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Iwai NT, Kramaric M, Crabbe D, Wei Y, Chen R, Shen M. GABA Detection with Nano-ITIES Pipet Electrode: A New Mechanism, Water/DCE-Octanoic Acid Interface. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3067-3072. [PMID: 29388419 PMCID: PMC6126903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) supported on the orifice of a pipet have become a powerful platform to detect a broad range of analytes. We present here the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with the nanoITIES pipet electrodes for the first time. GABA has a net charge of zero in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, and it has not previously been detected at ITIES. In this work, we demonstrated GABA detection at ITIES in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, where we introduced a novel detection strategy based on "pH modulation from the oil phase". To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such. Current increases linearly with increasing concentrations of GABA, ranging from 0.25 mM to 1.0 mM. The measured half-wave transfer potential of GABA is -0.401 ± 0.010 V ( n = 22) vs E1/2,TBA. The measured diffusion coefficient for GABA detection at nanoITIES pipet electrode is 6.09 (±0.58) × 10-10 m2/s ( n = 5). Experimental results indicate that protons generated from octanoic acid dissociation in the oil phase do not come out from the oil phase into the aqueous phase; neither were protons produced in the aqueous phase. NanoITIES pipet electrodes with radii of 320-340 nm were used in the current study. This new strategy and knowledge presented here lays the groundwork for the future development of ITIES pipet electrodes, especially for the detection of electrochemically nonredox active analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toshio Iwai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michelle Kramaric
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel Crabbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mei Shen
- Corresponding Author, Fax: +1 (217) 265-6290.
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Sel S, Öztürk Er E, Bakırdere S. Simultaneous determination of niacin and pyridoxine at trace levels by using diode array high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4740-4746. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabriye Sel
- Department of Chemistry; Yıldız Technical University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Öztürk Er
- Chemical Engineering Department; Yıldız Technical University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Department of Chemistry; Yıldız Technical University; Istanbul Turkey
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Tang YB, Sun F, Teng L, Li WB, An SM, Zhang C, Yang XJ, Lv HY, Ding XP, Zhu L, Chen HZ. Simultaneous determination of the repertoire of classical neurotransmitters released from embryonal carcinoma stem cells using online microdialysis coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 849:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Voehringer P, Fuertig R, Ferger B. A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of glycine as biomarker in brain microdialysis and cerebrospinal fluid samples within 5min. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 939:92-7. [PMID: 24121745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycine is an important amino acid neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and a useful biomarker to indicate biological activity of drugs such as glycine reuptake inhibitors (GRI) in the brain. Here, we report how a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the fast and reliable analysis of glycine in brain microdialysates and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples has been established. Additionally, we compare this method with the conventional approach of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection (FD). The present LC-MS/MS method did not require any derivatisation step. Fifteen microliters of sample were injected for analysis. Glycine was detected by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode. The total running time was 5min. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was determined as 100nM, while linearity was given in the range from 100nM to 100μM. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the LC-MS/MS method, we measured glycine levels in striatal in vivo microdialysates and CSF of rats after administration of the commercially available glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor LY 2365109 (10mg/kg, p.o.). LY 2365109 produced 2-fold and 3-fold elevated glycine concentrations from 1.52μM to 3.6μM in striatal microdialysates and from 10.38μM to 36μM in CSF, respectively. In conclusion, we established a fast and reliable LC-MS/MS method, which can be used for the quantification of glycine in brain microdialysis and CSF samples in biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Voehringer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
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Determination of glycine in biofluid by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the quantification of glycine released by embryonal carcinoma stem cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 905:61-6. [PMID: 22906796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because glycine plays a prominent role in living creatures, an accurate and precise quantitative analysis method for the compound is needed. Herein, a new approach to analyze glycine by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was developed. This method avoids the use of derivatization and/or ion-pairing reagents. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is used as the internal standard (IS). The mobile phase for the isocratic elution consisted of 10 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile-water (70:30, v/v, adjusted to pH 2.8 with formic acid), and a flow rate of 250 μL/min was used. Two microliters of sample was injected for analysis. The signal was monitored in the positive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The total run time was 5 min. The dynamic range was 40-2000 ng/mL for glycine in the biological matrix. The LLOQ (lower limit of quantification) of this method was 40 ng/mL (80 pg on column). The validated method was applied to determine the dynamic release of glycine from P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells (ECSCs). Glycine spontaneously released from the ECSCs into the intercellular space gradually increased from 331.02±60.36 ng/mL at 2 min in the beginning to 963.52±283.80 ng/mL at 60 min and 948.27±235.09 ng/mL at 120 min, finally reaching a plateau, indicating that ECSCs consecutively release glycine until achieving equilibration between the release and the reuptake of the compound; on the contrary, the negative control NIH/3T3 embryonic fibroblast cells did not release glycine. This finding will help to improve our understanding of the novel effects of neurotransmitters, including glycine, on non-neural systems.
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Mitić SS, Pavlović AN, Tošić SB, Arsić BB, Sunarić SM. Quantitative determination of glycine in commercial dosage forms by kinetic spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809070053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pappa‐Louisi A, Sotiropoulos S, Balkatzopoulou P. Mobile Phase pH, Column Temperature, and Eluent Flow Rate Effects on Separation and Fluorescence‐Electrochemical Detection of OPA Derivatives of Amino Acids in Reversed‐Phase Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802039416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriani Pappa‐Louisi
- a Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotiris Sotiropoulos
- a Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalia Balkatzopoulou
- a Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
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Paik MJ, Cho IS, Mook-Jung IH, Lee G, Kim KR. Altered free amino acid levels in brain cortex tissues of mice with Alzheimer's disease as their N(O,S)-ethoxycarbonyl/tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. BMB Rep 2008; 41:23-8. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tan L, Liu F, Luo N, Li J. Simultaneous Determination of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate in Human Gastric Mucosa by HPLC, as their Phenylisothiocyanate Derivatives. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500362144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- a Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fangnan Liu
- a Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Luo
- a Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jieshou Li
- a Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital , Nanjing University , Nanjing, P. R. China
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Chen Z, Chen B, Yao S. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of taurine and 10 water-soluble vitamins in multivitamin tablets. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Novikova AE, Anisimova OS, Turchin KF, Fomina SA, Lunts MG, Degterev EV. Identification and Analysis of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Culture Media of Producing Strains. Pharm Chem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-005-0120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Foster SB, Tang H, Miller KE, Dryhurst G. Increased extracellular glutamate evoked by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium [MPP(+)] in the rat striatum is not essential for dopaminergic neurotoxicity and is not derived from released glutathione. Neurotox Res 2005; 7:251-63. [PMID: 16179262 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have implicated the interactions of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate (Glu) with its ionotropic and metabotropic receptors as important components of the mechanism underlying the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium [MPP(+)]. Furthermore, microdialysis experiments have demonstrated that perfusion of relatively high concentrations of MPP(+) into the rat striatum evoke a delayed, massive release of Glu. Interestingly, perfusion of MPP(+) also mediates a similar release of glutathione (GSH). Together, these observations raise the possibility that the rise of extracellular Glu mediated by MPP(+) may be the result of hydrolysis of released GSH by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT). In the present investigation it is demonstrated that perfusions of solutions of 0.7 and 1.3 mM MPP(+) dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid into the rat striatum evoke neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic terminals, assessed by both a two-day test/challenge procedure and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, but without the release of Glu. Perfusions of 2.5 mM MPP(+) cause more extensive dopaminergic neurotoxicity and a dose-dependent release of Glu. However, neither this release of Glu nor MPP(+)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity are blocked by the irreversible gamma-GT inhibitor acivicin. Together, these observations indicate that a rise of extracellular levels of Glu is not essential for the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPP(+). Furthermore, the rise of extracellular Glu caused by perfusion of 2.5 mM MPP(+) is not the result of the gamma-GT-mediated hydrolysis of released GSH. It is possible that the rise of extracellular levels of Glu, L-aspartate, L-glycine and L-taurine evoked by perfusions of 2.5 mM MPP(+) into the rat striatum may reflect, at least in part, the release of these amino acids from astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Khuhawar MY, Rajper AD. Liquid chromatographic determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebrospinal fluid using 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde as derivatizing reagent. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:413-8. [PMID: 12705983 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA) was determined by precolumn derivatization with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde and elution was made using Phenomenex C(18), 5 microm column with methanol: water (62:38 v/v) and UV detection at 330 nm. In a mixture containing glycine, l-lysine and tyramine GABA separated completely. A number of amines and amino acids tested did not affect the response of GABA. A linear calibration curve was obtained for GABA in the range of 1.2-28.0 microg/ml with detection limit of 2.8 ng/injection (5 microl). The method was used for the determination of GABA in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples and gave results of 19.0 to 22.4 microg/m1 with coefficient of variation 2.4%
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Khuhawar
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
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Mou S, Ding X, Liu Y. Separation methods for taurine analysis in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:251-67. [PMID: 12450662 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Taurine plays an important role in a variety of physiological functions, pharmacological actions and pathological conditions. Many methods for taurine analysis, therefore, have been reported to monitor its levels in biological samples. This review discusses the following techniques: sample preparation; separation and determination methods including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and hyphenation procedures. It covers articles published between 1990 and 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifen Mou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
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McKenzie JAM, Watson CJ, Rostand RD, German I, Witowski SR, Kennedy RT. Automated capillary liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of neuroactive amines and amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2002; 962:105-15. [PMID: 12198955 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A method for the separation and quantitative determination of neuroactive amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, citrulline, arginine, glycine, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid) and neuroactive amines (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) in a single chromatographic analysis is presented. The method is based on pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and tert.-butyl thiol, on-column preconcentration and separation using 50 microns I.D. packed capillary columns, and detection by amperometry. Mass limits of detection are 80-900 amol for all neurotransmitters with RSDs of 0.71 and 4.6% or better for retention time and peak area, respectively. The method was demonstrated by application to the determination of neurotransmitters in microdialysis samples collected from striatum of live rats and tissue samples extracted from butterfly brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinth A M McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Herbert P, Santos L, Alves A. Simultaneous Quantification of Primary, Secondary Amino Acids, and Biogenic Amines in Musts and Wines Using OPA/3-MPA/FMOC-CI Fluorescent Derivatives. J Food Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Qu Y, Vandesande F, Arckens L. IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MONOAMINERGIC NEUROMODULATORS IN THE SUB-CORTICAL REGION OF CAT VISUAL CORTEX BY MICROBORE HPLC-ED AND PROTEIN ASSAY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qu
- a National Institute on Aging , Section of Brain Physiology and Metabolism, NIH, Building 10, Rm. 6n202, Bethesda, MD, 20892, U.S.A
| | - Frans Vandesande
- b Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- b Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Qu Y, Li Y, Vandenbussche E, Vandesande F, Arckens L. In vivo microdialysis in the visual cortex of awake cat. II: sample analysis by microbore HPLC-electrochemical detection and capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detection. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2001; 7:45-51. [PMID: 11275523 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sampling and monitoring release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the striate cortex of mammals will provide important information for visual system research. Two microbore high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection methods and a capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection were developed to determine the inhibitory amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and the excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate in microdialysates of cat striate cortex. In the liquid chromatography method, samples were derivatized using OPA-TBT. Ten microliters of derivatized product was injected onto the microbore column (100 x 1 mm i.d., C8) for quantitative analysis. Electrochemical detection was employed. In the capillary electrophoresis method, samples were derivatized using fluorescein isothiocyanate and separated in borate buffer within 15 min, then detected by a laser-induced fluorescence detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Qu Y, Arckens L, Vandesande F, Vandenbussche E. In vivo microdialysis in the visual cortex of awake cat. I: surgery, animal training and sampling. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2001; 7:38-44. [PMID: 11275522 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sampling and monitoring release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the striate cortex of mammals will provide important information for visual system research. A method allowing repeated microdialysis in the cortical layers of area 17 of the awake cat is described. Under visual control through a surgical microscope and using a stereotactic instrument, four probe guides are permanently implanted in area 17 of one hemisphere of the anesthetized animal and two fixation bars are mounted on the skull to allow fixation of the cat in a stereotactic frame. The implantation of four probe guides in the same hemisphere allows simultaneous sampling from different cortical regions subserving different parts of the visual field. A removable transparent cover protects the probe guides. After recovery from surgery the awake cats are trained to adapt to a fixation in a stereotaxic apparatus. Once adapted to that situation, the cats are used for 5 h in vivo microdialysis experiments without anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Qu Y, Eysel UT, Vandesande F, Arckens L. Effect of partial sensory deprivation on monoaminergic neuromodulators in striate cortex of adult cat. Neuroscience 2001; 101:863-8. [PMID: 11113334 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of monoaminergic neuromodulators in the reorganization of cortical topography following limited sensory deprivation in the adult cat was investigated. The total concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their major metabolites were measured in the visual cortex of both normal control and experimental animals using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The experimental animals were subjected to a binocular retinal lesion corresponding to the central 10 degrees of vision and killed two weeks post-lesion. The sensory deprivation was confirmed in area 17 by measuring immediate-early gene zif-268 messenger RNA expression. Following the retinal lesion, the total concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine were significantly higher in the non-deprived cortex of retinal lesion cats than in the deprived cortex of retinal lesion cats and the cortex of normal animals. This pattern follows the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate under the same conditions. Serotonin levels were significantly lower in the deprived cortex, and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid was significantly higher in the non-deprived cortex than in deprived cortex and normal cortex. From these results, we suggest that the modulation of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin is regulated by visual afferent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Li YM, Qu Y, Vandenbussche E, Arckens L, Vandesande F. Analysis of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and aspartate in cat visual cortex by in vivo microdialysis and capillary electrophoresis-laser induced fluorescence detection. J Neurosci Methods 2001; 105:211-5. [PMID: 11275278 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of a partial sensory deprivation on the extracellular concentration of amino acid neurotransmitters in cat visual cortex, a capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the quantification of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) in in vivo microdialysis samples of cat brain. Microdialysis samples from different regions of area 17 were obtained every 15-min using CMA 12 2-mm probes perfused with synthetic cerebrospinal fluid and derivatized using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was employed. Good selectivity was obtained with a borate buffer (20 mM, pH 10.25). The whole procedure, including the washing step takes only 15 min. The conditions for derivatization and separation were optimized. The parameters for validation such as linearity, precision and detection limit are also reported. The results are consistent with those of HPLC but, as the sample volumes needed are only 1--5 nl, a much better time resolution can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Li
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Arckens L, Schweigart G, Qu Y, Wouters G, Pow DV, Vandesande F, Eysel UT, Orban GA. Cooperative changes in GABA, glutamate and activity levels: the missing link in cortical plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:4222-32. [PMID: 11122334 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Different intracortical mechanisms have been reported to contribute to the substantial topographic reorganization of the mammalian primary visual cortex in response to matching lesions in the two retinas: an immediate expansion of receptive fields followed by a gradual shift of excitability into the deprived area and finally axonal sprouting of laterally projecting neurons months after the lesion. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of this adult plasticity, we used immunocytochemical and bioanalytical methods to measure the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter levels in the visual cortex of adult cats with binocular central retinal lesions. Two to four weeks after the lesions, glutamate immunoreactivity was decreased in sensory-deprived cortex as confirmed by HPLC analysis of the glutamate concentration. Within three months normal glutamate immunoreactivity was restored. In addition, the edge of the unresponsive cortex was characterized by markedly increased glutamate immunoreactivity 2-12 weeks postlesion. This glutamate immunoreactivity peak moved into the deprived area over time. These glutamate changes corresponded to decreased spontaneous and visually driven activity in unresponsive cortex and to strikingly increased neuronal activity at the border of this cortical zone. Furthermore, the previously reported decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity was found to reflect decreased GABA levels in sensory-deprived cortex. Increased glutamate concentrations and neuronal activity, and decreased GABA concentrations, may be related to changes in synaptic efficiency and could represent a mechanism underlying the retinotopic reorganization that occurs well after the immediate receptive field expansion but long before the late axonal sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arckens
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Qu Y, Arckens L, Vandesande F, Vandenbussche E. Sampling extracellular aspartate, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in striate cortex of awake cat by in vivo microdialysis: surgical and methodological aspects. Brain Res 2000; 866:116-27. [PMID: 10825487 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A method which permits repeated microdialysis in the cortical layers of area 17 of the awake cat is described. Under visual control through a surgical microscope and using a stereotactic instrument, four probe guides are permanently implanted in area 17 of one hemisphere of the anesthetized animal and two fixation bars are mounted on the skull to allow fixation of the cat in a stereotactic frame. The implantation of four probe guides in the same hemisphere allows simultaneous sampling from different cortical regions serving different parts of the visual field. A removable transparent cover protects the probe guides. After recovery from surgery the awake cats are trained to adapt to a fixation of 5 h in a stereotaxic apparatus. Once adapted to that situation, the cats are ready for microdialysis experiments without anesthesia. The day of the experiment, the awake animal was fixed in the stereotactic frame and the probes inserted into the guides. To test the validity of the method, the basal efflux and the depolarization efflux, triggered by the addition of 65 mM K(+) to the artificial cerebrospinal fluid, of the amino acids aspartate, glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid are measured by two HPLC-electrochemical detection methods. The exact localization of the probes and the reaction of the surrounding tissue is studied using immunocytochemistry for glutamate and glial fibrilary acidic protein. Our neurochemical and morphological results suggest the feasibility of multiple and repeated probe insertions for microdialysis experiments in the cerebral cortex of awake and behaving cat. This method provides a new tool to investigate the cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Immunological Biotechnology, Zoological Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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