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Low-Dose Benzene Exposure Monitoring of Oil Refinery Workers: Inhalation and Biomarkers. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne benzene in workplaces has progressively decreased due to preventive actions and the redesigning of facility processes. Professionals who assess occupational exposure should select techniques to detect benzene levels comparable to ambient air exposure. Thus, sensitive biomarkers are needed to discriminate the effects of confounding factors, such as smoking or sorbic acid (SA). In order to identify sensitive biomarkers and to study their correlation with confounding factors, 23 oil refinery workers were enrolled in the study; their airborne benzene exposures and biomarkers were monitored. Urinary benzene (U-B), t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) were quantified. Urinary cotinine (U-C) and t,t-sorbic acid (t,t-SA) were evaluated to flag smoking and SA intake, respectively. The benzene measured in personal inhalation sampling ranged from 0.6 to 83.5 (median 1.7) µg/m3. The concentration range of the biomarkers, U-B, t,t-MA, and SPMA, were 18–4893 ng/m3, <10–79.4 µg/g creatinine, and <0.5–3.96 µg/g creatinine, respectively. Pearson tests were carried out; the best correlations were between airborne benzene and U-B (µg/L r = 0.820, p < 0.001) and between benzene and SPMA (g/L r = 0.812, p < 0.001), followed by benzene and t,t-MA (mg/L r = 0.465, p = 0.039). From our study, U-B and SPMA result to be the most reliable biomarkers to assess the internal number of low doses of benzene exposure, thanks to their specificity and sensitivity.
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Chang FC, Chen CY, Lin CY, Sheen JF. A combined analytical method for biological monitoring of arsenic, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 198:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Song G, Xi H, Zhou Y, Fu L, Xing X, Wu C. Influence of organic load rate (OLR) on the hydrolytic acidification of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater and analysis of bacterial community structure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:502-511. [PMID: 28692919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance of hydrolytic acidification process for treating 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was comprehensively studied, while its impact on microbial community was thoroughly investigated. The results demonstrated that over 21.0% of the average COD removal rate was observed in the range of OLR from 0.52 to 3.98g COD/L·d, whereas it reduced to 15.3% with increasing OLR to 6.09g COD/L·d. The acidification degree dramatically decreased from 17.1% to 4.7% when OLR increased from 3.98 to 6.09g COD/L·d. In addition, the removal rates of three kinds of typical matters were less than 65% at the OLR 6.09g COD/L·d. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were dominant phyla at different OLRs. Finally, multivariate analysis suggested that the genera Longilinea and T78 had a positive correlation with the degradation of three kinds of typical matters and COD removal rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Song
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hongbo Xi
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Yuexi Zhou
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xin Xing
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
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Chiang WC, Chen CY, Lee TC, Lee HL, Lin YW. Fast and simple screening for the simultaneous analysis of seven metabolites derived from five volatile organic compounds in human urine using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 132:469-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Protano C, Andreoli R, Manini P, Vitali M. Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid are indicative of exposure to urban benzene pollution during childhood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 435-436:115-123. [PMID: 22846771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to evaluate the feasibility of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (u-t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (u-SPMA) as markers of exposure to urban benzene pollution for biomonitoring studies performed on children and to investigate the impact that creatinine correction may have on the classification of children exposure status. U-t,t-MA, u-SPMA, u-cotinine, and u-creatinine levels were measured in urine samples of 396 Italian children (5-11 years) living in three areas with different degrees of urbanisation (very, fairly and non-urban). The median u-SPMA levels significantly increased with increased urbanisation: non-urban (0.19 μg/L; 0.22 μg/g creatinine)<fairly urban (0.28 μg/L; 0.28 μg/g creatinine)<very urban group (0.92 μg/L; 0.90 μg/g creatinine). Differences in the levels of u-t,t-MA excretion related to the degree of urbanisation were revealed only by multivariate analyses. Neither u-SPMA nor u-t,t-MA levels were influenced by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. Athletic activity during the sampling day was negatively associated with u-SPMA in the model built with u-SPMA adjusted for creatinine, but not in the model where unadjusted u-SPMA was used. This finding demonstrates that u-creatinine correction may alter the results when an independent variable is unrelated to the chemical concentration itself but is related to the u-creatinine levels. These results suggest that both u-SPMA and u-t,t-MA are indicative for assessing environmental benzene exposure in children (exposed and unexposed to ETS) when urine sample is collected at the end of the day. However, u-SPMA is more reliable because u-t,t-MA, also a metabolite of sorbic acid, is less specific for exposure to low levels of benzene. To avoid the possible confounding effect of creatinine correction, it is better to use u-creatinine as additional independent variable in multiple linear regression analyses for evaluating the independent role of the covariates on the variability of u-t,t-MA and u-SPMA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Ohtsuki T, Sato K, Sugimoto N, Akiyama H, Kawamura Y. Absolute quantitative analysis for sorbic acid in processed foods using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:54-61. [PMID: 22704472 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method using solvent extraction and quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) spectroscopy was applied and validated for the absolute quantification of sorbic acid (SA) in processed foods. The proposed method showed good linearity. The recoveries for samples spiked at the maximum usage level specified for food in Japan and at 0.13 g kg(-1) (beverage: 0.013 g kg(-1)) were larger than 80%, whereas those for samples spiked at 0.063 g kg(-1) (beverage: 0.0063 g kg(-1)) were between 56.9 and 83.5%. The limit of quantification was 0.063 g kg(-1) for foods (and 0.0063 g kg(-1) for beverages containing Lactobacillus species). Analysis of the SA content of commercial processed foods revealed quantities equal to or greater than those measured using conventional steam-distillation extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography quantification. The proposed method was rapid, simple, accurate, and precise, and provided International System of Units traceability without the need for authentic analyte standards. It could therefore be used as an alternative to the quantification of SA in processed foods using conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Ahn SH, Lee IS, Kim BJ. Analysis of sorbic acid in tea-drink using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS). ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wei R, Li W, Yang L, Jiang Y, Xie T. Online preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for sensitive determination of sorbic and benzoic acids in soy sauce. Talanta 2011; 83:1487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Protano C, Guidotti M, Manini P, Petyx M, La Torre G, Vitali M. Benzene exposure in childhood: Role of living environments and assessment of available tools. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:779-787. [PMID: 20591482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a widespread air pollutant and a well-known human carcinogen. Evidence is needed regarding benzene intake in the pediatric age group. We investigated the use of urinary (u) trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), and unmodified benzene (UB) for assessing exposure to low concentrations of environmental benzene and the role of living environment on benzene exposure in childhood. u-t,t-MA, u-SPMA, u-UB and u-cotinine were measured in urine samples of 243 Italian children (5-11 years) recruited in a cross-sectional study. Analytical results were compared with data obtained from questionnaires about participants' main potential exposure factors. u-UB, u-t,t-MA and u-SPMA concentrations were about 1.5-fold higher in children living in urban areas than in those in the rural group. Univariate analyses showed that u-UB was the only biomarker able to discriminate secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in urban and rural children (medians=411.50 and 210.50 ng/L, respectively); these results were confirmed by the strong correlation between u-UB and u-cotinine in the SHS-exposed group and by multivariate analyses. A regression model on u-SPMA showed that the metabolite is related to residence area (p<0.001), SHS exposure (p=0.048) and gender (p=0.027). u-UB is the best marker of benzene exposure in children in the present study, and it can be used as a good carcinogen-derived biomarker of exposure to passive smoking, especially related to benzene, when urine sample is collected at the end of the day. In addition, it is important to highlight that SHS resulted the most important contributor to benzene exposure, underlining the need for an information campaign against passive smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health Sciences G. Sanarelli, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Correlation between environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to benzene in petrochemical industry operators. Toxicol Lett 2010; 192:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Santini AO, Pezza HR, Carloni-Filho J, Sequinel R, Pezza L. Potentiometric sensor for sorbic acid determination in food products. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:985-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Pacenti M, Dugheri S, Villanelli F, Bartolucci G, Calamai L, Boccalon P, Arcangeli G, Vecchione F, Alessi P, Kikic I, Cupelli V. Determination of organic acids in urine by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry previous ‘in sample’ derivatization with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1155-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Aprea C, Sciarra G, Bozzi N, Pagliantini M, Perico A, Bavazzano P, Leandri A, Carrieri M, Scapellato ML, Bettinelli M, Bartolucci GB. Reference values of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid: Italian Multicentric Study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 55:329-340. [PMID: 18214577 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the results of a study, conducted in the framework of the scientific activities of the Italian Society for Reference Values, aimed at defining reference values of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene. t,t-MA concentrations detected in 376 subjects of the resident population in three areas of Italy, two in central (Florence and southern Tuscany) and one in northern Italy (Padua), by three laboratories, compared by repeated interlaboratory controls, showed an interval of 14.4-225.0 microg/L (5th-95th percentile) and a geometric mean of 52.5 microg/L. The concentrations measured were influenced by tobacco smoking in a statistically significant way: Geometric mean concentrations were 44.8 microg/L and 76.1 microg/Ll in nonsmokers (264 subjects) and smokers (112 subjects), respectively. In the nonsmoking population, a significant influence of gender was found when concentrations were corrected for urinary creatinine, geometric mean concentrations being 36.7 microg/g creatinine in males (128 subjects) and 44.7 microg/g creatinine in females (136 subjects). The place of residence of subjects did not seem to influence urinary excretion of the metabolite, although personal inhalation exposure to benzene over a 24-h period showed slightly higher concentrations in Padua and Florence (geometric means of 6.5 microg/m(3) and 6.6 microg/m(3), respectively) than in southern Tuscany (geometric mean of 3.9 microg/m(3)). Concentration of t,t-MA in urine samples collected at the end of personal air sampling showed little relationship to personal inhalation exposure to benzene, confirming the importance of other factors in determining excretion of t,t-MA when concentrations in personal air samples are very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aprea
- Laboratorio di Sanità Pubblica, Azienda USL 7 di Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Paustenbach DJ, Gaffney SH, Scott PK, Brown JL, Panko JM. High background levels of urinary benzene metabolites found in a volunteer study. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2007; 4:71-7. [PMID: 17530536 DOI: 10.1080/15459620701426016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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16
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Yarramraju S, Akurathi V, Wolfs K, Van Schepdael A, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Investigation of sorbic acid volatile degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations using static headspace gas chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:456-63. [PMID: 17306494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method that allows simultaneous analysis of sorbic acid and its degradation products was developed using static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). AT-Aquawax-DA, the capillary column used, showed good selectivity and separation towards sorbic acid and its degradation products. Sorbic acid degradation was investigated in both acidic and aqueous media at room and elevated temperatures. In total 12 sorbic acid degradation products were found, 8 of which could be characterized. The method was investigated for its accuracy towards estimation of degradation products. Using the HS-GC method different batches of pharmaceutical preparations such as cold cream, cetomacrogol cream and vaseline were investigated for sorbic acid degradation products which were estimated by applying the standard addition method. Acetaldehyde was found to be the major degradation product. The other identified degradation products were: acetone; 2-methylfuran; crotonaldehyde; alfa-angelicalactone; 2-acetyl, 5-methylfuran; toluene and 2,5-dimethylfuran. Both mass spectrometeric (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID) were used. The qualitative investigation was done on HS-GC-MS and the quantitative work on HS-GC-FID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaramaraju Yarramraju
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Analyse, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O & N 2, Herestraat 49 (PB 923), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Johnson ES, Langård S, Lin YS. A critique of benzene exposure in the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 374:183-98. [PMID: 17261327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzene risk assessment indicates that exposure to a time-weighted average (TWA) of 1-5 parts per million (ppm) benzene in ambient air for 40 years is associated with an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia. Decreased white blood cell count, platelet count and other hematological indices have also been observed in persons exposed to as low as 1 ppm airborne benzene. Evidence from studies worldwide consistently shows elevated levels of benzene biomarkers that are equivalent to 0.1-2 ppm benzene in ambient air, or even higher in the general population without occupational exposure to benzene (including children). The public health significance of these observations depends on to what extent these levels reflect actual benzene exposure, and whether such exposures are life-long or at least occur frequently enough to pose a possible health threat. We reviewed the evidence and discussed possible explanations for these observations. It was concluded that while there is reason to suspect that benzene contributes significantly to elevated levels of biomarkers in the general population, there is growing concern that this cannot be definitively ascertained without concomitant consideration of the role of other factors such as metabolic polymorphisms and sources of biomarkers other than benzene, which have been insufficiently studied to date. Such studies are urgently needed for valid assessment of this potential public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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Relationship between machine-derived smoke yields and biomarkers in cigarette smokers in Germany. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 47:171-83. [PMID: 17034917 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether smokers of cigarettes in the contemporary yield ranges of the German market (0.1-1.0mg nicotine, 1-10mg tar) differ in their actual exposure to various smoke constituents, we performed a field study with 274 smokers and 100 non-smokers. The following biomarkers were determined: In 24-h urine: Nicotine equivalents (molar sum of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and their respective glucuronides), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK), 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrolein), trans,trans-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid (metabolites of benzene), 1-hydroxypyrene (metabolite of pyrene); in saliva: Cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine; in exhaled air: Carbon monoxide; in blood: Methyl-, hydroxyethyl-, cyanoethyl- (biomarker of acrylonitrile) and carbamoylethylvaline (biomarker of acrylamide) hemoglobin adducts. All biomarkers were found to be significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers and showed strong correlations with the daily cigarette consumption. Biomarker levels and per cigarette increases in smokers were at most weakly related to the machine-derived smoke yields. It is concluded that machine-derived yields of cigarettes from the contemporary German cigarette market have little or no impact on the actual smoking-related exposure determined by suitable biomarkers.
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Carrieri M, Bonfiglio E, Scapellato ML, Maccà I, Tranfo G, Faranda P, Paci E, Bartolucci GB. Comparison of exposure assessment methods in occupational exposure to benzene in gasoline filling-station attendants. Toxicol Lett 2005; 162:146-52. [PMID: 16289653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess gasoline filling-station attendants' exposure to benzene and to determine which biological exposure index (BEI), trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) or S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), shows better correlation with environmental exposure. Exposure to benzene was measured using passive samplers (Radiello) attached to the collar of the overalls of subjects (n=33) just before the work-shift (approximately 8h); analysis was performed by GC-FID. S-PMA and t,t-MA were determined, respectively, by an immunochemiluminescent assay based on specific monoclonal antibodies and by HPLC-UV at 264 nm. Both methods of biological monitoring were performed on beginning and end-shift urine samples, and expected t,t-MA and S-PMA values were calculated. Smoking habits and life-style were ascertained by means of a questionnaire. Both environmental and biological monitoring data showed that benzene exposure for gasoline filling-station attendants was low when compared with the respective ACGIH limit values (means-benzene: 0.044 mg/m(3); t,t-MA: 171 microg/g creatinine; S-PMA: 2.7 microg/g creatinine). No significant correlation was found between exposure to benzene and t,t-MA or S-PMA excretion data. The use of expected values was also experimented for S-PMA and t,t-MA. This consists of calculating, on the basis of the known half-life of the benzene metabolite, the concentration of that metabolite that a worker should present at the end of the work-shift, the difference between this value and the value actually found is a measure of benzene exposure during work. The use of expected values in biological monitoring did not improve correlations. At these low benzene levels, environmental monitoring seems to be the best method of evaluating individual exposure. However, biological monitoring remains useful, as a mean of assessing group exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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Negri S, Bono R, Maestri L, Ghittori S, Imbriani M. High-pressure liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of sorbic acid in urine: verification of formation of trans,trans-muconic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 153-154:243-6. [PMID: 15935821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS method is described for the determination of urinary sorbic acid (SA), a common food additive, which allows to measure down to 4 microg/L of the compound. The method involves an acidic hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction. The method was applied to two volunteers who ingested SA and to 36 individuals with no dietary restriction. The results confirm that a little aliquot of ingested SA is found in urine also in humans. The significant correlation found between urinary levels of SA and trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) seems to indicate that the measurement of SA in urine could allow to estimate the amount of MA excreted following a dietary intake of SA and, consequently, to enhance the specificity of MA as a biomarker of benzene exposure. A point of clarification in future studies will be the actual chemical form of SA excreted, since our results clearly demonstrate that without hydrolysis only a very little amount of SA can be found even in subjects heavily exposed to SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Negri
- Research Laboratory on Airborne Pollutant (LabS-MEIA), Salvatore Maugeri Foundation-IRCCS, Via Ferrata 7, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Lin LC, Shih JF, Shih TS, Li YJ, Liao PC. An electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry based system with an online dual-loop cleanup device for simultaneous quantitation of urinary benzene exposure biomarkers trans,trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2743-2752. [PMID: 15499662 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) system with an online dual-loop cleanup device was developed for simultaneous quantitation of the urinary benzene exposure biomarkers trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA). The cleanup device was constructed from an autosampler, two electrically operated two-position switching valves, a reversed-phase C18 trap cartridge, a 200-microL loop, and two solvent-delivery pumps. The device was interfaced directly with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer and fully controlled by computer software and hardware. Because isotope dilution by introducing 13C-labeled ttMA and SPMA as internal standards was employed, the precision of the analytical system was high (for ttMA, intra- and inter-day CV values ranged from 3.82-4.53%; for SPMA, 2.13-7.06%). The calibration curves obtained using human urine spiked with ttMA were linear from 15.6-4000 microg/L (R = 0.9998) and SPMA at concentrations from 0.78-200 microg/L (R = 0.9993). The method detection limit (MDL) for SPMA was 0.23 microg/L. The MDL of ttMA could not be determined accurately because of unavailability of an appropriate blank urine matrix, but was estimated to be lower than 7.43 microg/L. Without tedious manual sample cleanup procedures the analytical system is fully automated and is therefore useful for high-throughput simultaneous determination of urinary ttMA and SPMA. The sample throughput is roughly 100 samples per day. With the selectivity and the sensitivity provided by MS/MS detection, the analytical system can be used for large-scale monitoring of environmental or occupational exposure of humans to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Cheng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Kouniali A, Cicolella A, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Dujardin R, Gehanno JF, Bois FY. Environmental benzene exposure assessment for parent-child pairs in Rouen, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 308:73-82. [PMID: 12738202 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of data on environmental benzene exposure in children. In this study, we compared personal benzene exposure and inhalation uptake in a group of children to those of their parents. We also compared levels of urinary benzene metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) and hydroquinone (HQ), for those two groups, and assessed the correlation between personal benzene exposure and urinary MA and HQ concentrations. The study was performed on 21, 2-3-year-old children and their parents recruited on a voluntary basis among non-smokers from the three largest day-care centers of the town of Rouen in France. Average benzene concentrations were measured over 5 consecutive days with diffusive samplers. The following simultaneous measurements were carried out: personal exposure of the parents, concentrations inside and outside the day care centers, and inside the volunteer's bedrooms. Morning and evening urine samples were collected during the same period. Benzene personal exposure levels were 14.4+/-7.7 microg/m(3) and 11.09+/-6.15 microg/m(3) in parents and children, respectively. Benzene inhalation uptake estimates were 2.51+/-1.23 microg/kg/day in the group of parents and 5.68+/-3.17 microg/kg/day in the group of children. Detectable levels of MA and HQ were found in 85% and 100% of the samples, respectively. Intra-individual variation of urinary MA and HQ concentrations expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 63 to 232% and from 13 to 144%, respectively. Mean values of MA and HQ (in mg/g creatinine) were 1.6- and 1.8-fold higher in the group of children than in the group of parents (P=0.008 and P<0.0001, respectively). Significant correlations between metabolites levels and benzene were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kouniali
- INERIS, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Violante FS, Sanguinetti G, Barbieri A, Accorsi A, Mattioli S, Cesari R, Fimognari C, Hrelia P. Lack of correlation between environmental or biological indicators of benzene exposure at parts per billion levels and micronuclei induction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 91:135-142. [PMID: 12648475 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(02)00060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing concern for possible carcinogenic effects associated with environmental benzene exposure in the general population, few studies exist at parts per billion (ppb) levels. We investigated the existence of a relationship between airborne/biological measurements of benzene exposure (i.e., personal/area sampling and unmodified urinary benzene/trans,trans-muconic acid; t,t-MA) and micronuclei induction (cytochalasin B technique) among exposed chemical laboratory workers (n=47) and traffic wardens (n=15). Although urinary t,t-MA (106.9+/-123.17 microg/L(urine)) correlated (R(2)=0.37) with urinary benzene (0.66+/-0.99 microg/L(urine)), neither biological measurement correlated with environmental benzene exposure (14.04+/-9.71 microg/m(3); 4.39+/-3.03ppb), suggesting that, at ppb level (1ppb=3.2 microg/m(3)), airborne benzene constitutes a fraction of the total intake. Traffic wardens and laboratory workers had comparable numbers of micronuclei (4.70+/-2.63 versus 5.76+/-3.11; n.s.), similar to levels recorded in the general population. With univariate/multivariate analysis, no association was found between micronuclei induction and air/urinary benzene exposure variables. Notably, among the personal characteristics examined (including age, gender, smoking, drinking, etc.), high body mass index correlated with micronuclei induction while, among females, use of hormonal medication was associated with less micronuclei. Thus the present study provides no evidence that ppb levels of environmental benzene exposure appreciably affect micronuclei incidence (against the background of other relevant factors). However, this should not be taken as an argument against efforts aiming to reduce environmental benzene pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco S Violante
- Occupational Health Unit, Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Palagi 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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Marrubini G, Coccini T, Maestri L, Manzo L. Effect of sorbic acid administration on urinary trans,trans-muconic acid excretion in rats exposed to low levels of benzene. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:1799-806. [PMID: 12419694 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) is a biomarker of benzene exposure reflecting metabolic activation to trans,trans-muconaldehyde. t,t-MA background urinary levels are highly variable, thus limiting its use to exposure monitoring of levels over 1 ppm of benzene. Actually, sorbic acid (SA) is known to influence background excretion of t,t-MA in man, but only a few examples suggest that SA ingestion can enhance t,t-MA levels occurring together with benzene exposure. In this study, the effect of SA was investigated in benzene-exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 1 ppm benzene for 6 h. Exposed animals had a 24-h urinary t,t-MA excretion higher than that observed in non-exposed animals (87+/-13 microg/kg vs 19+/-3 microg/kg body weight). The oral dose of 8 mg/kg body weight SA had no effect on urinary t,t-MA both in control and in benzene-exposed rats. Increases of t,t-MA levels in urine occurred at SA doses of 50-200 mg/kg body weight, and co-exposure to benzene and SA (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) produced additive enhancement of t,t-MA excretion. These data demonstrate the dose-response relationship between SA administration and t,t-MA excretion. Our study showed that SA ingestion at doses equal to or greater than 50 mg/kg body weight significantly affects the t,t-MA urinary levels in rats exposed to 1 ppm of benzene for 6 h. These data support the conclusion that in man t,t-MA is not suitable for biomonitoring of low levels of benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marrubini
- Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Analytical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Brodolini 7, 27028 San Martino Siccomario, Italy.
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Dobiásová Z, Pazourek J, Havel J. Simultaneous determination of trans-resveratrol and sorbic acid in wine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:263-7. [PMID: 11840534 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200202)23:2<263::aid-elps263>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A method for separation and determination of sorbic acid, a food and beverage preservative, and trans-resveratrol, a biomedically active substance, in wine by capillary zone electrophoresis is described. A solid-phase extraction step on C18-column prior to the electrophoretic separation providing lower detection limits was used for trans-resveratrol determination. For determination of sorbic acid direct analysis of wine (without a preconcentration step) was used. The method is rapid and sensitive and was applied to the analysis of wines from Alsace, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Dobiásová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Marrubini G, Coccini T, Manzo L. Direct analysis of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid by coupled column liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric ultraviolet detection: method applicability to human urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 758:295-303. [PMID: 11486840 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A coupled column liquid chromatographic (LC-LC) method for the direct analysis in human urine of the ring opened benzene metabolite, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) is described. The method was tested using urine samples collected from five refinery workers exposed to concentrations of airborne benzene (0.2-0.5 ppm), and from non-exposed volunteers. The analytical columns used were of 50 x 4.6 mm I.D. packed with 3 microm p.s. Microspher C18 material as the first column (C-1), and a 100 x 4.6 mm I.D. column packed with 3 microm p.s. Hypersil ODS material as the second one (C-2). The mobile phases applied consisted, respectively, of methanol-0.074% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water (4:96, v/v) on C-1, and of methanol-0.074% TFA in water (10:90, v/v) on C-2. Under these conditions t,t-MA eluted 15 min after injection. The present method, coupling the LC-LC technique with UV detection at 264 nm, permits the quantitation of t,t-MA directly in urine at levels as low as 0.05 mg/l. The determination is performed with a sample throughput of 2 h(-1) requiring only pH adjustment and centrifugation of the sample. Calibration plots of standard additions of t,t-MA to pooled urine taken from five non-exposed subjects were linear (r>0.999) over a wide concentration range (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l). The precision of the method (RSD) was in the range of 0.5 to 3.8%, and the within-session repeatability on workers urine samples (levels 0.06, 0.1, 0.2, 1.0 mg/l) was in the range of 3 to 8%. The present method improves the applicability of routine t,t-MA analysis, where it is most desirable that a large number of biological samples can be processed automatically or with minimal human labour, at low cost, and with a convenient turn-around time.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marrubini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.
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