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Siqueira GP, Araújo DAG, de Faria LV, Ramos DLO, Matias TA, Richter EM, Paixão TRLC, Muñoz RAA. A novel 3D-printed graphite/polylactic acid sensor for the electrochemical determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene residues in environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139796. [PMID: 37586488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, lab-made graphite and polylactic acid (Gpt-PLA) biocomposite materials were used to additively manufacture electrodes via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for subsequent determination of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, considered a persistent organic pollutant). The surface of the 3D-printed material was characterized by SEM and Raman, which revealed high roughness and the presence of defects in the graphite structure, which enhanced the electrochemical response of TNT. The 3D-printed Gpt-PLA electrode coupled to square wave voltammetry (SWV) showed suitable performance for fastly determining the explosive residues (around 7 s). Two reduction processes at around -0.22 V and -0.36 V were selected for TNT detection, with linear ranges between 1.0 and 10.0 μM. Moreover, detection limits of 0.52 and 0.66 μM were achieved for both reduction steps. The proposed method was applied to determine TNT in different environmental water samples (tap water, river water, and seawater) without a dilution step (direct analysis). Recovery values between 98 and 106% confirmed the accuracy of the analyses. Additionally, adequate selectivity was achieved even in the presence of other explosives commonly used by military agencies, metallic ions commonly found in water, and also some electroactive camouflage species. Such results indicate that the proposed device is promising to quantify TNT residues in environmental samples, a viable on-site analysis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilvana P Siqueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Niu F, Shao ZW, Tao LM, Ding Y. Si-doped graphene nanosheets as a metal-free catalyst for electrochemical detection of nitroaromatic explosives. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:848-856. [PMID: 33794406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Si-doped graphene nanosheets (SiGNS) have been successfully constructed via high temperature annealing of graphene oxide and tetraethoxysilane mixture in a sealed glass ampoule. The Si atoms doped into graphene's carbon network mainly existed as C3-Si-O and C2-Si-O2 configurations. The as-prepared SiGNS exhibited excellent electrochemical detection ability to nitroaromatic compounds in 0.1 M phosphoric acid buffer solution (PBS, pH = 8.0) via an electrochemical catalytic process. Five nitroaromatic compounds, including nitrobenzene, 2-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, 2, 4-dinitrotoluene and 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, were taken as the analyte to demonstrate the electrochemical catalytic ability of SiGNS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was carried out to explore the electrochemical catalytic mechanism of SiGNS. A hydrogen bond mediated electrochemical catalytic mechanism was proposed. Both the excellent electrical conductivity and the rich surface hydroxyl groups enhanced the electrochemical detection ability of SiGNS to nitroaromatic compounds. Si atoms in SiGNS played a key role for the excellent electrochemical detection ability of SiGNS due to most of the surface hydroxyl groups anchored on the Si atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhen-Wu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Ming Tao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Wear and Protection of Materials, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Yong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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ANILANMERT B, AYDIN M, APAK R, AVCI GY, CENGIZ S. A Fast Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis of PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate), RDX (3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) and HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) in Soil, Utilizing a Simple Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction with Minimum Solvent. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:611-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammet AYDIN
- Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology
| | - Resat APAK
- Istanbul University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry
| | | | - Salih CENGIZ
- Istanbul University Institute of Forensic Sciences
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4
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Parajuli S, Jing X, Miao W. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Quenching of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA System by the Explosive TNT. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Hakonen A, Andersson PO, Stenbæk Schmidt M, Rindzevicius T, Käll M. Explosive and chemical threat detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 893:1-13. [PMID: 26398417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acts of terror and warfare threats are challenging tasks for defense agencies around the world and of growing importance to security conscious policy makers and the general public. Explosives and chemical warfare agents are two of the major concerns in this context, as illustrated by the recent Boston Marathon bombing and nerve gas attacks on civilians in the Middle East. To prevent such tragic disasters, security personnel must be able to find, identify and deactivate the threats at multiple locations and levels. This involves major technical and practical challenges, such as detection of ultra-low quantities of hazardous compounds at remote locations for anti-terror purposes and monitoring of environmental sanitation of dumped or left behind toxic substances and explosives. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is one of todays most interesting and rapidly developing methods for label-free ultrasensitive vibrational "fingerprinting" of a variety of molecular compounds. Performance highlights include attomolar detection of TNT and DNT explosives, a sensitivity that few, if any, other technique can compete with. Moreover, instrumentation needed for SERS analysis are becoming progressively better, smaller and cheaper, and can today be acquired for a retail price close to 10,000 US$. This contribution aims to give a comprehensive overview of SERS as a technique for detection of explosives and chemical threats. We discuss the prospects of SERS becoming a major tool for convenient in-situ threat identification and we summarize existing SERS detection methods and substrates with particular focus on ultra-sensitive real-time detection. General concepts, detection capabilities and perspectives are discussed in order to guide potential users of the technique for homeland security and anti-warfare purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Hakonen
- Division of Bionanophotonics, Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Per Ola Andersson
- Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Division of CBRN Defence & Security, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Stenbæk Schmidt
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345 East, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomas Rindzevicius
- DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345 East, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Käll
- Division of Bionanophotonics, Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Čapka L, Večeřa Z, Mikuška P, Šesták J, Kahle V, Bumbová A. A portable device for fast analysis of explosives in the environment. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Preparation of magnetic TNT-imprinted polymer nanoparticles and their accumulation onto magnetic carbon paste electrode for TNT determination. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:532-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Lindahl S, Gundersen CB, Lundanes E. A review of available analytical technologies for qualitative and quantitative determination of nitramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1825-1840. [PMID: 24898740 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the available analytical methods in the open literature for the determination of some aliphatic and cyclic nitramines. Nitramines covered in this review are the ones that can be formed from the use of amines in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) plants and end up in the environment. Since the literature is quite scarce regarding the determination of nitramines in aqueous and soil samples, methods for determination of nitramines in other matrices have also been included. Since the nitramines are found in complex matrices and/or in very low concentration, an extraction step is often necessary before their determination. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE) with an activated carbon based material have been the two most common extraction methods. Gas chromatography (GC) or reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been used often combined with mass spectrometry (MS) in the final determination step. Presently there is no comprehensive method available that can be used for determination of all nitramines included in this review. The lowest concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) is in the ng L(-1) range, however, most methods appear to have a cLOQ in the μg L(-1) range, if the cLOQ has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Chemical analysis of post explosion samples obtained as a result of model field experiments. Talanta 2013; 116:630-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Carrillo-Carrión C, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Determination of TNT explosive based on its selectively interaction with creatinine-capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 792:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Identification of the nitroaromatic explosives in post-blast samples by online solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted silica sorbent coupled with reversed-phase chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Caygill JS, Collyer SD, Holmes JL, Davis F, Higson SPJ. Disposable screen-printed sensors for the electrochemical detection of TNT and DNT. Analyst 2013; 138:346-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Sumner JJ, Chu K. Electrochemical characterization of riboflavin-enhanced reduction of trinitrotoluene. SENSORS 2011; 11:10840-50. [PMID: 22346674 PMCID: PMC3274316 DOI: 10.3390/s111110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in understanding trinitrotoluene (TNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT) contamination, detection and remediation in the environment due to TNT’s negative health effects and security implications. Numerous publications have focused on detecting TNT in groundwater using multiple techniques, including electrochemistry. The main degradation pathway of nitrotoluenes in the environment is reduction, frequently with biological and/or photolytic assistance. Riboflavin has also been noted to aid in TNT remediation in soils and groundwater when exposed to light. This report indicates that adding riboflavin to a TNT or DNT solution enhances redox currents in electrochemical experiments. Here AC voltammetry was performed and peak currents compared with and without riboflavin present. Results indicated that TNT, DNT and riboflavin could be detected using AC voltammetry on modified gold electrodes and the addition of riboflavin affected redox peaks of TNT and DNT. Poised potential experiments indicated that it is possible to enhance reduction of TNT in the presence of riboflavin and light. These results were dramatic enough to explain long term enhancement of bioremediation in environments containing high levels of riboflavin and enhance the limit of detection in electrochemically-based nitrotoluene sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Sumner
- United States Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-O, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20873, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-394-0252; Fax: +1-301-394-0310
| | - Kevin Chu
- United States Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-O, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, MD 20873, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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15
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Micellar extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet determination of some explosives in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 662:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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17
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Dimitriu E, Moldoveanu SC, Iorgulescu EE. Solvent-reagent effect in chemical detection of energetic materials type contaminants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Polsky R, Stork C, Wheeler D, Steen W, Harper J, Washburn C, Brozik S. Multivariate Analysis for the Electrochemical Discrimination and Quantitation of Nitroaromatic Explosives. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Pittman TL, Thomson B, Miao W. Ultrasensitive detection of TNT in soil, water, using enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Trammell SA, Velez F, Charles PT, Kusterbeck A. Electrochemical Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Using Interdigitated Array Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802363404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Trammell SA, Zeinali M, Melde BJ, Charles PT, Velez FL, Dinderman MA, Kusterbeck A, Markowitz MA. Nanoporous organosilicas as preconcentration materials for the electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4627-33. [PMID: 18470994 DOI: 10.1021/ac702263t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of nanoporous organosilicas for rapid preconcentration and extraction of trinitrotoluene (TNT) for electrochemical analysis and demonstrate the effect of template-directed molecular imprinting on TNT adsorption. The relative effects of the benzene (BENZ)- and diethylbenzene (DEB)-bridged organic-inorganic polymers, having narrow or broad pore size distributions, respectively, on electrochemical response and desorption behavior were examined. Sample volumes of 0.5-10 mL containing 5-1000 ppb TNT in a phosphate-buffered saline buffer were preconcentrated in-line before the detector using a microcolumn containing 10 mg of imprinted BENZ or DEB. Square-wave voltammetry was used to detect the first reduction peak of TNT in an electrochemical flow cell using a carbon working electrode and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Imprinted BENZ released TNT faster than imprinted DEB with considerably less peak tailing and displayed enhanced sensitivity and an improvement in the limit of detection (LOD) owing to more rapid elution of TNT from that material with increasing signal amplitude. For imprinted BENZ, the slope of signal versus concentration scaled linearly with increasing preconcentration volume, and for preconcentrating 10 mL of sample, the LOD for TNT was estimated to be 5 ppb. Template-directed molecularly imprinted DEB (TDMI-DEB) was 7-fold more efficient in adsorption of TNT from aqueous contaminated soil extract than nonimprinted DEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Trammell
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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22
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Smith RG, D'Souza N, Nicklin S. A review of biosensors and biologically-inspired systems for explosives detection. Analyst 2008; 133:571-84. [DOI: 10.1039/b717933m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Gaurav D, Malik AK, Rai PK. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Explosives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhingra Gaurav
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Malik
- a Department of Chemistry , Punjabi University , Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - P. K. Rai
- b Centre for Fire, Explosives and Environmental Safety , New Delhi, India
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24
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Application of triple potential step amperometry method for quantitative electroanalysis. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Hrapovic S, Majid E, Liu Y, Male K, Luong JHT. Metallic Nanoparticle−Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrochemical Determination of Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5504-12. [PMID: 16878889 DOI: 10.1021/ac060435q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (Pt, Au, or Cu) together with multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT and SWCNT) solubilized in Nafion have been used to form nanocomposites for electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and several other nitroaromatics. Electrochemical and surface characterization by cyclic voltammetry, AFM, TEM, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal nanoparticles on CNTs. Among various combinations tested, the most synergistic signal effect was observed for the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GC) containing Cu nanoparticles and SWCNT solubilized in Nafion. This combination provided the best sensitivity for detecting TNT and other nitroaromatic compounds. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry for TNT resulted in a detection limit of 1 ppb, with linearity up to 3 orders of magnitude. Selectivity toward the number and position of the nitro groups in different nitroaromatics was very reproducible and distinct. Reproducibility of the TNT signal was within 7% (n = 8) from one electrode preparation to another, and the response signal was stable (+/-3.8% at 95% confidence interval) for 40 repeated analyses with 10 min of preconditioning. The Cu-SWCNT-modified GC electrode was demonstrated for analysis of TNT in tap water, river water, and contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Agüí L, Vega-Montenegro D, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Rapid voltammetric determination of nitroaromatic explosives at electrochemically activated carbon-fibre electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:381-7. [PMID: 15830191 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behaviour of some nitroaromatic explosives (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, TNT; 2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-DNT; 2-nitrotoluene, 2-NT; 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 2-A-4,6-DNT; 3,5-dinitroaniline, 3,5-DNA; and nitrobenzene, NB) at electrochemically activated carbon-fibre microelectrodes is reported. Electrochemical activation of such electrode material by repeated square-wave (SW) voltammetric scans between 0.0 and +2.6 V versus Ag/AgCl, produced a dramatic increase in the cathodic response from these compounds. This is attributed to the increase of the carbon-fibre surface area, because of its fracture, and the appearance of deep fissures along the main fibre axis into which the nitroaromatic compounds penetrate. Based on the important contribution of adsorption and/or thin layer electrolysis to the total voltammetric response, a SW voltammetric method for rapid detection of nitroaromatic explosives was developed. No interference was found from compounds such as hydrazine, phenolic compounds, carbamates, triazines or surfactants. The limits of detection obtained are approximately 0.03 microg mL(-1) for all the nitroaromatic compounds tested. The method was applied for the determination of TNT in water and soil spiked samples; recoveries were higher than 95% in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Agüí
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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SAKAI T, KITAHARA D, TORIMARU A, MATSUMOTO K. Detection of explosive-related compounds with a chemiluminescent enzyme immunosensor. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi SAKAI
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Daikichi KITAHARA
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Akira TORIMARU
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Kiyoshi MATSUMOTO
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University
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28
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Wilson R, Clavering C, Hutchinson A. Electrochemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays for TNT and Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4244-9. [PMID: 14632142 DOI: 10.1021/ac034163s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence enzyme immunoassays for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are described. The latter is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of an immunoassay for PETN. Haptens corresponding to these explosives were covalently attached to high-affinity dextran-coated paramagnetic beads. The beads were mixed with the corresponding Fab fragments and the sample. After adding a second HRP-labeled antispecies-specific antibody, the mixture was pumped into an electrochemiluminometer where beads were concentrated on the working electrode magnetically. The amount of analyte in the sample was determined by measuring light emission when H2O2 was generated electrochemically in the presence of luminol and an enhancer. The detection limits for TNT and PETN were 0.11 and 19.8 ppb, respectively. Details of bead preparation and performance are given. The increase in sensitivity obtained when Fab fragments are used instead of whole antibodies is explained, and the implications of this observation for nanoparticle-based assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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Ozhan G, Topuz S, Alpertunga B. Determination of cyclonite (RDX) in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:445-8. [PMID: 12767384 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive HPLC method has been developed for the assay of cyclonite (RDX) in human plasma. The assay involves solid-phase extraction on Tox-clean RC SPE cartridges and isocratic reversed-phase chromatography with diode-array detection. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.01-2.0 microg/ml for plasma with a lower limit of detection of 0.005 microg/ml. Both the within-day and day-to-day reproducibilities and accuracies were less than 10.15 and 1.9%, respectively. The method was applied to evaluate RDX concentration in plasma samples obtained from soldiers exposed RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Ozhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
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Kuijt J, Roman DA, Ariese F, Brinkman UAT, Gooijer C. Quenched phosphorescence detection in cyclodextrin-based electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5139-45. [PMID: 12380841 DOI: 10.1021/ac020270v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quenched phosphorescence detection is a sensitive detection method recently introduced in capillary zone electrophoresis. It is based on the dynamic quenching interaction of the analytes (quenchers) with a phosphorophore, 1-bromo-4-naphthalenesulfonate (BrNS), present in the separation buffer. In this study, it is shown that this detection method can also be used in cyclodextrin-based electrokinetic chromatography (CD-EKC) despite the presence in the buffer solution of cyclodextrins, which are known to reduce the luminescence quenching rate constants. Experiments indicate that BrNS mainly resides in the aqueous phase, while the analytes are distributed between both phases. In principle, the observed quenching might arise from the interaction of BrNS with uncomplexed as well as complexed analytes. However, from the dependence of the fractional quenching on the capacity factor (the normalized fractional quenching was found to be equal to the fraction of analyte in the aqueous phase), it was concluded that only aqueous-phase quenching contributes significantly to the observed quenching. Nevertheless, separation and detection can be regarded as fully compatible, because the capacity factors encountered in CD-EKC are generally low (in this study they ranged from about 0.1 to 2.5). Indeed, with nitroaromatic compounds as the target analytes, limits of detection in the 10(-8) M range were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Kuijt
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Jackson PT, Carr PW. Study of polar and nonpolar substituted benzenes and aromatic isomers on carbon-coated zirconia and alkyl bonded phases. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:121-9. [PMID: 12134809 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Retention factors of polar and non-polar mono- and di-substituted benzene derivatives were measured on carbon coated zirconia (C/ZrO2) and an alkyl modified silica using water-acetonitrile mobile phases. Published data on porous graphitic carbon phases (PGC) were used to facilitate comparisons between the two types of carbon media. This work showed that retention on both C/ZrO2 and PGC is much more sensitive to the solute polarizability, dipolarity, and shape than on aliphatic phases. For simple disubstituted benzenes there was no general clear cut advantage in terms of chromatographic selectivity to using a carbon-based phase over a bonded phase silica; however, the selectivities towards such isomers are quite different on the two types of media. In contradistinction to their effect on alkyl bonded phase retention, addition of a dipolar substituent and weak hydrogen bond acceptor to a benzene ring almost always increases the solute's retention on C/ZrO2 and PGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Jackson
- Chemistry Department, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
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32
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Goodpaster JV, McGuffin VL. Fluorescence Quenching as an Indirect Detection Method for Nitrated Explosives. Anal Chem 2001; 73:2004-11. [PMID: 11354482 DOI: 10.1021/ac001347n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach based on fluorescence quenching is presented for the analysis of nitrated explosives. Seventeen common explosives and their degradation products are shown to be potent quenchers of pyrene, having Stern-Volmer constants that generally increase with the degree of nitration. Aromatic explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) are more effective quenchers than aliphatic or nitramine explosives. In addition, nitroaromatic explosives are found to have unique interactions with pyrene that lead to a wavelength dependence of their Stern-Volmer constants. This phenomenon allows for their differentiation from other nitrated explosives. The fluorescence quenching method is then applied to the determination of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine(HMX), 2,4,6-TNT, nitromethane, and ammonium nitrate in various commercial explosive samples. The samples are separated by capillary liquid chromatography with post-column addition of the pyrene solution and detection by laser-induced fluorescence. The indirect fluorescence quenching method shows increased sensitivity and selectivity over traditional UV-visible absorbance as well as the ability to detect a wider range of organic and inorganic nitrated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1322, USA
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Woltman SJ, Even WR, Sahlin E, Weber SG. Chromatographic detection of nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds by electrochemical reduction combined with photoluminescence following electron transfer. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4928-33. [PMID: 11055711 DOI: 10.1021/ac000170u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidizing agent tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(III), or Ru-(bpy)(3)3+, is used as a postcolumn reagent for the detection of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosive compounds. After separation, the explosives are reduced electrochemically to oxidizable products such as hydroxlamines and nitrosamines, and these products react readily with Ru-(bpy)(3)3+ and Ru(bpy)(3)2+. The photoluminescence from the latter is used for detection. A porous carbon electrode was used for on-line analyte reduction following chromatography. Another porous carbon electrode was used to generate the nonluminescent Ru(bpy)(3)3+ from Ru(bpy)(3)3+ on-line at high efficiency. The two streams were combined, and the Ru(bpy)(3)2+ produced by oxidation of the reduced analytes was detected by laser illumination and light detection. Reductive hydrodynamic voltammograms of nitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine indicated that a potential of - 1500 mV vs Ag/AgCl was sufficient to achieve a maximum signal from the reduced analytes. HPLC with a water/acetonitrile gradient on a C-18 reversed-phase column was then used to determine these three compounds plus the four additional examples, 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, 2,4-dinitrotoluene; 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and 4-nitrotoluene. For both hydrodynamic voltammetry and HPLC detection, the photoluminescence following electron-transfer signal was calibrated using the one-electron standards ferrocene and ferrocenecarboxylic acid. Detection limits were in the low-nanomolar range for 20-microL injections of nonpreconcentrated nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Woltman
- Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Shriver-Lake LC, Patterson CH, van Bergen SK. New horizons: Explosive detection in soil extracts with a fiber-optic biosensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<239::aid-fact3>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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