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Martinez G, Niu J, Takser L, Bellenger JP, Zhu J. A review on the analytical procedures of halogenated flame retardants by gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and their levels in human samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117476. [PMID: 34082369 PMCID: PMC8355089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) market is continuously evolving and have moved from the extensive use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to more recent introduced mixtures such as Firemaster 550, Firemaster 680, DP-25, DP-35, and DP-515. These substitutes are mainly composed of non-PBDEs HFRs such as 2-ethyl-hexyl tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Other HFRs commonly being monitored include Dechlorane Plus (DP), Dechlorane 602 (Dec602), Dechlorane 603 (Dec603), Dechlorane 604 (Dec604), 5,6-dibromo-1,10, 11, 12,13,13-hexachloro- 11-tricyclo[8.2.1.02,9]tridecane (HCDBCO) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (OBTMPI). This review aims at highlighting the advances in the past decade (2010-2020) on both the analytical procedures of HFRs in human bio-specimens using gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry and synthesizing the information on the levels of these HFRs in human samples. Human specimen included in this review are blood, milk, stool/meconium, hair and nail. The review summarizes the analytical methods, including extraction and clean-up techniques, used for measuring HFRs in biological samples, which are largely adopted from those for analysing PBDEs. In addition, new challenges in the analysis to include both PBDEs and a wide range of other HFRs are also discussed in this review. Review of the levels of HFRs in human samples shows that PBDEs are still the most predominant HFRs in many cases, followed by DP. However, emerging HFRs are also being detected in human despite of the fact that both their detection frequencies and levels are lower than PBDEs and DP. It is clearly demonstrated in this review that people working in the industry or living close to the industrial areas have higher HFR levels in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Phillipe Bellenger
- Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Pirard C, Charlier C. Simple and fast method for the measurement of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in human serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:918-925. [PMID: 30119023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent and reliable human biomonitoring data on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), either legacy or new BFRs, are still needed to assess human exposure. The aim of this work was therefore to develop and validate an accurate, fast and user-friendly analytical strategy for the determination of 15 legacy and novel BFRs in human serum namely 8 polybrominated diphenylethers (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209), 1 hexabromobiphenyl (PBB-153), and 6 novel BFRs (pentabromotoluene, hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, and decabromodiphenylethane). This analytical procedure consisted in a simple liquid-liquid extraction followed by elution on a PHREE cartridge avoiding further laborious purification steps. The final determination was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in electron capture negative ionization mode (GC-ECNI-MS). The 15 m long RTX-1614 allowed the simultaneous measurement of the 15 BFRs including low and high brominated species within a single injection on a single column. Except for 2-ethylhexy-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) which showed very high response variations resulting in poor linearity, trueness and precision, and decabromodiphenylethane for which very low sensitivity was achieved, the 13 other BFRs passed the validation process with recoveries varying between 56 and 82%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 pg/ml (34.5 pg/ml for BDE-209). Within the validated range of concentrations, the relative bias from the introduced levels were below 20% while the intra and inter precisions were maintained below 15%. The reliability of the technique was confirmed by successfully analyzing interlaboratory test materials (AMAP ring test for POPs in human serum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege (ULg), CHU (B35), 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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Annunciação DLR, Almeida FV, Sodré FF. Method development and validation for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in Brazilian aquatic sediments. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cruz R, Cunha SC, Marques A, Casal S. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolites – An analytical review on seafood occurrence. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blessing M, Jochmann MA, Haderlein SB, Schmidt TC. Optimization of a large-volume injection method for compound-specific isotope analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds at trace concentrations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2349-2360. [PMID: 26563706 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of persistent organic contaminants can be used for source apportioning in the environment if appropriate sensitivity can be achieved. This paper describes the optimization and validation of a sensitive analytical approach for the determination of the carbon isotope composition of semi-volatile organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). METHODS Analyses are based on the introduction of up to 150 μL of organic extracts by means of programmed temperature vaporization-large-volume injection combined with gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (PTV-LVI-GC/IRMS). To allow for the analysis of more volatile, low-molecular-weight PAHs, the PTV injector was equipped with a sub-ambient/cryogenic cooling. Accuracy, precision, linearity and determination limits for application in isotope analysis were evaluated for a set of individual PAHs ranging from two- to five-ring molecular structures. The method was exemplified by determining the δ(13) C values of individual PAHs in soil samples in a source apportionment study at a contaminated site. RESULTS The choice of PTV injection parameters is crucial to prevent isotope fractionation during injection and largely depends on the analytes to be determined. The observed isotope fractionation effect on semi-volatiles depends on the applied solvent and injection temperature and demonstrates the importance of performing appropriate tests with given PTV parameters for each of the compounds of interest. The proposed PTV-LVI-GC/IRMS method allows the carbon isotope ratio (δ(13) C value) of individual PAHs to be determined accurately and precisely at concentrations of 0.04-0.1 ng μL(-1) even for volatile PAHs such as naphthalene or acenaphthene. CONCLUSIONS LVI with PTV injector cooling allows for the isotopic analysis of volatile and semi-volatile PAHs at trace concentrations, thus considerably expanding the applicability of CSIA in environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Blessing
- BRGM, LAB/ISO, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009, F-45060, Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141, Essen, Germany
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Butryn DM, Gross MS, Chi LH, Schecter A, Olson JR, Aga DS. "One-shot" analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated analogs in human breast milk and serum using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 892:140-7. [PMID: 26388484 PMCID: PMC4589300 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH-BDE) and methoxylated (MeO-BDE) analogs in humans is an area of high interest to scientists and the public due to their neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects. Consequently, there is a rise in the investigation of the occurrence of these three classes of compounds together in environmental matrices and in humans in order to understand their bioaccumulation patterns. Analysis of PBDEs, OH-BDEs, and MeO-BDEs using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be accomplished simultaneously, but detection limits for PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in LC-MS is insufficient for trace level quantification. Therefore, fractionation steps of the phenolic (OH-BDEs) and neutral (PBDEs and MeO-BDEs) compounds during sample preparation are typically performed so that different analytical techniques can be used to achieve the needed sensitivities. However, this approach involves multiple injections, ultimately increasing analysis time. In this study, an analytical method was developed for a "one-shot" analysis of 12 PBDEs, 12 OH-BDEs, and 13 MeO-BDEs using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This overall method includes simultaneous extraction of all analytes via pressurized liquid extraction followed by lipid removal steps to reduce matrix interferences. The OH-BDEs were derivatized using N-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS-MTFA), producing OH-TBDMS derivatives that can be analyzed together with PBDEs and MeO-BDEs by GC-MS/MS in "one shot" within a 25-min run time. The overall recoveries were generally higher than 65%, and the limits of detection ranged from 2 to 14 pg in both breast milk and serum matrices. The applicability of the method was successfully validated on four paired human breast milk and serum samples. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs, OH-BDEs, and MeO-BDEs in breast milk were 59, 2.2, and 0.57 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively. In serum, the mean total concentrations were 79, 38, and 0.96 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively, exhibiting different distribution profiles from the levels detected in breast milk. This "one-shot" GC-MS/MS method will prove useful and cost-effective in large-scale studies needed to further understand the partitioning behavior, and ultimately the adverse health effects, of these important classes of brominated flame retardants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena M Butryn
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael S Gross
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Lai-Har Chi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Arnold Schecter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville College of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - James R Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M. Advances in Instrumental Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants: Current Status and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:651834. [PMID: 27433482 PMCID: PMC4897317 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent advances and methodological improvements in instrumental techniques applied for the analysis of different brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The literature search strategy was based on the recent analytical reviews published on BFRs. The main selection criteria involved the successful development and application of analytical methods for determination of the target compounds in various environmental matrices. Different factors affecting chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of brominated analytes were evaluated and discussed. Techniques using advanced instrumentation to achieve outstanding results in quantification of different BFRs and their metabolites/degradation products were highlighted. Finally, research gaps in the field of BFR analysis were identified and recommendations for future research were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Determination of organic priority pollutants in the low nanogram-per-litre range in water by solid-phase extraction disk combined with large-volume injection/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in 1mL whole blood using programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection coupled to gas chromatogram and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 767:112-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fulara I, Czaplicka M. Methods for determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples - review. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2075-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fulara
- Central Laboratory; Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas; Katowice Poland
| | - Marianna Czaplicka
- Environmental Protection Department; Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals; Gliwice Poland
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11
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Application of GC–TOFMS for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Grapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Influence of Gas Chromatographic Parameters on Determination of Decabromodiphenyl Ether. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-010-1843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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TANG F, NI Y, ZHANG H, CHEN J. Applications of large-volume injection for environmental analysis. Se Pu 2010; 28:442-8. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Vonderheide AP, Thaxton K, Kauffman PE, Morgan JN. Investigation of reagent gases for the positive chemical ionization of select polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wei H, Dassanayake PS, Li A. Parametric evaluation for programmable temperature vaporization large volume injection in gas chromatographic determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 90:535-547. [PMID: 20383321 PMCID: PMC2850545 DOI: 10.1080/03067310902871299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work is a thorough investigation on the major operating parameters of the programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet used for gas chromatographic injection, including injection mode and volume, inlet temperature, vent and purge flow rates. The results clearly demonstrate the advantage of large volume injection in enhancing the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Partial loss of injected PBDEs occurred during solvent venting and due to incomplete sample transfer. Such loss was minimized by lowering the initial inlet temperature and vent flow and elevating the final inlet temperature. The results show that 50 mL/min vent flow, as low as 0 degrees C initial and higher than 300 degrees C final inlet temperatures produced the relatively high responses. Two mass spectrometric parameters were also evaluated. Indoor dust, lake sediment and human placenta tissue samples were analyzed to demonstrate reliability and sensitivity improvement of the PTV large volume injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - An Li
- Correspondence author information: Dr. An Li EOHS, SPH, UIC MC-922 2121 W. Taylor Street Chicago, IL 60612 Phone: +1 312-996-9597, Fax: +1 312-413-9898
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Covaci A, Dirtu AC, Voorspoels S, Roosens L, Lepom P. Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods Applied to Congener-Specific Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Vizcaino E, Arellano L, Fernandez P, Grimalt JO. Analysis of whole congener mixtures of polybromodiphenyl ethers by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in both environmental and biological samples at femtogram levels. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL. New Advances in Large-Volume Injection Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- a Underwriters Laboratories Inc. , South Bend, Indiana, USA
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LI Y, HASHI Y, LIU Y, LI HF, LIN JM. Comparison and Optimization of Several Pretreatment Techniques for Determination of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether in Polymer Samples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:523-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying LI
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuki HASHI
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yan LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hai-Fang LI
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
| | - Jin-Ming LIN
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
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Kierkegaard A, Sellström U, McLachlan MS. Environmental analysis of higher brominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:364-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kinani S, Bouchonnet S, Abjean J, Campargue C. Determination of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk cream by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1007-14. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701881843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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van Leeuwen S, de Boer J. Advances in the gas chromatographic determination of persistent organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:161-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chapter 15 Brominated Flame Retardants as Food Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Snow NH. Fast Gas Chromatography with Short Columns: Are Speed and Resolution Mutually Exclusive? J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H. Snow
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Seton Hall University , 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange , New Jersey , 07079 , USA
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Zhao Y, Yang L, Wang Q. Pulsed large volume injection gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of typical halogenated persistent organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1375-86. [PMID: 17533137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed large-volume injection gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (pLVI-GC/ECNI-qMS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of typical halogenated persistent organic pollutants (H-POPs). By monitoring the characteristic ions of large mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) for each of the H-POPs rather than the chlorine and/or bromine ions, this method avoided the possible interferences arising from the H-POPs themselves and from complex matrices encountered frequently in current GC/qMS methods; and allowed, on the other hand, the use of (13)C-labeled and perdeuterated analogues as internal standards for reliable quantification. pLVI up to 120 microL improved the instrumental detection limits down to pg-fg mL(-1), comparable to or lower than those obtained by the recognized GC/high-resolution MS methods reported so far. The H-POPs including 12 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 1 polybrominated biphenyl, 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 4 hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, and hexachlorobenzene were involved in this study. The method developed demonstrated good linearity (r(2) = 0.9904-0.9999) within 0.5 to 50,000 pg mL(-1) for PCBs and 0.05 to 5000 pg mL(-1) for other H-POPs, and was satisfactory in terms of both repeatability (0.07%-2.2%) and reproducibility (2.1%-8.4%). It was validated by analyzing a NIST standard reference material SRM-1946 of Lake Superior fish tissue with low 0.01 to 63 pg g(-1) method detection limits, and successfully applied to the determination of the H-POPs in five reference materials of different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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28
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Serôdio P, Cabral MS, Nogueira JMF. Use of experimental design in the optimization of stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:259-70. [PMID: 17196215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption (LD) followed by large volume injection and capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-LD-LVI-GC-MS), had been applied for the determination of ultra-traces of eleven polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), from tetra to nona congeners (BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-85, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-183, BDE-197, BDE-196, BDE-207 and BDE-206), in environmental matrices. Instrumental calibration under the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode acquisition and parameters that could affect the SBSE-LD efficiency are fully discussed. A complete randomized factorial design was established for the first time to optimize the main experimental parameters that affecting the SBSE-LD efficiency, including decisive interactions, which provides a more realistic picture of the sampling process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the statistical method used to analyze data. From the data obtained, it can be emphasized that experimental parameters such as extraction time (240 min), agitation speed (1250 rpm), methanol content (40%) and desorption conditions (acetonitrile, 15 min), were the best analytical compromise for the simultaneous determination between tetra and nona congeners in aqueous media. A remarkable recovery (65.6-116.9%) and repeatability (<12.1%) were attained, whilst the experimental data allowed very good agreement with predict theoretical equilibrium described by the octanol-water partition coefficients (K(PDMS/W) approximately = K(O/W)), with the exception of nona congeners since slightly lower yields were measured. Furthermore, excellent linear dynamic ranges from 0.01 to 14.0 microg/L (r2>0.9917) and low detection limits (0.3-203.4 ng/L) were also achieved for the eleven congeners studied. The proposed methodology was applied for the determination of ultra-trace levels of PBDEs in waste water, sediments and printed board circuit matrices by the standard addition approach, showing to be reliable, sensitive and having a low sample amount requirement in compliance with the international regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Serôdio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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Binelli A, Roscioli C, Guzzella L. Improvements in the analysis of decabromodiphenyl ether using on-column injection and electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:243-7. [PMID: 17097096 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the development of a method to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using GC/MS-MS equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injector, a dramatic decrease in sensitivity to decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) occurred and lack of sensitivity and repeatability was observed. An alternative method using GC/ECD equipped with an on-column injector was evaluated for this congener optimizing pre-column and column length. A coated retention gap (50 cm of length, 0.53 mm I.D., 0.15 microm d(f)) connected to a short capillary column (7 m of length, 0.32 mm I.D., 0.25 microm d(f)) showed the better sensitivity and repeatability. Finally, a double system based on the programmed temperature vaporizer injector/MS detector (for tri- to hepta-BDEs) and on-column injector/electron-capture detector (for BDE-209) was evaluated using two candidate certified materials (fish muscle tissue and river sediment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Binelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biology, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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30
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Stapleton HM. Instrumental methods and challenges in quantifying polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental extracts: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:807-17. [PMID: 17165211 PMCID: PMC1764596 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Increased interest in the fate, transport and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) over the past few years has led to a variety of studies reporting different methods of analysis for these persistent organic pollutants. Because PBDEs encompass a range of vapor pressures, molecular weights and degrees of bromine substitution, various analytical methods can lead to discrimination of some PBDE congeners. Recent improvements in injection techniques and mass spectrometer ionization methods have led to a variety of options to determine PBDEs in environmental samples. The purpose of this paper is therefore to review the available literature describing the advantages and disadvantages in choosing an injection technique, gas chromatography column and detector. Additional discussion is given to the challenges in measuring PBDEs, including potential chromatographic interferences and the lack of commercial standards for higher brominated congeners, which provides difficulties in examining degradation and debromination of BDE congeners, particularly for BDE 209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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31
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Montes R, Ramil M, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Rapid screening of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments using non-equilibrium solid-phase microextraction and fast gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1124:43-50. [PMID: 16714025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the screening of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples is described. Analytes are concentrated on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre, separated using a narrow-bore gas chromatography column (10 m x 0.1mm I.D.) and determined with a micro-electron-capture detector (micro-ECD). The narrow-bore column showed a similar separation efficiency to a conventional capillary one (30 m x 0.32 mm I.D.) and allowed a 3 times reduction in the analysis time. Moreover, thermal desorption of SPME fibres in the narrow-bore column did not produce any degradation in the quality of separations when compared to the split injection mode. The use of an oxidative sample treatment was mandatory to remove sulphur interferences in the chromatograms and increase the yield of PCBs during SPME for short sampling times. Under optimised conditions, a fraction of sediment (0.1-0.5 g) was mixed with 5 ml of a 0.2M potassium permanganate solution and 0.5 ml of sulphuric acid 6M in a 22 ml closed vessel. Sample treatment and headspace SPME of PCBs were performed simultaneously for 10 min at 100 degrees C. Globally, the whole analytical procedure takes about 20 min and presents quantification limits between 0.5 and 1.3 ng/g. Accuracy was evaluated by analysing a reference sediment sample with certified concentrations of several PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Law RJ, Allchin CR, de Boer J, Covaci A, Herzke D, Lepom P, Morris S, Tronczynski J, de Wit CA. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:187-208. [PMID: 16434081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review those data which have recently become available for brominated flame retardants (particularly the brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)) in samples from the European environment. Environmental compartments studied comprise the atmosphere, sediments and soils, sewage sludges, and a variety of biological samples and food chains. This is currently a very active research area, and we cite over 70 studies reported in the literature during 2003-04. Findings include that the input of BDEs (especially BDE209) to the Baltic Sea by atmospheric deposition now exceeds that of PCBs by a factor of almost 40 times. Sewage sludge samples from both industrial and background locations show concentrations of BDEs, HBCD and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) that are of a similar order, indicating that the major source is from diffuse leaching from products into wastewater streams from users, households and industries generally. Point-sources from industries using BFRs (e.g. the textile industry) also generate local hot-spots. Sediment core studies identified the presence of two of the three PBDE formulations. The penta-mix formulation was clearly present from the beginning of the 1970s, but the deca-mix only appeared in the late 1970s. BDE183, BDE209 and HBCD were detected in peregrine falcons from Sweden and other birds feeding on terrestrial food chains. BDEs are found widely distributed in fish, including those from high mountain lakes in Europe, as a consequence of long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. A temporal trend study in archived freeze-dried mussels from the Seine estuary, France, indicated an exponential increase in BDE concentrations during the period 1982-1993, which levelled off in 1999 and 2001 and then began to decline after 2002. HBCD was detected in liver and blubber samples from harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Wadden and North Seas, though very few animals yielded positive values for TBBP-A. There are difficulties in comparing data on summation operatorBDE from studies in which different suites of BDE congeners have been determined, and we suggest a common suite which will allow the study of all three commercial PBDE formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Law
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, CEFAS Burnham Laboratory, Burnham on Crouch, Remembrance Avenue, Essex CM0 8HA, UK.
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Llorca-Porcel J, Martínez-Sánchez G, Álvarez B, Cobollo M, Valor I. Analysis of nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water samples by means of stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yusà V, Pardo O, Pastor A, de la Guardia M. Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction large-volume injection and gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry procedure for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediments. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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NAKAZATO T, AKASAKA M, RAJENDRAN RB, TAO H. Determination of Polybrominated Diphenylether in Polystyrene Resin by Gas Chromatography/Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2006. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya NAKAZATO
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Mikio AKASAKA
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Japan Industrial Technology Association (JITA)
| | | | - Hiroaki TAO
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Bailey R. Injectors for capillary gas chromatography and their application to environmental analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:1054-8. [PMID: 16252052 DOI: 10.1039/b508334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of different injectors in capillary gas chromatography (GC) analysis of semi-volatile organic contaminants in environmental samples prepared in organic solvents is reviewed. The injectors examined include a split/splitless injector in splitless mode (SS), cold on-column (COC), and programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) and adaptations of these injector designs. Key issues when selecting an injector include properties of the analyte, such as potential for thermal degradation or discrimination of high boiling point compounds within the injector, and the ability of the GC systems to handle large volume injections (LVI) primarily to lower detection limits and allow direct coupling with sample preparation techniques such as at-line or on-line solid phase extraction (SPE). LVI also require consideration of matrix interference issues. This review examines only injector chamber modifications that are feasible with a standard GC configuration, however some modifications to the chromatographic system to extend the range of applicability of gas chromatography analysis for environmental samples are also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bailey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, USA
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Björklund J, Tollbäck P, Hiärne C, Dyremark E, Ostman C. Influence of the injection technique and the column system on gas chromatographic determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:201-10. [PMID: 15281270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an investigation of the influence of the gas chromatographic separation system on the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Capillary columns, retention gaps and press-fit connectors, as well as different injection techniques have been evaluated with respect to yield and repeatability. The split/splitless injection has been optimized and compared to on-column injection, the septum equipped temperature programmable injector (SPI) and the programmable temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector. Furthermore, a comparison of the different operational modes of the PTV injector is presented. The results show that there are large variations in the yield of PBDEs depending on the column and the injection systems. Especially the high molecular weight BDE congeners can be subject to severe discrimination. Unfavorable conditions can lead to a complete loss of nona and deca substituted BDE congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Björklund
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kierkegaard A, Björklund J, Fridén U. Identification of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:3247-3253. [PMID: 15260320 DOI: 10.1021/es049867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane, DeBDethane, is marketed as an alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether, BDE209. There are currently no data available about the presence of DeBDethane in the environment. In this study, DeBDethane was positively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and quantified by low-resolution mass spectrometry with electron capture negative ionization in sewage sludge, sediment, and indoor air. It was found in 25 of the 50 Swedish sewage treatment plants investigated, with estimated levels up to about 100 ng/g dry weight. The concentration of DeBDethane in sediment from Western Scheldt in The Netherlands was 24 ng/g dry weight, and in an air sample from a Swedish electronics dismantling facility it was 0.6 ng/m3. DeBDethane was also found together with nonabromodiphenyl ethanes in water piping insulation. All samples contained BDE209 in higher concentrations as compared to DeBDethane (DeBDethane/BDE209 ratios ranging from 0.02 to 0.7), probably reflecting the higher and longer usage of BDE209. There is an ongoing risk assessment within the European Union regarding BDE209. Since DeBDethane has similar applications, it is important to investigate its environmental behavior before using it to replace BDE209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Kierkegaard
- Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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USUKURA K, SEKO T, ONDA N. Rapid determination of polybromodiphenylethers in polystyrene resin used for electrical household appliances by GC/high mass quadrupole-MS with electron impact and negative chemical ionizations. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Björklund J, Tollbäck P, Dyremark E, Östman C. Automated rotary valve injection for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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