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Bui QD, Deschrijver T, Noten B, Verluyten W, Vervoort N, Eeltink S. Optimization of elution conditions and comparison of emerging biocompatible columns on the resolving power and detection sensitivity of oligonucleotides by ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464793. [PMID: 38484639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A generic performance comparison strategy has been developed to evaluate the impact of mobile-phase additives (ion-pairing agent / counter ion systems), distinct stationary phases on resulting resolving power, and MS detectability of oligonucleotides and their critical impurities in gradient IP-RPLC. Stationary-phase considerations included particle type (core-shell vs. fully porous particles), particle diameter, and pore size. Separations were carried out at 60°C to optimize mass transfer (C-term). The incorporation of an active column preheater mitigated thermal mismatches, leading to narrower peaks and overcoming peak splitting. Acetonitrile as organic modifier outweighed methanol in terms of peak-capacity generation and yielded a 30% lower back pressure. Performance screening experiments were conducted varying ion-pairing agents and counter ions, while adjusting gradient span achieved an equivalent effective retention window. Hexafluoromethylisopropanol yielded superior chromatographic resolution, whereas hexafluoroisopropanol yielded significantly higher MS detection sensitivity. The 1.7 µm core-shell particle columns with 100 Å pores provided maximum resolving power for small (15-35 mers) oligonucleotides. Sub-min analysis for 15-35 polyT ladders was achieved operating a 50 mm long column at the kinetic performance limits. High-resolution separations between a 21-mer modified RNA sequence oligonucleotides and its related (shortmer and phosphodiester) impurities and complementary strand were obtained using a coupled column set-up with a total length of 450 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Dong Bui
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tiny Deschrijver
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Process Analytical Research - Chemical Process Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Noten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Process Analytical Research - Chemical Process Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Willy Verluyten
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Analytical Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nico Vervoort
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Process Analytical Research - Chemical Process Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Lenčo J, Jadeja S, Naplekov DK, Krokhin OV, Khalikova MA, Chocholouš P, Urban J, Broeckhoven K, Nováková L, Švec F. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Peptides for Bottom-Up Proteomics: A Tutorial. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2846-2892. [PMID: 36355445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the current bottom-up liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses has undoubtedly been fueled by spectacular progress in mass spectrometry. It is thus not surprising that the MS instrument attracts the most attention during LC-MS method development, whereas optimizing conditions for peptide separation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) remains somewhat in its shadow. Consequently, the wisdom of the fundaments of chromatography is slowly vanishing from some laboratories. However, the full potential of advanced MS instruments cannot be achieved without highly efficient RPLC. This is impossible to attain without understanding fundamental processes in the chromatographic system and the properties of peptides important for their chromatographic behavior. We wrote this tutorial intending to give practitioners an overview of critical aspects of peptide separation using RPLC to facilitate setting the LC parameters so that they can leverage the full capabilities of their MS instruments. After briefly introducing the gradient separation of peptides, we discuss their properties that affect the quality of LC-MS chromatograms the most. Next, we address the in-column and extra-column broadening. The last section is devoted to key parameters of LC-MS methods. We also extracted trends in practice from recent bottom-up proteomics studies and correlated them with the current knowledge on peptide RPLC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Denis K Naplekov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, WinnipegR3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Töpfer K, Upadhyay M, Meuwly M. Quantitative molecular simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12767-12786. [PMID: 35593769 PMCID: PMC9158373 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-atom simulations can provide molecular-level insights into the dynamics of gas-phase, condensed-phase and surface processes. One important requirement is a sufficiently realistic and detailed description of the underlying intermolecular interactions. The present perspective provides an overview of the present status of quantitative atomistic simulations from colleagues' and our own efforts for gas- and solution-phase processes and for the dynamics on surfaces. Particular attention is paid to direct comparison with experiment. An outlook discusses present challenges and future extensions to bring such dynamics simulations even closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Töpfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Meenu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Field JK, Bell A, Christopoulou I, Petersson P, Ferguson PD, Euerby MR. Column Classification/Characterisation of Strong Cation Exchange Phases for the Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Small Molecular Weight Bases. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA simple, rapid and robust protocol for the characterisation of strong cation exchange columns for the analysis of small molecular weight bases is described. A range of ten different phases were characterised, and the resultant selectivity and retention factors analysed using Principal Component Analysis. The score plots for the first and second principal components described 83% of the variability within the dataset. Score plots highlighted the large chromatographic differences observed between the phases, the validity of which was established using a larger range of bases. All the strong cation exchange materials demonstrated a synergistic mixed mode (i.e. ion exchange and hydrophobic) retention mechanism. Principal Component Analysis also highlighted the potential difficulty in locating suitable strong cation exchange “back-up” columns for the analysis of small molecular weight bases in that the characterised columns all displayed very different selectivities. The robustness of the protocol was confirmed by a factorial design experiment.
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5
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Field JK, Euerby MR, Petersson P. Investigation into reversed phase chromatography peptide separation systems part II: An evaluation of the robustness of a protocol for column characterisation. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Using Superficially Porous Particles and Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography in Pharmacopeial Monograph Modernization of Common Analgesics. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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8
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El Hage K, Bemish RJ, Meuwly M. From in silica to in silico: retention thermodynamics at solid–liquid interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18610-18622. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02899k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of solvated molecules at the solid/liquid interface is essential for a molecular-level understanding for the solution thermodynamics in reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Raymond J. Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- Space Vehicles Directorate
- Kirtland AFB
- USA
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
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9
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El Hage K, Gupta PK, Bemish R, Meuwly M. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Solute Retention at Heterogeneous Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4600-4607. [PMID: 28872324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable effort, a molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms governing adsorption/desorption in reversed-phase liquid chromatography is still lacking. This impedes rational design of columns and the development of reliable, computationally more efficient approaches to predict the selectivity of a particular column design. Using state-of-the art, validated force fields and free-energy simulations, the adsorption thermodynamics of benzene derivatives is investigated in atomistic detail and provides a quantitative microscopic understanding of retention when compared with experimental data. It is found that pure partitioning or pure adsorption is rather the exception than the rule. Typically, a pronounced ∼1 kcal/mol stabilization on the surface is accompanied by a broad trough indicative of partitioning before the probe molecule incorporates into the mobile phase. The present findings provide a quantitative and rational basis to develop improved effective, coarse-grained computational models and to design columns for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystel El Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prashant Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Bemish
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate , Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Mwalwisi YH, Höllein L, Kaale E, Holzgrabe U. Development of a Simple, Rapid, and Robust Isocratic Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Pyrimethamine and its Synthetic Impurities in Bulk Drugs and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Heiland JJ, Lotter C, Stein V, Mauritz L, Belder D. Temperature Gradient Elution and Superheated Eluents in Chip-HPLC. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3266-3271. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkmar Stein
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße
18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Mann BF, Makarov AA, Wang H, Welch CJ. Effects of pressure and frictional heating on protein separation using monolithic columns in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Urisman A, Levin RS, Gordan JD, Webber JT, Hernandez H, Ishihama Y, Shokat KM, Burlingame AL. An Optimized Chromatographic Strategy for Multiplexing In Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry: Insights from Quantitation of Activated Kinases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:265-277. [PMID: 27940637 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable quantitation of protein abundances in defined sets of cellular proteins is critical to numerous biological applications. Traditional immunodetection-based methods are limited by the quality and availability of specific antibodies, especially for site-specific post-translational modifications. Targeted proteomic methods, including the recently developed parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry, have enabled accurate quantitative measurements of up to a few hundred specific target peptides. However, the degree of practical multiplexing in label-free PRM workflows remains a significant limitation for the technique. Here we present a strategy for significantly increasing multiplexing in label-free PRM that takes advantage of the superior separation characteristics and retention time stability of meter-scale monolithic silica-C18 column-based chromatography. We show the utility of the approach in quantifying kinase abundances downstream of previously developed active kinase enrichment methodology based on multidrug inhibitor beads. We examine kinase activation dynamics in response to three different MAP kinase inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma cells and demonstrate reliable quantitation of over 800 target peptides from over 150 kinases in a single label-free PRM run. The kinase activity profiles obtained from these analyses reveal compensatory activation of TGF-β family receptors as a response to MAPK blockade. The gains achieved using this label-free PRM multiplexing strategy will benefit a wide array of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Urisman
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; .,§Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca S Levin
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,¶Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John D Gordan
- ¶Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,‖Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James T Webber
- **Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hilda Hernandez
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- ‡‡Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- ¶Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,§§Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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14
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Mwalwisi YH, Hoellein L, Kaale E, Holzgrabe U. Development of a simple, rapid, and robust liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of sulfalene, sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:558-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Antos D, Piątkowski W. Band deformation in non-isocratic liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Abate-Pella D, Freund DM, Ma Y, Simón-Manso Y, Hollender J, Broeckling CD, Huhman DV, Krokhin OV, Stoll DR, Hegeman AD, Kind T, Fiehn O, Schymanski EL, Prenni JE, Sumner LW, Boswell PG. Retention projection enables accurate calculation of liquid chromatographic retention times across labs and methods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:43-51. [PMID: 26292625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification of small molecules by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be greatly improved if the chromatographic retention information is used along with mass spectral information to narrow down the lists of candidates. Linear retention indexing remains the standard for sharing retention data across labs, but it is unreliable because it cannot properly account for differences in the experimental conditions used by various labs, even when the differences are relatively small and unintentional. On the other hand, an approach called "retention projection" properly accounts for many intentional differences in experimental conditions, and when combined with a "back-calculation" methodology described recently, it also accounts for unintentional differences. In this study, the accuracy of this methodology is compared with linear retention indexing across eight different labs. When each lab ran a test mixture under a range of multi-segment gradients and flow rates they selected independently, retention projections averaged 22-fold more accurate for uncharged compounds because they properly accounted for these intentional differences, which were more pronounced in steep gradients. When each lab ran the test mixture under nominally the same conditions, which is the ideal situation to reproduce linear retention indices, retention projections still averaged 2-fold more accurate because they properly accounted for many unintentional differences between the LC systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most successful study to date aiming to calculate (or even just to reproduce) LC gradient retention across labs, and it is the only study in which retention was reliably calculated under various multi-segment gradients and flow rates chosen independently by labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abate-Pella
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Dana M Freund
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Yan Ma
- UC Davis Genome Center, Metabolomics, University of California, Davis, Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yamil Simón-Manso
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8380, USA.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - David V Huhman
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA.
| | - Adrian D Hegeman
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Tobias Kind
- UC Davis Genome Center, Metabolomics, University of California, Davis, Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center, Metabolomics, University of California, Davis, Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA; King Abdullaziz University, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA.
| | - Paul G Boswell
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 1970 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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17
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Beyaza A, Fana W, Carr PW, Schellinger AP. Instrument parameters controlling retention precision in gradient elution reversed-phase liquid. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1371:90-105. [PMID: 25459648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The precision of retention time in RPLC is important for compound identification, for setting peak integration time windows and in fundamental studies of retention. In this work, we studied the effect of temperature (T), initial (ϕo) and final mobile phase (ϕf) composition, gradient time (tG), and flow rate (F) on the retention time precision under gradient elution conditions for various types of low MW solutes. We determined the retention factor in pure water ( [Formula: see text] ) and the solute-dependent solvent strength (S) parameters of Snyder's linear solvent strength theory (LSST) as a function of temperature for three different groups of solutes. The effect of small changes in the chromatographic variables (T, ϕo, ϕf, tG and F) by use of the LSST gradient retention equation were estimated. Peaks at different positions in the chromatogram have different sensitivities to changes in these instrument parameters. In general, absolute fluctuations in retention time are larger at longer gradient times. Drugs showed less sensitivity to changes in temperature compared to relatively less polar solutes, non-ionogenic solutes. Surprisingly we observed that fluctuations in temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate had less effect on retention time under gradient conditions as compared to isocratic conditions. Overall temperature and the initial mobile phase composition are the most important variables affecting retention reproducibility in gradient elution chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Beyaza
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Kinetic behaviour in supercritical fluid chromatography with modified mobile phase for 5μm particle size. Part II: Effect of outlet pressure changes. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Kwon HJ, Choi SH, Yoo CS, Choi HY, Lee SE, Park YD. Development of an analytical method for yam saponins using HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection at different column temperatures. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:690-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jeong Kwon
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry; Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu; Seoul South Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry; Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu; Seoul South Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Yoo
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry; Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and maxillofacial Radiology; Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu; Seoul South Korea
| | - Soo-Eon Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong-Duk Park
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry; Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu; Seoul South Korea
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20
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High temperature liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenosugars in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:70-6. [PMID: 22995196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential of high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of arsenosugars in marine organisms was examined for the first time. The retention behavior of four naturally occurring dimethylarsinoylribosides was studied on a graphite column using plain water as mobile phase. An aqueous solution of pH 8, ionic strength 13.8mM and containing 2% (v/v) of methanol, along with a column temperature of 120°C and a liquid flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, were selected as the optimal conditions, as they allowed the separation of the four arsenosugars in less than 18 min, without any interferences due to other common arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinate, methylarsonate and arsenobetaine). The run time could be further decreased to 12 min by working at 1.5 mL/min, although with a 3-4 times loss of sensitivity. The procedural limits of detection were 0.03-0.04 μg As/g dry mass, and the precision of the procedure ranged from 4% for arsenosugar glycerol to 18% for arsenosugar sulfate (RSD%, n=5). The developed method was applied to a number of representative biological samples, such as algae and crustaceans, providing results consistent with previous studies. In the red algae samples, the most of extracted arsenic was as arsenosugars (81-97%), mainly arsenosugar phosphate (56-94%). On the other hand, lower concentrations of these compounds were found in the crustacean, accounting for about 15% of the extracted arsenic.
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21
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Buszewski B, Noga S. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)--a powerful separation technique. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:231-47. [PMID: 21879300 PMCID: PMC3249561 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) provides an alternative approach to effectively separate small polar compounds on polar stationary phases. The purpose of this work was to review the options for the characterization of HILIC stationary phases and their applications for separations of polar compounds in complex matrices. The characteristics of the hydrophilic stationary phase may affect and in some cases limit the choices of mobile phase composition, ion strength or buffer pH value available, since mechanisms other than hydrophilic partitioning could potentially occur. Enhancing our understanding of retention behavior in HILIC increases the scope of possible applications of liquid chromatography. One interesting option may also be to use HILIC in orthogonal and/or two-dimensional separations. Bioapplications of HILIC systems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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22
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Zhang L, Kujawinski DM, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. High-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2971-2980. [PMID: 21953951 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) has until now been based on ion-exchange separation. In this work, high-temperature reversed-phase liquid chromatography was coupled to, and for the first time carefully evaluated for, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HT-LC/IRMS) with four different stationary phases. Under isothermal and temperature gradient conditions, the column bleed of XBridge C(18) (up to 180 °C), Acquity C(18) (up to 200 °C), Triart C(18) (up to 150 °C), and Zirchrom PBD (up to 150 °C) had no influence on the precision and accuracy of δ(13) C measurements, demonstrating the suitability of these columns for HT-LC/IRMS analysis. Increasing the temperature during the LC/IRMS analysis of caffeine on two C(18) columns was observed to result in shortened analysis time. The detection limit of HT-RPLC/IRMS obtained for caffeine was 30 mg L(-1) (corresponding to 12.4 nmol carbon on-column). Temperature-programmed LC/IRMS (i) accomplished complete separation of a mixture of caffeine derivatives and a mixture of phenols and (ii) did not affect the precision and accuracy of δ(13)C measurements compared with flow injection analysis without a column. With temperature-programmed LC/IRMS, some compounds that coelute at room temperature could be baseline resolved and analyzed for their individual δ(13)C values, leading to an important extension of the application range of CSIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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23
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Collins D, Nesterenko E, Connolly D, Vasquez M, Macka M, Brabazon D, Paull B. Versatile Capillary Column Temperature Control Using a Thermoelectric Array Based Platform. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4307-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2004955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Collins
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Nesterenko
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Damian Connolly
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mercedes Vasquez
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mirek Macka
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Faculty of Engineering & Computing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin, City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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24
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Verstraeten M, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Luong J, Desmet G. Modelling the thermal behaviour of the Low-Thermal Mass Liquid Chromatography system. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. General Strategy for Performing Temperature Programming in High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Prediction of Linear Temperature Gradients. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2227-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103113m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wiese
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie-und Umwelttechnik e. V., Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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26
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McCalley DV. Instrumental considerations for the effective operation of short, highly efficient fused-core columns. Investigation of performance at high flow rates and elevated temperatures. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4561-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Boronic acid lectin affinity chromatography (BLAC). 3. Temperature dependence of glycoprotein isolation and enrichment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2401-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Muca R, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Effects of thermal heterogeneity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6716-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Practical assessment of frictional heating effects and thermostat design on the performance of conventional (3μm and 5μm) columns in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3961-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Foundations of retention in partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1530-50. [PMID: 19013576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Blackler AR, Speers AE, Wu CC. Chromatographic benefits of elevated temperature for the proteomic analysis of membrane proteins. Proteomics 2009; 8:3956-64. [PMID: 18780350 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) perform crucial cellular functions and are the primary targets for most pharmaceutical agents. However, the hydrophobic nature of their membrane-embedded domains and their intimate association with lipids make them difficult to handle. Numerous proteomic platforms that include LC separations have been reported for the high-throughput profiling of complex protein samples. However, there are still many challenges to overcome for proteomic analyses of IMPs, especially as compared to their soluble counterparts. In particular, considerations for the technical challenges associated with chromatographic separations are just beginning to be investigated. Here, we review the benefits of using elevated temperatures during LC for the proteomic analysis of complex membrane protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele R Blackler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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32
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Gu B, Cortes H, Luong J, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Mustacich R. Low Thermal Mass Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1488-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802022z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Gu
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Hernan Cortes
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jim Luong
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Matthias Pursch
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Patric Eckerle
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Robert Mustacich
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
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33
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Heinisch S, Rocca JL. Sense and nonsense of high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:642-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Mallik AK, Rahman MM, Czaun M, Takafuji M, Ihara H. Facile synthesis of high-density poly(octadecyl acrylate)-grafted silica for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Vanhoenacker G, Sandra P. High temperature and temperature programmed HPLC: possibilities and limitations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:245-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Jones
- a Selerity Technologies, Inc. , 2484 W. Custer Road, Salt Lake City , Utah , 84104 , USA
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37
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Smith RM. Superheated water chromatography--a green technology for the future. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:441-55. [PMID: 17658536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography using superheated water as the mobile phase, at temperatures between 100 and 250 degrees C, offers a number of advantages for the analyst. It is an environmentally clean solvent, reducing solvent usage and disposal costs. It has advantages in detection, allowing UV spectra to be monitored down to short wavelengths, as well as a compatibility with universal flame ionisation detection and mass spectroscopy. By employing deuterium oxide as the eluent, solvent free NMR spectra can be measured. The development of newer more thermally stable stationary phases, including hybrid phases, have expanded the analytes that can be examined and these now range from alkylbenzenes, phenols, alkyl aryl ketones and a number of pharmaceuticals to carboxylic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Very few compounds have been found to be unstable during the analysis. The separation methods can be directly coupled to superheated water extraction providing a totally solvent free system for sample extraction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
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38
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Abstract
The properties of stationary phases and their characterization methods are reviewed. New and significant developments have occurred in the last few years, and new methods for stationary phase characterization have become available. The characterization methods are discussed, and the differences between the different methods are pointed out. In addition, method development approaches are reviewed, with special emphasis on recent developments that employ multiple parameters in parallel. Also, the renewed interest of temperature as a tool in method development is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe D Neue
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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39
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Guillarme D, Heinisch S. Detection Modes with High Temperature Liquid Chromatography—A Review. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110500323055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Guillarme
- a Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences EPGL , Geneva University , Switzerland
| | - S. Heinisch
- b Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS UMR 5180) , Université Claude Bernard , Villeurbanne Cedex , France
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40
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Vanhoenacker G, Sandra P. Elevated temperature and temperature programming in conventional liquid chromatography – fundamentals and applications. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1822-35. [PMID: 16970186 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Temperature, as a powerful variable in conventional LC is discussed from a fundamental point of view and illustrated with applications from the author's laboratory. Emphasis is given to the influence of temperature on speed, selectivity, efficiency, detectability, and mobile phase composition (green chromatography). The problems accompanying the use of elevated temperature and temperature programming in LC are reviewed and solutions are described. The available stationary phases for high temperature operation are summarized and a brief overview of recent applications reported in the literature is given.
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41
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Yu H, Mou SF. Effect of temperature on the retention of amino acids and carbohydrates in high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:118-24. [PMID: 16412453 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effect of temperature on the retention of amino acids and carbohydrates in high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) was investigated. Amino acids retention exhibited both exothermic and endothermic behavior. Significant selectivity variations of some weakly retained amino acids were achieved through changing temperature. However, temperature was almost ineffective at changing the selectivity of strongly retained amino acids. Sugars retention exhibited only exothermic behavior. However, individual carbohydrates showed different relative changes in retention time with increased temperature. There is the general regularity, which is the variation of retention time increases as the sequence of monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide when the column temperature is increased. Selectivity changes of carbohydrates, including elution order reversal, were also achieved by varying temperature. Temperature was effective at changing the selectivity of between amino acids and carbohydrates. In achieving optimal separation of amino acids and carbohydrates, temperature is a valuable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150080, China
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42
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Teutenberg T, Goetze HJ, Tuerk J, Ploeger J, Kiffmeyer TK, Schmidt KG, Kohorst WG, Rohe T, Jansen HD, Weber H. Development and application of a specially designed heating system for temperature-programmed high-performance liquid chromatography using subcritical water as the mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1114:89-96. [PMID: 16530210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A specially designed heating system for temperature-programmed HPLC was developed based on experimental measurements of eluent temperature inside a stainless steel capillary using a very thin thermocouple. The heating system can be operated at temperatures up to 225 degrees C and consists of a preheating, a column heating and a cooling unit. Fast cycle times after a temperature gradient can be realized by an internal silicone oil bath which cools down the preheating and column heating unit. Long-term thermal stability of a polybutadiene-coated zirconium dioxide column has been evaluated using a tubular oven in which the column was placed. The packing material was stable after 50h of operation at 185 degrees C. A mixture containing four steroids was separated at ambient conditions using a mobile phase of 25% acetonitrile:75% deionized water and a mobile phase of pure deionized water at 185 degrees C using the specially designed heating system and the PBD column. Analysis time could be drastically reduced from 17 min at ambient conditions and a flow rate of 1 mL/min to only 1.2 min at 185 degrees C and a flow rate of 5 mL/min. At these extreme conditions, no thermal mismatch was observed and peaks were not distorted, thus underlining the performance of the developed heating system. Temperature programming was performed by separating cytostatic and antibiotic drugs with a temperature gradient using only water as the mobile phase. In contrast to an isocratic elution of this mixture at room temperature, overall analysis time could be reduced two-fold from 20 to 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology, Bliersheimer Strasse 60, D-47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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43
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Shih CY, Chen Y, Xie J, He Q, Tai YC. On-chip temperature gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:272-8. [PMID: 16569585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the first integrated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) HPLC chip that consists of a parylene high-pressure LC column, an electrochemical sensor, a resistive heater and a thermal-isolation structure for on-chip temperature gradient interaction chromatography application. The separation column was 8 mm long, 100 microm wide, 25 microm high and was packed with 5 microm sized, C18-coated beads using conventional slurry-packing technique. A novel parylene-enhanced, air-gap thermal isolation technology was used to reduce heater power consumption by 58% and to reduce temperature rise in the off-column area by 67%. The fabricated chip consumed 400 mW when operated at 100 degrees C. To test the chromatography performance of the fabricated system, a mixture of derivatized amino acids was chosen for separation. A temporal temperature gradient scanning from 25 to 65 degrees C with a ramping rate of 3.6 degrees C/min was applied to the column during separation. Successful chromatographic separation of derivatized amino acids was carried out using our chip. Compared with conventional temperature gradient HPLC system which incorporates "macro oven" to generate temporal temperature gradient on the column, our chip's thermal performance, i.e., power consumption and thermal response, is greatly improved without sacrificing chromatography quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Shih
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA.
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44
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Poplewska I, Piatkowski W, Antos D. Effect of temperature on competitive adsorption of the solute and the organic solvent in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:284-95. [PMID: 16343511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In analysis of the temperature effect on chromatographic separations the influence of the adsorption of organic solvent on the retention properties of solute is generally not taken into account. In fact, adsorption behavior of solutes is strongly affected by competitive adsorption of organic solvents, which is temperature dependent. In this work changes of adsorption equilibrium of an organic solvent as well as a solute with temperature have been analyzed. Data of the excess adsorption of methanol from aqueous solutions on octadecyl-bonded silica have been acquired at different temperature. Experiments have been performed over a relatively narrow temperature range corresponding to typical chromatographic conditions, i.e., 10-50 degrees C. The competitive adsorption equilibria of model solutes (i.e., two homologous compounds: cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) have been measured at different temperature and composition of the mobile phase. Temperature alterations to the retention properties were found to result from combined effects of changes in adsorption behavior of the organic solvent and of the solute. The influence of temperature on the separation selectivity has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Poplewska
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Avenue, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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45
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Petersson P, Euerby MR. An evaluation of the robustness of the Tanaka characterization protocol for reversed-phase liquid chromatography columns. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2120-9. [PMID: 16318208 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of the popular 'Tanaka' LC column characterization protocol has been evaluated by the statistical tools of reduced factorial design, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. These have shown that in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results, it is especially important to control the methanol content, the temperature and, in the case of the total ion-exchange capacity test (alphaB/P pH 7.6), the pH of the mobile phase. In particular, the hydrophobicity tests (kPB and alphaCH2) are sensitive to small changes in methanol content. Provided that the operating parameters for the Tanaka column characterization protocol are controlled within the following experimental limits, i.e. methanol content +/-0.5% v/v, temperature +/-3degreesC, pH +/-0.10 and buffer concentration +/-2.0 mM, it is feasible to distinguish between RP materials that possess selectivity differences larger than their batch-to-batch reproducibility. These experimental requirements can be easily met by current LC instrumentation. Hence, the validity of the Tanaka testing protocol for characterizing columns has been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Petersson
- AstraZeneca R&D Lund, Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, Charnwood/Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Kaul N, Agrawal H, Paradkar AR, Mahadik KR. Effect of system variables involved in packed column SFC of nevirapine as model analyte using response surface methodology: Application to retention thermodynamics, solute transfer kinetic study and binary diffusion coefficient determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:121-41. [PMID: 16109442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multifactor optimization technique is successfully applied to study the effect of simultaneously varying the system variables on feasibility of nevirapine analysis by packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (PC-SFC). The optimal conditions were determined with the aid of the response surface methodology using 3(3) factorial designs. The method is based on methanol-modified carbon dioxide as the mobile phase at flow rate of 3.0 ml/min with elution through a JASCO Finepak SIL-5, [C18 (5-micron, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d.)] column using photodiode array detection. The method has been successfully used to analyze commercial solid dosage form to assess the chromatographic performance of SFC system. The present work briefs the thermodynamic applications of PC-SFC with an emphasis on the results of nevirapine. The foremost of such applications is the determination of solute diffusion coefficient in supercritical mobile phase by Taylor-Aris peak broadening technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerej Kaul
- Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra State, India
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47
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Spearman L, Smith RM, Dube S. Monitoring effective column temperature by using shape selectivity and hydrophobicity and the effects of mobile phase temperature. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1060:147-51. [PMID: 15628157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Relative changes in the hydrophobicity and shape selectivity of standard analytes are shown to be a valuable method to monitor the reproducibility of the effective temperature experienced by the analytes in a chromatographic column in different ovens. Significant differences were observed between ovens with the same nominal temperature and could be a major cause of problems encountered in transferring methods between instruments or laboratories. By using two parameters, changes due to the column temperature can be distinguished from those caused by mobile phase composition differences. In addition marked increases in column efficiency were noted as the mobile phase temperature was reduced below the column temperature in contrast to claims that thermal equilibration is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Spearman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK
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48
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Buckenmaier SMC, McCalley DV, Euerby MR. Rationalisation of unusual changes in efficiency and retention with temperature shown for bases in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at intermediate pH. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1060:117-26. [PMID: 15628154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the possibility of poorer peak shapes, analysis of pharmaceuticals and other bases using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) at intermediate pH gives useful increases in retention, selectivity and column loading capacity compared with low pH. Retention times of some bases showed anomalous increases with column temperature. Peak shapes for bases improved significantly at elevated temperature (up to 70 degrees C), with the weakest bases studied (pKa approximately 8) giving greater improvement than the strongest bases (pKa approximately 10). In contrast, quaternary ammonium compounds showed reduced retention with increasing column temperature (normal behaviour) and only modest improvements in peak shape. Considering these results, and pKa measurements of the bases made using capillary electrophoresis, it appears that increases in retention and improvement in efficiency may be influenced significantly by reduction in the pKa of bases with temperature, leading to reduction in protonation. It is less likely that efficiency improvements are due to the speeding up of the kinetics of silanol ion exchange, at least in the temperature range studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan M C Buckenmaier
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY UK
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49
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Jandera P, Blomberg LG, Lundanes E. Controlling the retention in capillary LC with solvents, temperature, and electric fields. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1402-18. [PMID: 15638149 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Once a suitable stationary phase and column dimensions have been selected, the retention in liquid chromatography (LC) is traditionally adjusted by controlling the mobile phase composition. Solvent gradients enable achievement of good separation selectivity while decreasing the separation time as compared to isocratic elution. Capillary columns allow use of other programming parameters, i.e. temperature and applied electric fields, in addition to solvent gradient elution. This paper presents a review of programmed separation techniques in miniaturized LC, including retention modeling and method transfer from the conventional to micro- and capillary scales. The impact of miniaturized instrumentation on retention and the limitations of capillary LC are discussed. Special attention is focused on the gradient dwell volume effects, which are more important in micro-LC techniques than in conventional analytical LC and may cause significant increase in the time of analysis, unless special instrumentation and (or) pre-column flow-splitting is used. The influence of temperature upon retention is also discussed, and applications where the temperature has been actively used for retention control in capillary LC are included together with the instrumentation utilized. Finally the possibilities of additional selectivity control by applying an electric field over a packed capillary LC column are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Nám Cs legii 565, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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50
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Snyder LR, Maule A, Heebsh A, Cuellar R, Paulson S, Carrano J, Wrisley L, Chan CC, Pearson N, Dolan JW, Gilroy JJ. A fast, convenient and rugged procedure for characterizing the selectivity of alkyl-silica columns. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1057:49-57. [PMID: 15584222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the selectivity of reversed-phase columns for HPLC can be described by means of five column parameters: H (hydrophobicity), S* (steric resistance), A (hydrogen-bond acidity), B (hydrogen-bond basicity) and C (cation-exchange capacity). Values of H, S*, etc. can be determined by carrying out retention measurements for 18 test solutes under standardized conditions. The reproducibility of the latter procedure has been evaluated by comparison testing in four different laboratories and found acceptable. An alternative 10-solute test procedure which is more reproducible and convenient (but somewhat less accurate), requires only 2-3 h per column.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Snyder
- LC Resources Inc, Orinda, CA 94563, USA.
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