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Hemorphins-From Discovery to Functions and Pharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133879. [PMID: 34201982 PMCID: PMC8270332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, a variety of different studies on bioactive peptides that are opioid receptor ligands, have been carried out, with regard to their isolation and identification, as well as their molecular functions in living organisms. Thus, in this review, we would like to summarize the present state-of-the art concerning hemorphins, methodological aspects of their identification, and their potential role as therapeutic agents. We have collected and discussed articles describing hemorphins, from their discovery up until now, thus presenting a very wide spectrum of their characteristic and applications. One of the major assets of the present paper is a combination of analytical and pharmacological aspects of peptides described by a team who participated in the initial research on hemorphins. This review is, in part, focused on the analysis of endogenous opioid peptides in biological samples using advanced techniques, description of the identification of synthetic/endogenous hemorphins, their involvement in pharmacology, learning, pain and other function. Finally, the part regarding hemorphin analogues and their synthesis, has been added.
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Zeccola M, Longhi R, Rossetti DV, D'Angelo L, Tamburrini G, Di Rocco C, Giardina B, Castagnola M, Desiderio C. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for the determination of Leu-Val-Val- and Val-Val-hemorphin-7 peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:170-7. [PMID: 22841664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A CE-tandem MS method was optimised and validated for selective and specific determination of LVV- and VV-hemorphin-7 peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. These two small peptides originate from haemoglobin beta chains. They possess relevant biological activity and recently a potential biomarker role in posterior cranial fossa paediatric brain tumour disease was evidenced. The separation was optimised using formic acid as background electrolyte and a water/methanol mixture, containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, as sheath liquid. The two peptides, differing in only one amino acid of the sequence at the N-terminal side were baseline separated in less than 15 min. The method allowed a very reduced and rapid sample pretreatment and was successfully applied to hemorphins determination in patient samples without matrix interferences. The method successfully passed bioanalytical validation showing linearity, accuracy and precision data on cerebrospinal fluid matrix within the acceptable values. The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of patients affected by different posterior cranial fossa tumour forms confirmed our previous findings showing the absence of hemorphins in the pre-surgical cerebrospinal fluid and their presence in the post-ones and controls. The present method saves costs and time due to capillary electrophoresis miniaturisation and to the absence of chromatographic column and gradient elution and allows numerous injections per sample starting from few microlitres of cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Zeccola
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Feron D, Begu-Le Corroller A, Piot JM, Frelicot C, Vialettes B, Fruitier-Arnaudin I. Significant lower VVH7-like immunoreactivity serum level in diabetic patients: evidence for independence from metabolic control and three key enzymes in hemorphin metabolism, cathepsin D, ACE and DPP-IV. Peptides 2009; 30:256-61. [PMID: 19061927 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Low circulating VVH7-like immunoreactivity (VVH7 i.r) level was amazingly observed in human diabetic sera. Here, we examined the impact of diabetes type, clinico-biological features and metabolic control on circulating VVH7 i.r level in this disease. ELISA test was used to measure VVH7 i.r in sera of 120 diabetic patients (type 1 diabetes in 64, type 2 diabetes in 56). Three enzymatic tests were also applied to determine serum cathepsin D (CD), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities. A subgroup of 24 type 1 diabetic patients negative for microalbuminuria and hypertension were submitted to an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to evaluate the relationship between VVH7 i.r level and blood pressure parameters. The mean serum concentration of VVH7 i.r was drastically reduced in diabetic patients (0.91+/-0.93 micromol/l versus 5.63+/-1.11 micromol/l in controls) (p<0.001). A negative correlation between VVH7 i.r level and daytime diastolic blood pressure existed in type 1 diabetic patients. There was no association of low VVH7 i.r with either type of diabetes or HbA1c level. An increase of cathepsin D activity was found in serum of diabetic patients compared to controls (0.47 U/ml versus 0.15 U/ml, respectively) whereas DPPIV activity was significantly decreased in diabetic sera (50.81 U/ml versus 282.10 U/l respectively). Diminution of VVH7 i.r in sera of diabetic patients was confirmed but still remained unexplained. Relationships between higher systolic blood pressure and decrease of VVH7 i.r reinforce the need to investigate this pathway in this disease to elucidate its role in macro- and micro-angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Feron
- UMR 6250 CNRS-ULR, LIENSS-LIttoral, Environnement, SociétéS, Equipe MAB-Pôle Sciences et Technologie, UFR Sciences et Technologie, Université de la Rochelle, France
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John H, Schulz S, Forssmann WG. Validated multi-component CZE-UV procedure for the quantification of human hemorphin LVV-H7 in plasma stability studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:235-43. [PMID: 16838155 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human hemorphin LVV-H7 is an endogenous cleavage product of the hemoglobin beta, gamma, epsilon or delta chain exhibiting potential pharmaceutical relevance for blood pressure regulation, the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or learning deficiencies. Here we present the development of a multi-component capillary zone electrophoretic method (CZE-UV), allowing the simultaneous quantification of LVV-H7 and four N-terminal degradation products generated in EDTA plasma. Hemorphins in the supernatant of precipitated plasma samples are quantified by external calibration. Validation of the procedure oriented towards international pharmaceutical guidelines and demonstrated excellent linearity (r2 > or = 0.999), good precision (repeatability and reproducibility below 11%), accuracy (-8.4%-4%), ruggedness and an appropriate lower limit of quantification (LLOQ 1.0 microg mL(-1)). This procedure was applied to stability studies of LVV-H7 in human EDTA plasma attended by profiling metabolites using qualitative MALDI-TOF MS analysis. We detected the activity of a soluble plasma form of aminopeptidase M causing successive N-terminal truncation. This is the first time that LVV-H7 degradation as well as its metabolite production have systematically been monitored by a quantitative CZE-UV procedure, underlining the growing importance of such techniques in peptide analysis. In addition, our results give useful hints for future drug development of LVV-H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald John
- IPF PharmaCeuticals GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 31, 30627 Hannover, Germany.
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Suder P, Kotlińska J, Legowska A, Smoluch M, Höhne G, Chervet JP, Rolka K, Silberring J. Determination of nociceptin-orphanin FQ metabolites by capillary LC-MS. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2000; 6:40-6. [PMID: 11086262 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin-orphanin FQ (OFQ/N) is a newly discovered peptide involved in pain transmission. The method is described to identify metabolic pathway of this neuropeptide in the spinal cord of rats using capillary size-exclusion liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The applied technique is rapid and selective, and allows for simultaneous measurement and quantitation of several fragments in the incubation mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Krakow, Poland
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Racaityte K, Unger KK, Lubda D, Boos KS. Analysis of neuropeptide Y and its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and integrated sample clean-up with a novel restricted-access sulphonic acid cation exchanger. J Chromatogr A 2000; 890:135-44. [PMID: 10976801 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel restricted access cation exchanger with sulphonic acid groups at the internal surface was proven to be highly suitable in the sample clean up of peptides on-line coupled to HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and several of its fragments in plasma were subjected to the sample clean-up procedure. The peptides were eluted by a step gradient from the restricted access column, applying 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.5 from 5 to 20% (v/v) of acetonitrile with 1 M NaCl and transferred to a Micra ODS II column (33x4.6 mm). The separation of the peptides and their fragments was performed by a linear gradient from 20 to 60% (v/v) acetonitrile in water with 0.1% formic acid and 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid in 4 min at a flow-rate of 0.75 ml/min. An integrated and completely automated system composed of sample clean up-HPLC-ESI-MS was used to analyze real life samples. The sample volumes ranged between 20 and 100 microl. Peaks due to the fragments NPY 1-36, 3-36 and 13-36 in porcine plasma were identified by ESI-MS. The limit of detection was in the 5 nmol/ml range. The total analysis required 21 min and allowed the direct injection of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Racaityte
- Kaunas University of Technology, Department of Organic Technology, Lithuania.
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Léonil J, Gagnaire V, Mollé D, Pezennec S, Bouhallab S. Application of chromatography and mass spectrometry to the characterization of food proteins and derived peptides. J Chromatogr A 2000; 881:1-21. [PMID: 10905689 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The following review describes the development of mass spectrometry off-line and on-line coupled with liquid chromatography to the analysis of food proteins. It includes the significant results recently obtained in the field of milk, egg and cereal proteins. This paper also outlines the research carried out in the area of food protein hydrolysates, which are important components in foodstuffs due to their functional properties. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been particularly used for the characterization of food peptides and especially in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Léonil
- INRA Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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8
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Froidevaux R, Lignot B, Nedjar-Arroume N, Guillochon D, Coddeville B, Ricart G. Kinetics of appearance of hemorphins from bovine hemoglobin peptic hydrolysates by a direct coupling of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 873:185-94. [PMID: 10757296 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to improve the preparation of three opioid peptides (Leu-Val-Val-hemorphin-7, Val-Val-hemorphin-7 and Val-Val-hemorphin-4) resulting from bovine hemoglobin peptic hydrolysates. Optimal conditions for the preparation of these peptides were determined thanks to their kinetic studies of appearance in the course of peptic hydrolyses as a function of degree of hydrolysis of hemoglobin. We propose a low degree of hydrolysis (3%) to prepare Leu-Val-Val-hemorphin-7, a mean degree of hydrolysis (11%) to prepare Val-Val-hemorphin-7 and a high degree of hydrolysis (21%) to prepare Val-Val-hemorphin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Froidevaux
- Laboratoire de Technologie des Substances Naturelles, IUT A Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Deszcz L, Kozubek A. Higher cardol homologs (5-alkylresorcinols) in rye seedlings. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1483:241-50. [PMID: 10634940 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of alkylresorcinols, polyketide compounds that in the same homologous series as cardol isolated from Anacardium occidentale (cashew) or bilobol from Ginkgo biloba which are derivatives of 1,3-dihydroxy-5-alk(en)ylbenzene, have been demonstrated in developing rye (Secale cereale L.) kernels. The 3-day-old seedlings grown in sterile conditions already contain detectable amounts of phenolic compounds that were identified as alkylresorcinols. This fraction is the mixture of saturated and enoic homologs of various lengths of the aliphatic side chain. The composition of homologs is similar to that determined in mature grains. The relatively high level of alkylresorcinols in mitochondria and plastids (enhanced approximately twice in the absence of light) suggests that their synthetic pathway and/or biological function may be related to these cellular compartments. Resorcinolic lipids, when present in the external medium, are taken up by seedlings in the energy-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Deszcz
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
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Smoluch MT, Mak P, Chervet JP, Höhne G, Silberring J. Size-exclusion chromatography performed in capillaries. Studies by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 726:37-43. [PMID: 10348168 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of the chromatographic column led to increased sensitivity and shortened time of analysis. In our work we applied 300 microm I.D. capillaries packed with a novel stationary phase Superdex Peptide for the size-exclusion chromatography, capable of separating molecules within the mass range of 0.1-7 kDa. Here we proved that such capillary columns can operate effectively at high sensitivity. Several peptide mixtures were efficiently chromatographed and analyzed on line with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a detection technique. A CNBr peptide map, derived from human globin alpha subunit, was effectively separated using this method. These fragments are difficult to elute from the reversed-phase column at low pH, therefore, such approach can be considered as a complementary to other separation techniques, in particular for analyzing hydrophobic components and complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Smoluch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
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12
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Barth HG, Boyes BE, Jackson C. Size Exclusion Chromatography and Related Separation Techniques. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/a1980015t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard G. Barth
- Central Research and Development, DuPont Company, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, Little Falls Analytical DivisionNewport, Hewlett-Packard Company, 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804, and Marshall Laboratory, DuPont Automative Products, 3401 Grays Ferry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146
| | - Barry E. Boyes
- Central Research and Development, DuPont Company, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, Little Falls Analytical DivisionNewport, Hewlett-Packard Company, 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804, and Marshall Laboratory, DuPont Automative Products, 3401 Grays Ferry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146
| | - Christian Jackson
- Central Research and Development, DuPont Company, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80228, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0228, Little Falls Analytical DivisionNewport, Hewlett-Packard Company, 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804, and Marshall Laboratory, DuPont Automative Products, 3401 Grays Ferry Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19146
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