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Rustandi RR, Hamm M, Onimus M, Yuan Y, Anderson CL, Zong C. Monitoring bromide loss in bromoacetyl-derivatized polyribosylribitol polysaccharide in Haemophilus influenzae type b for PedvaxHIB® by capillary electrophoresis and NMR spectroscopy. Vaccine 2022; 40:6012-6016. [PMID: 36123258 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PedvaxHIB® is an effective pediatric vaccine for protecting infants from invasive gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae type b. It is a highly purified capsular polysaccharide, polyribosylribitol phosphate that is covalently linked to an outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis. PRP is first derivatized with an organic linker, followed by the coupling of a butadiamine group, and then at the end terminal, a bromoacetyl group is attached for conjugation with thiolated OMPC. The stability of the bromide group in derivatized PRP is monitored by two different methods, capillary electrophoresis and NMR spectroscopy. The loss of the bromide group is detected by measuring the amount of free bromide ion liberated using capillary electrophoresis and by observing a change in amide proton peaks near the bromide group using NMR. The two methods give similar rate hydrolysis results, therefore both can be employed as quick stability tools for bromoacetylation PRP content during manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Rustandi
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| | - Melissa Hamm
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Onimus
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yue Yuan
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Carrie L Anderson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Chengli Zong
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Moradi E, Rahimi R, Farahani YD, Safarifard V. Porphyrinic zirconium-based MOF with exposed pyrrole Lewis base site as a luminescent sensor for highly selective sensing of Cd2+ and Br− ions and THF small molecule. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2019.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Aulakh JS, Kaur R, Malik AK. Analysis of Small Ions with Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:197-216. [PMID: 27645739 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Small inorganic ions are easily separated through capillary electrophoresis because they have a high charge-to-mass ratio and suffer little from some of the undesired phenomenon affecting higher molecular weight species like adsorption to the capillary wall, decomposition, and precipitation. This chapter is focused on the analysis of small ions other than metal ions using capillary electrophoresis. Methods are described for the determination of ions of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147 002, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147 002, India.
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Ram Reddy GV, Praveen Kumar A, Venkateswara Reddy B, Sreeramulu J, Park JH. Determination of Azide and Bromide Ions by Direct Detection Using Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903297210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. V. Ram Reddy
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Krishnadevaraya University , Anantapur, India
| | - A. Praveen Kumar
- b Department of Chemistry , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Korea
| | | | - J. Sreeramulu
- a Department of Chemistry , Sri Krishnadevaraya University , Anantapur, India
| | - Jung Hug Park
- b Department of Chemistry , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Korea
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Thangamuthu R, Wu YC, Chen SM. Silicomolybdate-Incorporated-Glutaraldehyde-Cross-Linked Poly-L-Lysine Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Determination. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Budanova N, Fourest B, Maslennikov A. Capillary electrophoresis determination of nitrate and nitrite in high-salt perchlorate solutions for the UC dissolution study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Zeng Y, Zhu ZH, Wang RX, Lu GH. Electrochemical determination of bromide at a multiwall carbon nanotubes-chitosan modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lin CH, Kaneta T. On-line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis: velocity gradient techniques and sample concentration techniques for biomolecules. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:4058-73. [PMID: 15597415 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methods with a high sensitivity and high separation efficiency are goals in analytical separation techniques. On-line sample concentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations have rapidly grown in popularity over the past few years because they achieve this goal. This review describes the methodology and theory associated with a number of different techniques, including electrokinetic and chromatographic methods. For small molecules, several on-line concentration methods based on velocity gradient techniques are described, in which the electrophoretic velocities of the analyte molecules are manipulated by field amplification, sweeping, and isotachophoretic migration, resulting in the on-line concentration of the analyte zones. In addition, the on-line concentration methods for macromolecules are described, since the techniques used for macromolecules (DNAs and proteins), are different from those for small molecules, with respect to either mechanism or methodology. Recent studies relating to this topic are also discussed, including electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques on capillary or microchip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Salimi A, Alizadeh V, Hadadzadeh H. Renewable Surface Sol-gel Derived Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Complex and Its Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Detection. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200303035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Despite the availability of commercial capillary electrophoresis systems for over ten years, where quantitative analysis is required, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has often failed to replace ion chromatography as the method of choice for a large number of analytes, not least inorganic anions. To investigate the reasons for this apparent failing, a review is presented of work that has been carried out to-date involving the quantitative application of CZE to the determination of inorganic anions in industrial and environmental samples. This review summarizes work both investigating and improving the quantitative aspects of the CZE of inorganic anions. A complete survey of how CZE has been applied to the determination of inorganic anions in real samples is given, including what, if any, analytical performance parameters were investigated and quoted, and if quality assurance data and validation methods were briefly considered, thoroughly investigated or simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Paull
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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Nissinen TK, Miettinen IT, Martikainen PJ, Vartiainen T. Disinfection by-products in Finnish drinking waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 48:9-20. [PMID: 12137063 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) were measured in plant effluents of 35 Finnish waterworks, which utilized different treatment processes and raw water sources. DBPs were measured also from the distribution systems of three waterworks. Di- and trichloroacetic acids, and chloroform were the major DBPs found in treated water samples. The concentration of six haloacetic acids (HAA6) exceeded the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs). Chlorinated drinking waters (DWs) originating from surface waters contained the highest concentration of HAA6 and THMs: 108 and 26 microg/l, respectively. The lowest concentrations of DBPs were measured from ozonated and/or activated carbon filtrated and chloraminated DWs. Higher concentrations of HAA6, THMs, and adsorbable organic halogens were measured in summer compared to winter. The levels of chlorinated acetic acids, chloroform, and bromodichloromethane correlated positively with mutagenicity. Past mutagenicity levels of DWs were examined. A major reduction in the use of prechlorination, increased use of chloramine disinfection, and better removal of organic carbon were the most important reasons for the 69% decrease in mutagenicity from 1985 to 1994.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Nissinen
- Division of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
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Sirén H, Väntsi S. Environmental water monitoring by capillary electrophoresis and result comparison with solvent chemistry techniques. J Chromatogr A 2002; 957:17-26. [PMID: 12102308 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine inorganic ions from natural waters by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and to compare the results obtained with those measured with conventional solvent chemistry techniques. The project was part of a larger CE study, during which we measured inorganic ions from some lake and river systems and groundwaters in Southern Finland. Results obtained from contaminated Finnish waters were compared with samples from the River Rhine in the Düsseldorf area. Two CE methods were used for analysis: one for determination of chloride, sulfate, nitrite and nitrate at pH 7.7 and the other for ammonium, potassium, calcium, sodium and magnesium at pH 3.6, both methods using identification based on indirect UV detection. Two separation methods were used in order to prevent complex formation of metals with sulfate, hydroxide and decomposed organic matter present in the environmental samples. On the basis of the CE studies dilution was needed for those samples having more than 100 mg/l of sulfate, chloride, calcium and sodium. On average, the natural waters in the study contained ammonium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium below 0.3, 20, 200, 20, and 200 mg/l, respectively. The concentrations of chloride, sulfate, nitrite and nitrate were below 20, 100, 10, and 10 mg/l, respectively. Correlation of the CE results with those acquired by titration, atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography and flow injection analysis were obtained; R2 values for the comparison tests varied from 0.8816 to 0.9994 depending on the ion. The repeatabilities of the anion and cation CE methods were tested using laboratory-made reference sample mixtures with high and low salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo.
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Breadmore MC, Haddad PR. Approaches to enhancing the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis methods for the determination of inorganic and small organic anions. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2464-89. [PMID: 11519951 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200107)22:12<2464::aid-elps2464>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems facing the development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is the relatively high limits of detection when compared to traditional high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. While the use of an alternative detector can offer better sensitivity, a more universal approach is sample preconcentration. Numerous on-line methods have been developed to improve the sensitivity of CE, and are based on electrophoretic principles, chromatographic principles, or a combination of both. This review will discuss all forms of on-line preconcentration methods for CE, with emphasis given to those that have shown particular merit when applied to inorganic and small organic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart
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Harakuwe AH, Haddad PR. Manipulation of separation selectivity in capillary zone electrophoresis of anionic solutes. Trends Analyt Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(01)00077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Timerbaev AR, Fukushi K, Miyado T, Ishio N, Saito K, Motomizu S. Analysis of highly saline samples by capillary zone electrophoresis: enhanced direct UV detection of inorganic anions using on-capillary preconcentration and clean-up techniques. J Chromatogr A 2000; 888:309-19. [PMID: 10949497 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to analyze samples with disparate levels of analyte and matrix ions is among the important benefits defining the practical utility of modern capillary electrophoresis. To compensate for the sensitivity limitations regarding trace-level inorganic anions, a number of on-line approaches that should offer an improved S/N ratio in direct UV detection were examined. The novel use of reversed pre-electrophoresis (at the applied voltage opposite to the separation voltage) made it possible to efficiently remove the most part of high chloride levels from the sample and hence to lower the background signal and to inject increased quantities of fast analyte anions. Specifically, by taking these advantages the sensitivity response of iodide was improved by a factor of 5 over normal CE mode. Using isotachophoretic sample stacking, a two-fold increase in detectability was obtained for moderately mobile anions, nitrate and nitrite, that corresponds to the minimum detectable concentrations close to their natural occurrences in seawater. Furthermore, field-amplified sample injection at increased electrolyte-to-sample matrix concentration ratios enabled the maximum S/N enhancement, with detection limits at the level of 10(-6) M and lower in the presence of > or = 5 x 10(4)-fold molar excess of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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