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Sklenářová H, Bílková A, Pechová M, Chocholouš P. Determination of major phenolic compounds in apples: Part I-Optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography separation with diode array detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3042-3050. [PMID: 29878559 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of seven phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, quercitrin, rutin, phloridzin, and phloretin present in apple peel and pulp and differing in elution properties has been optimized using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Several stationary phases were tested to achieve the efficient separation of phenolic compounds in fruit extracts and C18 was found to be the most efficient. Core-shell and fully porous C18 packings were assessed with respect to the complex composition of the fruit extracts. The developed high-performance liquid chromatography method comprised gradient elution in which mobile phase A was water at pH 2.8 adjusted with acetic acid and B was acetonitrile. The gradient shape was the following: 0 min 95% A/5% B, 2.5 min 85% A/15% B, 12 min 50% A/50% B, 15 min 95% A/5% B. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, injection volume 10 μL, and UV detection at 255, 280, 320, and 365 nm was applied. Our method was validated for both C18 core-shell and fully porous packings. The resolution 6.2-14.8, symmetry 0.99-1.34, peak capacity 18-60, peak area repeatability 0.45-1.00% relative standard deviation, calibration range 0.125-5 mg/mL (0.25-10 mg/mL for chlorogenic acid and rutin), correlation coefficients of calibration curve 0.9976-0.9997, and accuracy evaluated as recovery 95.56-107.54% were determined for the core-shell column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Bílková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pechová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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2
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Abstract
The specific HPLC analytical procedure was developed and validated for the determination of phenolic compounds in pear samples of different popular cultivars “Conference,” “Concordia,” “Grabova,” and “Patten.” HPLC mobile phase consisted of 0.05% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in water and 100% (v/v) acetonitrile. The HPLC method was used to identify and confirm the specificity of 8 analytes: chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin rutinoside, quercitrin, quercitrin malonyl glucoside, and isorhamnetin glucoside. Repeatability % RSD did not exceed 3.87%, and intermediate precision did not exceed 4.63%. The total content of phenolic compounds varied from0.51±0.001 mg/g (cv. “Concordia”) to1.11±0.013 mg/g (cv. “Patten”). Chlorogenic acid was the major component in all the tested pear cultivars. The highest amount of chlorogenic acid (0.69±0.033 mg/g) was found in pear samples of the cultivar “Grabova,” and the highest amount of flavonol compounds (1.11±0.013 mg/g) was found in pear samples of the cultivar “Concordia.”
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Identification/quantification of free and bound phenolic acids in peel and pulp of apples (Malus domestica) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Food Chem 2017; 215:301-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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M ocirc nica BDS, Luan FOSR, Talita CR, Marizete CDSV, Igor OAVM, Giuseppina PPL. Effects of boiling and oil or vinegar on pickled jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.) fruit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2015.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Lee KY, Shin YJ, Kim DH, Park JH, Kim SH, Han SB, Sung SH. Micelle-Mediated Extraction of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans from Schisandra chinensis with Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:745-50. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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6
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Thogchai W, Liawruangrath B. Micellar liquid chromatographic determination of arbutin and hydroquinone in medicinal plant extracts and commercial cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:257-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Thogchai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology (WT); Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University; Phitsanulok; 65000; Thailand
| | - B. Liawruangrath
- Pharmaceutical Science; Faculty of Pharmacy (BL); Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai; 50200; Thailand
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Inhibitory effect of Salicornia europaea on the marine alga Skeletonema costatum. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:551-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Vilela D, González MC, Escarpa A. Gold-nanosphere formation using food sample endogenous polyphenols for in-vitro assessment of antioxidant capacity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:341-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Choi JH, Shin KS. Characterization of Anti-Complementary Polysaccharides Isolated from Fruit Wine Using Korean Pears. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.1.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Regos I, Treutter D. Optimization of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of complex polyphenol mixtures and application for sainfoin extracts (Onobrychis viciifolia). J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6169-77. [PMID: 20817190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFP) stationary phase was tested for the simultaneous determination of several classes of phenolic compounds. The chromatographic results were compared with those obtained by using a bifunctional phase constituted of octadecyl and phenylpropyl bonded silica and three conventional C18 columns. The elution gradient was optimized with 5% formic acid and sodium acetate in combination with acetic acid as additives and methanol as solvents. For these evaluations, a complex phenolic extract of Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin) and test mixtures containing 54 standard substances including 2 simple phenolic compounds, 1 amino acid, 4 hydroxybenzoic acids (HBA), 6 hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), 3 flavan-3-ols, 9 anthocyanins, 2 dihydroflavonols, 1 chalcone, 4 flavones, 1 isoflavone and 21 flavonols have been assayed. The perfluorinated column showed good resolution for the studied phenolic compounds which have the following elution order: HBA, HCA, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, dihydroflavonols, flavones, flavonols and isoflavones. Compared with other columns, it provides longer elution ranges for HBA, HCA and flavan-3-ols and increased retention times for all compound classes except anthocyanins which were similarly retained on a C18 column. Its selectivity is different from C18 and bifunctional phases. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) and post-column derivatization with p-dimethyl-aminocinnamic aldehyde (DMACA) has been validated for the analysis of individual phenolic compounds from a sainfoin plant extract (O. viciifolia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Regos
- Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Unit Fruit Science, Dürnast 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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11
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Pandey M, Rastogi S, Rawat A. Optimization of an HPTLC method for separation and identification of phenolic compounds. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Kim SH, Choi EJ, Lee MK, Lee KY, Park JH, Kim YC, Sung SH. Simultaneous Determination of Five Active Constituents in the Aerial Parts of Saururus chinensis by HPLC-DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903320426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Kim
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- b College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University , Cheong Ju, Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- c College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- c College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sang Hyun Sung
- c College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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Dinelli G, Carretero AS, Di Silvestro R, Marotti I, Fu S, Benedettelli S, Ghiselli L, Gutiérrez AF. Determination of phenolic compounds in modern and old varieties of durum wheat using liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7229-40. [PMID: 19740468 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of the grain functional components of Italian durum wheat cultivars was conducted. The raw material was obtained from the field trial performed in 2006-2007 at the Experimental Farm of the University of Bologna, (Bologna, Italy). The aim of this study was to define the phytochemical profile of ten varieties, comprised of old and modern durum wheat genotypes, including quantitative and qualitative phenolic and flavonoid content (free and bound forms). The results showed that mean values of total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content in old wheat varieties (878.2+/-19.0 micromol gallic acid equivalent/100g of grain and 122.6+/-25.4 micromol catechin equivalent/100g of grain, respectively) did not differ significantly from those detected in modern genotypes (865.9+/-128.9 micromol gallic acid equivalent/100g and 123.5+/-20.6 micromol catechin equivalent/100g, respectively). However, the HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS analysis highlighted remarkable differences between modern and old cultivars. The interpretation of the mass spectra allowed the identification of 70 phenolic compounds, including coumarins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, stilbenes and lignans. The free extracts of ancient wheat varieties showed the presence of a mean number of phenolic compounds and isomer forms (8.7+/-2.5 and 7.7+/-4.7 respectively) significantly higher than in modern genotypes (4.4+/-2.9 and 2.0+/-2.4, respectively). A similar trend was observed also for the bound phenolic fraction. Moreover, the phytochemical profiles showed the presence of unique phenolic compounds in both free and bound fractions of some of the investigated wheat genotypes. Results highlighted that investigated old wheat cultivars may offer unique nutraceutical values for their peculiar contents in bioactive phytochemicals, suggesting their uses into a wide range of regular and specialty products naturally enriched with health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Dinelli
- Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, viale Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Lee MK, Kim SH, Park JH, Cho JH, Kim DH, Baek JH, Cho CH, Kim HJ, Ahn MJ, Lee KY, Sung SH. Determination and Identification of Nine Constituents in Siho-Gyeoji-Tang by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
- e College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Cho
- b Herbal Medicine Evaluation Department , Korea Food & Drug Administration , Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- b Herbal Medicine Evaluation Department , Korea Food & Drug Administration , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Baek
- b Herbal Medicine Evaluation Department , Korea Food & Drug Administration , Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hee Cho
- b Herbal Medicine Evaluation Department , Korea Food & Drug Administration , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- c College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- a Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd. , Seoul, Korea
- f College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Jinju National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- d College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- d College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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15
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Girelli AM, Giuliani T, Mattei E, Papaleo D. Determination of an antioxidant capacity index by immobilized tyrosinase bioreactor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5178-5186. [PMID: 19530710 DOI: 10.1021/jf900125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized tyrosinase on aminopropyl-controlled pore glass support (AMP-CPG) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity index and the total phenol content in juices, integrators, infusions, jams, and drugs containing bilberry fruits. The method is based on the chromatographic determination of the decrease of total ingredients content, absorbing at 280 nm, by mushroom tyrosinase oxidation. In comparison with the widely used Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC), this enzymatic method appears to be more specific and rapid and as whole is not affected by interfering compounds such as citric acid and sugar. The results were also compared with those obtained by 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)/persulfate antioxidant assay, expressed as Trolox equivalents (TEAC) . Using all 17 samples, a good linear correlation (r(2) > 0.94) was observed between the enzyme assay and both the FC and TEAC assays. Poor correlation (r(2) < 0.4) with the other tested methods (pH-differential, vanillin index, and butanol-HCl assays) was evidenced. This shows that the enzymatic assay cannot be applied for a specific phenol class determination, but it is sensitive to the total phenolic content.
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16
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Hyun Kim S, Park JH, Ram Kim B, Ju Kim E, Kim HJ, Cho Y, Yong Lee K, Hyun Sung S. Optimized Conditions for the Extraction of Eupatilin inArtemisia asiaticaby Pressurized Liquid Extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390902775794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Thongchai W, Liawruangrath B, Liawruangrath S. Arbutin determination in medicinal plants and creams. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:87-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Zhang ZC, Xu M, Sun SF, Qiao X, Wang BR, Han J, Guo DA. Metabolic analysis of four phenolic acids in rat by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 871:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Simultaneous estimation of phenolic acids in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) using RP-HPLC with DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Ćetković G, Čanadanović-Brunet J, Djilas S, Savatović S, Mandić A, Tumbas V. Assessment of polyphenolic content and in vitro antiradical characteristics of apple pomace. Food Chem 2007; 109:340-7. [PMID: 26003356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apple pomaces, a by-product in the apple juice processing, were subjected to evaluation as potential sources of antioxidant phytochemicals on the basis of their total content of phenolics (from 4.22 to 8.67mg/g), total flavonoids (from 0.45 to 1.19mg/g) and total flavan-3-ols (from 2.27 to 9.51mg/g), and in vitro antiradical activities. Some individual phenolic compounds including caffeic and chlorogenic acids, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, rutin, quercetin glycosides and phloridzin were identified and quantified by HPLC. The antiradical activity of apple pomaces was tested by measuring their ability to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl radicals by ESR spectroscopy. The highest DPPH (EC50(DPPH)=6.33mg/ml) and hydroxyl (EC50(OH)=26.11mg/ml) radical scavenging activities were obtained in the case of Reinders pomace. The regression analysis produced moderate to high correlation coefficients between the antiradical activities (1/EC50(DPPH) and 1/EC50(OH)), and total phenolics, total flavonoids, total flavan-3-ols, and some individual phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ćetković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | | | - Sonja Djilas
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sladjana Savatović
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anamarija Mandić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Tumbas
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Lee MK, Choi OG, Park JH, Cho HJ, Ahn MJ, Kim SH, Kim YC, Sung SH. Simultaneous determination of four active constituents in the roots ofScrophularia buergerianaby HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2345-50. [PMID: 17628873 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chemical profile of four main bioactive constituents including harpagoside (HS), 8-O-(E-p-methoxycinnamoyl)harpagide (HG), E-cinnamic acid (CA), and E-p-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA), in the extract of Scrophularia buergeriana was studied using HPLC-diode array detector-electrospray-MS (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). The HPLC-DAD conditions were optimized for the simultaneous analysis of these four compounds. This method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity (r(2) >0.9998), precision (< 2.0% RSD), and recoveries (94.4-115.1%). The LOD of these compounds were ranged from 5.9 to 37.8 ng. In addition, the main compounds in S. buergeriana and S. ningpoensis were quantified using this validated method, which resulted in significant difference in the contents of these compounds between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- Institute for Life Science, Elcom Science Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
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Gattuso G, Barreca D, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U, Caristi C. Flavonoid composition of Citrus juices. Molecules 2007; 12:1641-73. [PMID: 17960080 PMCID: PMC6149096 DOI: 10.3390/12081641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early nineties the presence of flavonoids in Citrus juices began to attract the attention of a number of researchers, as a result of their biological and physiological importance. This short review will explore two different aspects. The first part will focus on analytical techniques for the characterization of juices from different Citrus fruits regarding their flavonoid content (even if present in only trace amounts), concentrating on the most widely used methods (LC-MS and LC-MS-MS). The second part analyzes data reported in the literature regarding the composition of Citrus juices. The main components that have been detected so far are flavanone-O-glycosides and flavone-O- or -C-glycosides. The presence of such derivatives in various hand-squeezed and industrial juices is discussed, with special emphasis on their correlation to different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gattuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; E-mails: ; ;
| | | | | | | | - Corrado Caristi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; E-mails: ; ;
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Samanidou VF, Antoniou CV, Papadoyannis IN. GRADIENT RP-HPLC DETERMINATION OF FREE PHENOLIC ACIDS IN WINES AND WINE VINEGAR SAMPLES AFTER SPE, WITH PHOTODIODE ARRAY IDENTIFICATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. F. Samanidou
- a Department of Chemistry , Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54006, Greece
| | - C. V. Antoniou
- a Department of Chemistry , Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54006, Greece
| | - I. N. Papadoyannis
- a Department of Chemistry , Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54006, Greece
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Xu M, Fu G, Qiao X, Wu WY, Guo H, Liu AH, Sun JH, Guo DA. HPLC method for comparative study on tissue distribution in rat after oral administration of salvianolic acid B and phenolic acids fromSalvia miltiorrhiza. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1052-63. [PMID: 17549679 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated to determine the prototype of salvianolic acid B and the metabolites of phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid) in rat tissues after oral administration of total phenolic acids and salvianolic acid B extracted from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, respectively. The tissue samples were treated with a simple liquid-liquid extraction prior to HPLC. Analysis of the extract was performed on a reverse-phase C(18) column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.05% trifluoracetic acid. The calibration curves for the four phenolic acids were linear in the given concentration ranges. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations in the measurement of quality control samples were less than 10% and the accuracies were in the range of 88-115%. The average recoveries of all the tissues ranged from 78.0 to 111.8%. This method was successfully applied to evaluate the distribution of the four phenolic acids in rat tissues after oral administration of total phenolic acids of Salvia miltiorrhiza or salvianolic acid B and the possible metabolic pathway was illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Es-Safi NE, Guyot S, Ducrot PH. NMR, ESI/MS, and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of pear juice polymeric proanthocyanidins with potent free radical scavenging activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:6969-77. [PMID: 16968050 DOI: 10.1021/jf061090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a polymeric proanthocyanidin fraction isolated from pear juice was characterized by NMR, ESI/MS, and MALDI-TOF/MS analyses, and its antioxidant activity was investigated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results obtained from 13C NMR analysis showed the predominance of signals representative of procyanidins. Typical signals in the chemical shift region between 70 and 90 ppm demonstrated the exclusive presence of epicatechin units. The results obtained through negative ESI/MS analysis showed singly and doubly charged ions corresponding to the molecular mass of procyanidins with a degree of polymerization up to 22. The spectra obtained through MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed the presence of two series of tannin oligomers. Supporting the observations from NMR spectroscopy, the first series consists of well-resolved tannin identified as procyanidin polymers units with chain lengths of up to 25. A second series of monogalloyl flavan-3-ols polymers with polymerization degree up to 25 were also detected. This is the first mass spectrometric evidence confirming the existence of galloylated procyanidin oligomers in pear fruits. Within each of these oligomers, various signals exist suggesting the presence of several oligomeric tannins. The antioxidant properties of the polymeric fraction were investigated through reduction of the DPPH free radical, and the results obtained showed that the polymeric fraction exhibited a higher antioxidant power compared to those of (+)-catechin and B3 procyanidin dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Es-Safi
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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Liu AH, Li L, Xu M, Lin YH, Guo HZ, Guo DA. Simultaneous quantification of six major phenolic acids in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and four related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by HPLC–DAD method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:48-56. [PMID: 16332423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was applied to the determination of danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid A in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and four related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations. The six phenolic acids were simultaneously analyzed with a Zorbax Extend C18 column by gradient elution using 0.026% (v/v) phosphoric acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 ml min(-1), and detection wavelength was set at 288 nm. The recovery of the method was in the range of 95.1-104.8%, and all the compounds showed good linearity (r > 0.9997) in a relatively wide concentration range. This assay was successfully applied to the determination of six major phenolic acids in 32 samples. The results indicated that the developed HPLC assay could be readily utilized as a quality control method for S. miltiorrhiza and its related traditional Chinese medicinal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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27
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Sanli N, Fonrodona G, Barbosa J, Özkan G, Beltran J. Modelling retention in liquid chromatography of polyphenolic acids. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Suárez B, Palacios N, Fraga N, Rodríguez R. Liquid chromatographic method for quantifying polyphenols in ciders by direct injection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1066:105-10. [PMID: 15794560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the quantitative determination of the principal phenolic compounds (benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, 3-phenylpropionic acids, flavanols, procyanidins, dihydrochalcones, quercetin glycosides) in ciders, which successfully employs a RP-HPLC and photodiode-array detection system without prior treatment of the sample, is described. Parameters usually examined in the method validation were evaluated. Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999 and the detection limits ranged from 0.07 mg/L (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) to 2 mg/L (hydrocaffeic acid). Recoveries ranging between 90 and 104% and the reproducibility of the method was always < 8% (RSD). The method was applied to a set of commercial samples and the results obtained may be helpful to establish a phenolic profile in Asturian cider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Suárez
- Area de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300-Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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29
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Chinnici F, Gaiani A, Natali N, Riponi C, Galassi S. Improved HPLC determination of phenolic compounds in cv. golden delicious apples using a monolithic column. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:3-7. [PMID: 14709005 DOI: 10.1021/jf030459n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid HPLC-DAD determination of phenols in apple using an RP monolithic column is reported. Because of the hydrodynamic advantages offered by this kind of column and the use of acidified acetonitrile as eluent, assays of apple extracts can be performed in <21 min. Assays of pulp and peel extracts were carried out without the need for time-consuming sample pretreatment except filtration. Several flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, and six quercetin glycosides were identified and quantified. A seventh quercetin derivative, two chalcone-related compounds, and three hydroxycinnamic derivatives were also found. Peels proved to be richer in phenols than pulps, the former being composed mainly of (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, hyperin, and avicularin. In pulps, where the chlorogenic acid was the principal phenolic compound, quercetin glycosides were found in very low amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Chinnici
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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30
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Shui G, Leong LP. Analysis of polyphenolic antioxidants in star fruit using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1022:67-75. [PMID: 14753772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a very good source of natural antioxidants. However, it was still not clear which compounds were responsible for its antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study is to separate and identify compounds that contribute to total antioxidant activity in star fruit using HPLC and mass spectrometry (MS). HPLC coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) was used to characterise antioxidant peak in the juice or residue extract through spiking with free radicals. By analysing the antioxidant capacity and chromatograms of fractions from solid phase extraction, main antioxidants were attributed to phenolic compounds. The peaks were identified as L-ascorbic acid, (-)epicatechin and gallic acid in gallotannin forms. Other antioxidant peaks were further investigated using HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Identification was confirmed with electronspray ionisation (ESI) MS-MS spectra of pure standards and singly-linked proanthocyanidins from pycnogenol. The major antioxidants were initially attributed to singly-linked proanthocyanidins that existed as dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers of catechin or epicatechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghou Shui
- Food Science & Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S3-06, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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31
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Määttä KR, Kamal-Eldin A, Törrönen AR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection: ribes species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6736-44. [PMID: 14582969 DOI: 10.1021/jf0347517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection was used to study phenolic compounds in berries of black, green, red, and white currants (Ribes spp.). UV-visible spectrometry was a valuable tool for the identification of the class of the phenolic compound, whereas MS and MS-MS fragmentation data were useful for further structural characterization. Distinct similarities were found in the relative distribution of conjugated forms of phenolic compounds among the four currants. Phenolic acids were found mainly as hexose esters. Flavonol glycosides and anthocyanin pigments were mainly found as 3-O-rutinosides and second as 3-O-glucosides. However, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and quercetin hexoside-malonate were notable phenolic compounds in red currant. Flavonol hexoside-malonates were identified and quantified in the berries of currants for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisu R Määttä
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology and Food and Health Research Centre, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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32
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Tsao R, Yang R. Optimization of a new mobile phase to know the complex and real polyphenolic composition: towards a total phenolic index using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1018:29-40. [PMID: 14582624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method is reported for the separation and quantification of five major polyphenolic groups found in fruits and related products: single ring phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives), flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihydrochalcones. A binary mobile phase consisting of 6% acetic acid in 2 mM sodium acetate aqueous solution (v/v, final pH 2.55) (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) was used. The use of sodium acetate was new and key to the near baseline separation of 25 phenolics commonly found in fruits. A photodiode array detector was used and data were collected at four wavelengths (280, 320, 360, and 520 nm). This method was sensitive and gave good separation of polyphenolics in apple, cherry, strawberry, blackberry, grape, apple juice, and a processing by-product. The improved separation has led to better understanding of the polyphenolic profiles of these fruits. Individual as well as total phenolic content was obtained, and the latter was close to and correlated well with that obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC). The HPLC data can be used as a total phenolic index (TPI) for quantification of fruit phenolics, which is advantageous over the FC because it has more information on individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tsao
- Food Research Program, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ont., N1G 5C9 Canada.
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Abstract
Analytical strategies dealing with bioactive phenols in plants and foods are reviewed. These depend on the purpose of the analysis which may be classified as studies where the principal purpose is biological screening, phytochemical and/or chemical screening. Nevertheless, extraction of the phenol from the sample matrix is common and methods of achieving a suitable extract are assessed. Advances in the separation sciences and spectrometry are exploited for identification and quantification of isolated phenols. The various procedures are summarized and some typical "case studies" are presented. Two important areas are introduced briefly. Thus, plant phenols are reactive species and their ultimate fate has been relatively neglected. Studies of bioactive compounds generate a considerable volume of data making data handling and informatics important topics that warrant a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Robards
- School of Science and Technology, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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34
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Shui G, Leong LP. Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:89-96. [PMID: 12456098 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation method with photo-diode array detection has been developed for the simultaneous determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in juices and drinks. The chromatographic analysis of organic acids and phenolic compounds was carried out after their elution with sulphuric acid solution (pH 2.5) and methanol from C18 stationary phase. The mobile phase employed was sulphuric acid solution working at a flow-rate of 0.35 ml min(-1) for the whole run, while methanol was linearly increased to 0.45 ml min(-1) from 15 to 75 min followed by a 5-min isocratic elution. Ten organic acid acids were eluted in 30 min and 21 phenolic compounds, which include phenolic acids and flavonoids, were eluted in the following 50 min. Target compounds were detected at 215 nm. The repeatability (n=3) and between day precision of peak area (n=3) were all within 5.0% RSD. The within-day repeatability (n=3) and between-day precision (n=10) of retention times were within 0.3 and 1.6% relative standard deviation (RSD), respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed with an average recovery ranging between 85 and 106%. The method was successfully used to measure a variety of organic acids and phenolic compounds in juices and beverages. This method could also be used to evaluate the authenticity, spoilage or micronutrient contents of juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghou Shui
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, S3-06, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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35
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Tura D, Robards K. Sample handling strategies for the determination of biophenols in food and plants. J Chromatogr A 2002; 975:71-93. [PMID: 12458749 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of phenols in samples of plant and food origin attracts considerable attention. However, sample handling is often an ignored feature of the analysis. This review highlights the importance of sample extraction in an analysis and the problems that can arise during this step. Many questions remain unanswered and there is a need to more carefully validate extraction efficiencies. Although many new procedures have been developed the use of traditional techniques still dominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Tura
- School of Science and Technology, Charles Stuart University, P.O. Box 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
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36
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Russell L, Wolfe L, Ryan D. Method Development and Generation of Profiles for Selected Phenolics from Apple Cultivars Used for Processed Products. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Ferreira D, Guyot S, Marnet N, Delgadillo I, Renard CMGC, Coimbra MA. Composition of phenolic compounds in a Portuguese pear (Pyrus communis L. var. S. Bartolomeu) and changes after sun-drying. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:4537-44. [PMID: 12137473 DOI: 10.1021/jf020251m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The composition of phenolic compounds of a Portuguese pear cultivar (Pyrus communis L. var. S. Bartolomeu) was determined by HPLC after thioacidolysis. The average concentration of phenolic compounds in pear harvested at commercial maturity stage was 3.7 g per kg of fresh pulp. Procyanidins were the predominant phenolics (96%), with a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of 13-44; hydroxycinnamic acids (2%), arbutin (0.8%), and catechins (0.7%) were also present. The most abundant monomer in the procyanidin structures was (-)-epicatechin (99%), which was found as extension and terminal units; (+)-catechin (1%) was found only as a terminal unit. Sun-drying of these pears caused a decrease of 64% (on a dry pulp basis) in the total amount of native phenolic compounds. Hydroxycinnamic acids and procyanidins showed the largest decrease; the B2 procyanidin was not found at all in the sun-dried pear. Less affected were arbutin and catechins. In the sun-dried pear, the procyanidins with high mDP became unextractable in the solvents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcineia Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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38
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Abstract
Flavonoids contents in 40 samples of Semen Cuscutae collected from areas all around China were investigated. Five principal flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactoside-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactoside, hyperoside, quercetin and kaempferol were analyzed simultaneously by using a reversed phase liquid chromatograph system with 0.025 M phosphoric acid-methanol as mobile phase. The recovery of the method was 97.0-102.9%, and all the flavonoids showed good linearity (r > or = 0.9990) in a relatively wide concentration range. The results indicated that contents of flavonoids in S. Cuscutae varied significantly from species to species, locality to locality, and parasiting host to host. Cuscuta australis contained a much higher content of kaempferol than C. chinensis, and few flavonoids were detected in C. japonica. The quality of S. Cuscutae can be evaluated according to the contents of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Analytical performance of commercially available and unavailable phenolic compounds using real samples by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode-array detection. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Escarpa A, González MC. Optimization strategy and validation of one chromatographic method as approach to determine the phenolic compounds from different sources. J Chromatogr A 2000; 897:161-70. [PMID: 11128199 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a novel working strategy to optimize a unique chromatographic method consisting of diode array detection for the analysis of the most representative phenolic compounds from different food sources. The simultaneous inclusion of standard phenolic compounds, phenolic compounds isolated from food sources and representative real extracts as an ultimate test in analysis has allowed to establish, for the first time, a unique liquid gradient to serve as an excellent medium for the investigation of phenolics in samples from different food sources. Under the optimized conditions, 21 commercially available phenolic compounds and 25 commercially unavailable phenolic structures were analyzed in less than 30 min. The chromatographic method was designed as an alternative for the provisional identification of these compounds before their full characterization. The optimized chromatographic method was carefully validated for precision and accuracy. A high reproducibility in the retention time (<2%), peak area and calibration slope (<5%) as well as recoveries higher than 95% were obtained in all cases. Consequently, the currently described method was successfully employed to study the phenolic compounds in the most representative food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Escarpa
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Escarpa A, Pérez-Cabrera C, González MC. Optimization and Validation of a Fast Liquid Gradient for Determination of Prominent Flavan-3-ols and Flavonols in Fresh Vegetables. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20001101)23:11<637::aid-jhrc637>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Molnár-Perl I. Role of chromatography in the analysis of sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids in food. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891:1-32. [PMID: 10999622 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids in foods: high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. As a basis of selection the following approaches can be distinguished: quantitation of constituents of several food matrices, without derivatization and in the form of different derivatives, in the presence of the matrix, or subsequently to various work-up procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
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44
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Escarpa A, González MC. Identification and quantitation of phenolics from green beans by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Escarpa A, González MC. Evaluation of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of phenolic compounds in pear horticultural cultivars. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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