence of high amounts of hydroxyl radical scavengers can be ascribed to the formation of a ternary complex (TNT-cyclodextrin-iron) which can direct hydroxyl radical reaction toward TNT. Complete mineralization of soil extraction solutions was not achieved and TNT degradation pathway has been elucidated in order to ensure that no potential toxic intermediate is left at the end of the treatment time. After successive TNT hydroxylations, oxidative opening of the TNT aromatic ring quickly occurred, leading to the accumulation of short chain carboxylic acids such as oxalic acid and formic acid.

Effect of Nanocavity Confinement on the Relaxation of Anesthetic Analogues: Relevance to Encapsulated Drug Photochemistry

We report on UV-vis absorption and picosecond emission studies of methyl 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxy benzoate in neutral water and complexed to alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin (CD). Upon encapsulation, the emission intensity and the fluorescence lifetime increase, indicating a hydrophobic effect of the nanocages on the photophysical behavior of the guest. beta-CD confinement shows the largest effect. The time-dependent frequency shift of the emission (approximately 720 cm(-1)) in beta-CD nanocavity is larger than the one observed in water (approximately 490 cm(-1)) due to the hydrophobic and polarity effect of the nanocage and reflects a strengthening of the intramolecular H-bond of the encapsulated dye upon electronic excitation. Anisotropy measurements indicate a free motion of the guest into the nanocavity. The observed results are relevant to the hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic interactions which govern photochemistry and photophysics of caged drugs, organic, and biological systems.

Chromatographic determination of the association constant between 8-methoxypsoralen and modified β-cyclodextrin: protective effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on 8-methoxypsoralen toxicity in human keratinocytes

The retention of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) on an immobilised hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) column was analysed in HPLC by the determination of its Langmuir distribution isotherm. A such method was used to confirm the potential drug complexing role of this cyclodextrin. The 8-MOP/HP-beta-CD association constant (K) was equal to 29.5 and 18.7 M-1, respectively, at a temperature equal to 5 and 25 degrees C, respectively. These association constant values were used to determine the cytotoxicity profile of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) in relation to the complex concentration. It was showed through these data that HP-beta-CD had a cytoprotective since a reverse effect of HP-beta-CD on 8-MOP cytotoxicity was observed.

Study on inclusion interaction of piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin derivatives

The inclusion behavior of piroxicam (PX) with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), and carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) was investigated by using steady-state fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The various factors affecting the inclusion process were examined in detail. The remarkable fluorescence emission enhancement upon addition of CDs suggested that cyclodextrins (CDs) were most suitable for inclusion of the uncharged species of PX. The stoichiometry of the PX-CDs inclusion complexes was 1:1, except for beta-CD where a 1:2 inclusion complex was formed. The formation constants showed the strongest inclusion capacity of beta-CD. NMR showed the inclusion mode of PX with CDs.

Study on the interaction of methylene blue with cyclodextrin derivatives by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

The ability of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), and carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) to break the aggregate of the methylene blue (MB) and to form 1:1 inclusion complexes has been studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Experimental conditions including concentrations of various cyclodextrins (beta-CD, HP-beta-CD and CM-beta-CD) and media acidity were investigated for the inclusion formation in detail. The formation constants are calculated by using steady-state fluorimetry, from which the inclusion capacity of different cyclodextrins (CDs) is compared. The results suggest that the charged beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) is more suitable for inclusion of the cationic dye MB than the neutral beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CD, HP-beta-CD) at pH>5. A mechanism is proposed which is consistent with the stronger binding of MB with CM-beta-CD compared with the other CDs at pH>5.

Differential pulse adsorption voltammetry for determination of procaine hydrochloride at a pumice modified carbon paste electrode in pharmaceutical preparations and urine

Procaine hydrochloride was determined by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a 6% (m/m) pumice modified carbon paste electrode in 1.25 x 10(-3) mol x l(-1) KH(2)PO(4) and Na(2)HPO(4) buffer solution (pH 6.88, 25 degrees C). The anodic peak potential used was +0.980 V (vs. SCE). A good linear relationship was realized between the anodic peak current and procaine concentration in the range of 9.0 x 10(-7)-2.6 x 10(-5) mol x l(-1) with the detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-8) mol x l(-1). The recovery was 95.2-104.8% with the relative standard deviation of 3.2% (n=10). The pharmaceutical preparations, procaine hydrochloride injection and the urine samples were determined with the desirable results.

Chromatographic determination of the association constants between nimesulide and native and modified beta-cyclodextrins

The retention of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), i.e. nimesulide, in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was investigated using a phenyl bond silica column and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) as mobile phase additive (0-10 mM). Such a study was carried out in order to determine the most efficient cyclodextrin as a potential drug complexing agent for a future application in pharmaceutical formulation. Assuming a 1:1 stoichiometry, the association constants (K) were calculated from the chromatographic data. At a column temperature of 25 degrees C and in a highly aqueous medium (98% phosphate buffer-2% methanol (v/v)), K was equal to 523 and 1285 M(-1) for the nimesulide-beta-CD and nimesulide HP-beta-CD complexes, respectively. These results were consistent with the data reported previously using phase solubility studies and UV spectrophotometry. As well, the thermodynamic parameters of the inclusion complexes were determined from linear van't Hoff plots for the two inclusion complexes. From the enthalpy and entropy changes, it appeared that nimesulide interact more strongly with HP-beta-CD due to a significant hydrophobic effect between the compound and the flexible hydroxypropyl groups.

Nonlinear analysis of dynamic binding in affinity capillary electrophoresis demonstrated for inclusion complexes of beta-cyclodextrin

The stability of the molecular host-guest inclusion complexes of beta-cyclodextrin with benzoate and four different hydroxybenzoates is investigated. For the measurement of the binding constants an experimental method is devised that is based on affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) with indirect UV absorbance detection. We derive an explicit equation for effective mobilities in ACE experiments without violation of rigorous mass balance. This equation is employed in the nonlinear least-squares analyses of the experimental data yielding binding constants of 48+/-2 M(-1) for benzoate, 299+/-38 M(-1) for 2-hydroxybenzoate, 37+/-1 M(-1) for 3-hydroxybenzoate, 228+/-9 M(-1) for 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 895+/-110 M(-1) in the case of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate.