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Berland L, Kim L, Abousaway O, Mines A, Mishra S, Clark L, Hofman P, Rashidian M. Nanobodies for Medical Imaging: About Ready for Prime Time? Biomolecules 2021; 11:637. [PMID: 33925941 PMCID: PMC8146371 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in medical treatments have been revolutionary in shaping the management and treatment landscape of patients, notably cancer patients. Over the last decade, patients with diverse forms of locally advanced or metastatic cancer, such as melanoma, lung cancers, and many blood-borne malignancies, have seen their life expectancies increasing significantly. Notwithstanding these encouraging results, the present-day struggle with these treatments concerns patients who remain largely unresponsive, as well as those who experience severely toxic side effects. Gaining deeper insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these variable responses will bring us closer to developing more effective therapeutics. To assess these mechanisms, non-invasive imaging techniques provide valuable whole-body information with precise targeting. An example of such is immuno-PET (Positron Emission Tomography), which employs radiolabeled antibodies to detect specific molecules of interest. Nanobodies, as the smallest derived antibody fragments, boast ideal characteristics for this purpose and have thus been used extensively in preclinical models and, more recently, in clinical early-stage studies as well. Their merit stems from their high affinity and specificity towards a target, among other factors. Furthermore, their small size (~14 kDa) allows them to easily disperse through the bloodstream and reach tissues in a reliable and uniform manner. In this review, we will discuss the powerful imaging potential of nanobodies, primarily through the lens of imaging malignant tumors but also touching upon their capability to image a broader variety of nonmalignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Berland
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06100 Nice, France;
| | - Lauren Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Omar Abousaway
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Andrea Mines
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Shruti Mishra
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Louise Clark
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06100 Nice, France;
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, FHU OncoAge, Nice Center Hospital, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (L.B.); (L.K.); (O.A.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (L.C.)
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hardersen R, Enebakk T, Christiansen D, Bergseth G, Brekke OL, Mollnes TE, Lappegård KT, Hovland A. Granulocyte and monocyte CD11b expression during plasma separation is dependent on complement factor 5 (C5) - an ex vivo study with blood from a C5-deficient individual. APMIS 2018; 126:342-352. [PMID: 29575196 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of complement factor 5 (C5) in reactions elicited by plasma separation using blood from a C5-deficient (C5D) individual, comparing it to C5-deficient blood reconstituted with C5 (C5DR) and blood from healthy donors. Blood was circulated through an ex vivo plasma separation model. Leukocyte CD11b expression and leukocyte-platelet conjugates were measured by flow cytometry during a 30-min period. Other markers were assessed during a 240-min period. Granulocyte and monocyte CD11b expression did not increase in C5D blood during plasma separation. In C5DR samples granulocytes CD11b expression, measured by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), increased from 10481 ± 6022 (SD) to 62703 ± 4936, and monocytes CD11b expression changed from 13837 ± 7047 to 40063 ± 713. Granulocyte-platelet conjugates showed a 2.5-fold increase in the C5DR sample compared to the C5D sample. Monocyte-platelet conjugates increased independently of C5. In the C5D samples, platelet count decreased from 210 × 109 /L (201-219) (median and range) to 51 × 109 /L (50-51), and C3bc increased from 14 CAU/mL (21-7) to 198 CAU/mL (127-269), whereas TCC formation was blocked during plasma separation. In conclusion, up-regulation of granulocyte and monocyte CD11b during plasma separation was C5-dependent. The results also indicate C5 dependency in granulocyte-platelet conjugates formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolf Hardersen
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Terje Enebakk
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | | | | | - Ole-Lars Brekke
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,K.J. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Tore Lappegård
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Anders Hovland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K. G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
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Huang X, Rao A, Zhou W, Aslanian R, Nargund R, Buevich A, Zhang LK, Qiu H, Yang X, Garlisi CG, Correll C, Palani A. The synthesis of 2,3,6-trisubstituted 1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines as potent CRTh 2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5344-5348. [PMID: 29110986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
New synthetic methods were developed for the preparation of 2,3,6-trisubstituted 1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolines as CRTh2 antagonists. The isoquinolinone core could be constructed before the introduction of substitution groups or synthesized through a catalytic intramolecular cyclization reaction with desired substitution groups properly installed. These synthetic strategies have helped to accelerate the SAR development of this series, and potent lead compounds were identified in both the CRTh2 receptor binding assay and the CD11b biomarker assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Huang
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Ashwin Rao
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robert Aslanian
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Process Research and Development, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li-Kang Zhang
- Process Research and Development, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hongchen Qiu
- In Vitro Pharmacology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Yang
- In Vitro Pharmacology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles G Garlisi
- In Vitro Pharmacology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig Correll
- Immunology, MRL, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anandan Palani
- Discovery Chemistry, MRL, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Busch-Petersen J, Carpenter DC, Burman M, Foley J, Hunsberger GE, Kilian DJ, Salmon M, Mayer RJ, Yonchuk JG, Tal-Singer R. Danirixin: A Reversible and Selective Antagonist of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:338-346. [PMID: 28611093 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a key receptor in the chemotaxis of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. The studies reported here describe the pharmacological characterization of danirixin, a CXCR2 antagonist in the diaryl urea chemical class. Danirixin has high affinity for CXCR2, with a negative log of the 50% inhibitory concentration (pIC50) of 7.9 for binding to Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO)-expressed human CXCR2, and 78-fold selectivity over binding to CHO-expressed CXCR1. Danirixin is a competitive antagonist against CXCL8 in Ca2+-mobilization assays, with a KB (the concentration of antagonist that binds 50% of the receptor population) of 6.5 nM and antagonist potency (pA2) of 8.44, and is fully reversible in washout experiments over 180 minutes. In rat and human whole-blood studies assessing neutrophil activation by surface CD11b expression following CXCL2 (rat) or CXCL1 (human) challenge, danirixin blocks the CD11b upregulation with pIC50s of 6.05 and 6.3, respectively. Danirixin dosed orally also blocked the influx of neutrophils into the lung in vivo in rats following aerosol lipopolysaccharide or ozone challenge, with median effective doses (ED50s) of 1.4 and 16 mg/kg respectively. Thus, danirixin would be expected to block chemotaxis in disease states in which neutrophils are increased in response to inflammation, such as pulmonary diseases. In comparison with navarixin, a CXCR2 antagonist from a different chemical class, the binding characterization of danirixin is distinct. These observations may offer insight into the previously observed clinical differences in induction of neutropenia between these compounds.
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Zhao C, Yang X, Su EM, Huang Y, Li L, Matthay MA, Su X. Signals of vagal circuits engaging with AKT1 in α7 nAChR +CD11b + cells lessen E. coli and LPS-induced acute inflammatory injury. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17009. [PMID: 28529765 PMCID: PMC5419718 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vagal circuits-α7 nAChR (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, coded by Chrna7) signaling utilizes spleen as a hub to dampen systemic inflammatory responses. Vagal innervations also extend to the distal airways and alveoli. Vagotomy and deficiency of α7 nAChR deteriorate E. coli and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammatory responses; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we hypothesized that vagal circuits would limit splenic release and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells (CD11b is coded by Itgam, a surface marker of monocytes and neutrophils) via phosphorylation of AKT1 and that this process would define the severity of lung injury. Using both E. coli and LPS-induced lung injury mouse models, we found that vagotomy augmented splenic egress and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells, and consequently worsened lung inflammatory responses. Rescue of vagotomy with an α7 nAChR agonist preserved α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells in the spleen, suppressed recruitment of these cells to the lung and attenuated lung inflammatory responses. Vagal signals via α7 nAChR promoted serine473 phosphorylation of AKT1 in α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells and stabilized these cells in the spleen. Deletion of Akt1 enhanced splenic egress and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells, which elicited neutrophil-infiltrated lung inflammation and injury. Vagotomy and double deletion of Chrna7 and Itgam reduced serine473 phosphorylation of AKT1 in the spleen and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) Ly6CintGr1hi neutrophils and Ly6Chi monocytes, and they facilitated the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the airspaces of E. coli-injured lungs. Double deletion of Chrna7 and Itgam increased lung recruitment of monocytes and/or neutrophils and deteriorated E. coli and LPS-induced lung injury. Thus, signals of vagal circuits engaging with AKT1 in α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells attenuate E. coli and LPS-induced acute lung inflammatory responses. Targeting this signaling pathway could provide novel therapeutic strategies for treating acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Emily M Su
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Litvinova L, Kirienkova E, Mazunin I, Vasilenko M, Fattakhov N. Insulin resistance pathogenesis in metabolic obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:70-82. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance concomitant with metabolic inflammation. We also analyze the world results of experimental and clinical studies which aimed at identifying the molecular targets for the development of new prevention and treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.S. Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - E.V. Kirienkova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - I.O. Mazunin
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - M.A. Vasilenko
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - N.S. Fattakhov
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
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The marginating-pulmonary immune compartment in mice exhibits increased NK cytotoxicity and unique cellular characteristics. Immunol Res 2014; 58:28-39. [PMID: 24132552 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To test whether marginating-pulmonary (MP) leukocytes in mice have a unique potential to identify and destroy aberrant circulating cells, we compared MP to circulating leukocytes with respect to natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity, proinflammatory characteristics, molecular determinants of activation, and response to IL-12 immunostimulation. Cytotoxicity was assessed employing the YAC-1, B16F10, and 3LL target lines. C57BL/6 mice were injected with either saline or murine IL-12 (0.1 or 0.5 µg/mouse), either once or three times 48-h apart. Twenty-four hours after last injection, cardiac blood was withdrawn and MP leukocytes were collected by forced lung perfusion. NK cytotoxicity, cellular composition, and surface molecular markers were studied. MP leukocytes exhibited greater NK cytotoxicity than circulating leukocytes against the syngeneic B16F10 and 3LL tumor lines, but not against the allogeneic YAC-1 line. NKG2D and IL-12 receptor expression predicted NK cytotoxicity in circulating leukocytes, but not in MP leukocytes. IFNγ-receptor, IL-12-receptor, CD69, CD11a, and CD11b showed different patterns of expression in the two leukocyte populations, suggesting pro-inflammatory characteristics of the MP compartment. IL-12 stimulation caused differential effects on these markers and also elevated cytotoxicity in both compartments, but in different effector: target ratio-dependent patterns. MP leukocytes may play a critical role in eliminating aberrant circulating cells due to their enhanced NK cytotoxicity and given their strategic location in the lungs vasculature, which forces physical interactions with all circulating aberrant cells. MP-NK cells are unique in their cytotoxic mechanisms against syngeneic targets and in their activation profile and response to immunostimulatory agents.
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Mathias GP, Garcia MD, Neves FS. CD11b expression on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis in a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood ex vivo
model. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 20:60-67. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecular targets related to inflammation and insulin resistance and potential interventions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:379024. [PMID: 23049242 PMCID: PMC3463198 DOI: 10.1155/2012/379024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and insulin resistance are common in several chronic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies show a relationship between these two factors, although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood yet. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of insulin resistance and inflammation and the molecular aspects on inflammatory pathways interfering in insulin action. Moreover, we explore interventions based on molecular targets for preventing or treating correlated disorders, advances for a better characterization, and understanding of the mechanisms and mediators involved in the different inflammatory and insulin resistance conditions. Finally, we address biotechnological studies for the development of new potential therapies and interventions.
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Sunahara KKS, Martins JO. Alveolar macrophages in diabetes: friends or foes? J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:871-6. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0911488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Agnihotri G, Ukani R, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Balakrishna R, Wang X, David SA. Structure-activity relationships in nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (Nod1) agonistic γ-glutamyldiaminopimelic acid derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1490-510. [PMID: 21299227 DOI: 10.1021/jm101535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
N-acyl-γ-glutamyldiaminopimelic acid is a prototype ligand for Nod1. We report a detailed SAR of C(12)-γ-D-Glu-DAP. Analogues with glutaric or γ-aminobutyric acid replacing the glutamic acid show greatly attenuated Nod1-agonistic activity. Substitution of the meso-diaminopimelic (DAP) acid component with monoaminopimelic acid, L- or D-lysine, or cadaverine also results in reduced activity. The free amine on DAP is crucial. However, the N-acyl group on the D-glutamyl residue can be substituted with N-alkyl groups with full preservation of activity. The free carboxylates on the DAP and Glu components can also be esterified, resulting in more lipophilic but active analogues. Transcriptomal profiling showed a dominant up-regulation of IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, and IL-24, which may explain the pronounced Th2-polarizing activity of these compounds and also implicate cell signaling mediated by TREM-1. These results may explain the hitherto unknown mechanism of synergy between Nod1 and TLR agonists and are likely to be useful in designing vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Agnihotri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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The marginating-pulmonary immune compartment in rats: characteristics of continuous inflammation and activated NK cells. J Immunother 2010; 33:16-29. [PMID: 19952959 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b0b146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A significant role has been indicated for cellular immunity in controlling circulating cancer cells, but most autologous tumor cells seem resistant, in vitro, to natural killer cell (NKC) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes cytotoxicity. Addressing this apparent contradiction, we recently identified a unique leukocyte population, marginating-pulmonary (MP)-leukocytes, which exhibit potent natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity. Here, we characterize the MP-compartment in naive and immunostimulated rats, and assessed its cytotoxicity against "NK-resistant" tumors cells. Animals were treated with poly I-C (3x0.2 mg/kg) or saline, and circulating-leukocytes and MP-leukocytes were collected and analyzed in terms of cellular composition, cellular activation markers, and NK cytotoxicity of leukocytes and purified NKCs. Compared with circulating-leukocytes, MP-leukocytes showed greater proportion of granulocytes, monocytes, NKCs, and large NKCs; higher expression of activation and adhesion markers (CD25, CD11a, CD11b, and NKR-P1, IFN-gamma); and elevated NK cytotoxicity of leukocytes and purified NKCs against several syngeneic and xenogeneic NK-resistant target cells (from both F344 and BDX inbred rats). In immunostimulated animals (treated with poly I-C), but not in naive animals, purified NKCs from the MP-compartment showed markedly superior cytotoxicity, suggesting that poly I-C immunostimulation uniquely affect MP-NKCs, and that in naive animals other MP-leukocytes support NK cytotoxicity. Overall, the results suggest that the MP-compartment is characterized by a continuous activated inflammatory microenvironment uniquely affected by immunostimulation. If similarly potent MP-NKCs exist in patients, then circulating autologous tumor cells that are considered "NK-resistant" could actually be controlled by MP-NKCs. Innate immunity may assume greater role in controlling malignant spread, especially after immunostimulation.
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Williams RN, Hj Ibrahim N, Nunes QM, Allison SP, Rowlands BJ, Adrian Robins R, Lobo DN. Effect of intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline on neutrophil activation in healthy volunteers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17471060600551806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jonsson EW, Palmberg L. Differential Pattern of Human Blood Neutrophil Activation After Stimulation With Organic Dust in Vitro and in Vivo. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:131-8. [PMID: 17293754 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31802f3c4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study activation of blood neutrophils in subjects after in vitro and in vivo stimulation. METHODS Blood from healthy volunteers was collected before and after their exposure to organic dust in a pig farm. Surface markers of neutrophil activation were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In vivo, there was a diurnal variation in basal levels of CD11b. Swine dust exposure increased the number of blood neutrophils and the levels of myeloperoxidase without effects on CD11b or Cys-X-Cys receptor 1 (CXCR-1) expression. However, a positive correlation between changes of myeloperoxidase and CD11b expression was observed. In vitro, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leukotriene (LT)B4, LTD4, and swine dust stimulated the expression of CD11b. fMLP, LPS, and LTB4 diminished the expression of CXCR-1. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to swine dust in vitro activated neutrophils and inhalation of swine dust caused neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wikström Jonsson
- Department of Medicine KS/KI, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nicholson GC, Tennant RC, Carpenter DC, Sarau HM, Kon OM, Barnes PJ, Salmon M, Vessey RS, Tal-Singer R, Hansel TT. A novel flow cytometric assay of human whole blood neutrophil and monocyte CD11b levels: upregulation by chemokines is related to receptor expression, comparison with neutrophil shape change, and effects of a chemokine receptor (CXCR2) antagonist. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:52-9. [PMID: 16406722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smokers who develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have amplified inflammation within their lungs, involving selective tissue accumulation of neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ T cells. CD11b (Mac-1, alphaMbeta(2)-integrin) is both a complement receptor (CR3) and a cell adhesion molecule present on the surface of peripheral blood leukocytes, and undergoes rapid surface upregulation from preformed cytoplasmic stores on activation. Cellular activation can also trigger chemotaxis and shape change, the activation itself being caused by the binding of chemokines to cell surface receptors. METHODS We developed a method of whole blood flow cytometry to measure neutrophil and monocyte CD11b upregulation on CD16+ and CD14+ cells, employing staining with the nuclear dye LDS-751 immediately before flow cytometry. In addition we assessed neutrophil shape change by modified gated autofluorescence with forward scatter (GAFS), this being correlated with chemotactic responses. RESULTS In smokers with COPD there was a lower maximal shape change for neutrophils in response to CXCL8 (IL-8) in comparison to healthy smokers (p=0.025), and a trend for lower expression of CD11b and shape change in response to CXCL1 (GRO-alpha). Neutrophils were found to predominantly express chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 and respond to CXCL8 with CD11b upregulation, while monocytes express more CCR2 and upregulate CD11b preferentially to CCL2 (MCP-1). A CXCR2 antagonist (SB-656933) was found to inhibit neutrophil CD11b upregulation (IC50=260.7nM) and shape change (IC50=310.5nM) in COPD patients. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils and monocytes participate in inflammatory processes in a range of diseases. These whole blood assays can be employed to monitor activity in disease and perform in vitro and ex vivo assessment of chemokine receptor (CXCR) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant C Nicholson
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Clinical Studies Unit, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6HP, UK
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Kenny JR, Maggs JL, Tettey JNA, Harrell AW, Parker SG, Clarke SE, Park BK. FORMATION AND PROTEIN BINDING OF THE ACYL GLUCURONIDE OF A LEUKOTRIENE B4ANTAGONIST (SB-209247): RELATION TO SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN HEPATOTOXICITY. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 33:271-81. [PMID: 15523047 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SB-209247 [(E)-3-[6-[[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-thio]methyl]-3-(2-phenylethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]-2-propenoic acid], an anti-inflammatory leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, was associated in beagle dogs but not male rats with an inflammatory hepatopathy. It also produced a concentration-dependent (10-1000 microM) but equal leakage of enzymes from dog and rat precision-cut liver slices. The hepatic metabolism of SB-209247 was investigated with reference to the formation of reactive acyl glucuronides. [14C]SB-209247 (100 micromol/kg) administered i.v. to anesthetized male rats was eliminated by biliary excretion of the acyl glucuronides of the drug and its sulfoxide. After 5 h, 1.03 +/- 0.14% (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4) of the dose was bound irreversibly to liver tissue. The sulfoxide glucuronide underwent pH-dependent rearrangement in bile more rapidly than did the SB-209247 conjugate. [14C]SB-209247 was metabolized by sulfoxidation and glucuronidation in rat and dog hepatocytes, and approximately 1 to 2% of [14C]SB-209247 (100 microM) became irreversibly bound to cellular material. [14C]SB-209247 sulfoxide and glucuronide were the only metabolites produced by dog, rat, and human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), respectively. V(max) values for [14C]SB-209247 glucuronidation by dog, rat, and human microsomes were 2.6 +/- 0.1, 1.2 +/- 0.1, and 0.4 +/- 0.0 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Hepatic microsomes from all three species catalyzed UDPGA-dependent but not NADPH-dependent irreversible binding of [14C]SB-209247 (100-250 microM) to microsomal protein. Although a reactive acyl glucuronide was formed by microsomes from every species, the binding did not differ between species. Therefore, neither the acute cellular injury nor glucuronidation-driven irreversible protein binding in vitro is predictive of the drug-induced hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Pettersson A, Richter J, Owman C. Flow cytometric mapping of the leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT1, in human bone marrow and peripheral blood using specific monoclonal antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1467-75. [PMID: 12946443 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously raised two monoclonal antibodies (7B1, 14F11) recognizing the high-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT1. They were presently used to determine receptor surface expression in the hematopoietic system. In peripheral blood, BLT1 was primarily recognized in granulocytes, monocytes and, to a lower extent, in certain lymphocytes except the CD4 subpopulation. The expression pattern was similar in bone marrow cells. In vitro differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells induced BLT1 expression within 7 days, which remained constant up to day 17 when a further increase was measured and maintained up to day 20. BLT1 expression was modified by inflammatory mediators: LPS, TNFalpha, fMLP, as well as LTB4 itself, caused a slight down-regulation at 30 min, an effect that was particularly marked with PMA, whereas the effect was least pronounced with IL-8. The antibodies have proved to be useful in an extensive mapping of BLT1 in both peripheral blood and bone marrow and as a tool to elucidate changes in the receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Pettersson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, BMC A12, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
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Mathison RD, Befus AD, Davison JS, Woodman RC. Modulation of neutrophil function by the tripeptide feG. BMC Immunol 2003; 4:3. [PMID: 12659660 PMCID: PMC152650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 03/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are critical in the defense against potentially harmful microorganisms, but their excessive and inappropriate activation can contribute significantly to tissue damage and a worsening pathology. Through the release of endocrine factors submandibular glands contribute to achieving a balance in neutrophil function by modulating the state of activation and migratory potential of circulating neutrophils. A putative hormonal candidate for these effects on neutrophils was identified as a heptapeptide named submandibular gland peptide T (SGP-T; sequence = TDIFEGG). Since the tripeptide FEG, derived from SGP-T, and its D-amino acid analogue feG had similar inhibitory effects on inflammatory reactions, we investigated the effects of feG on human and rat neutrophil function. RESULTS With human neutrophils feG had no discernible effect on oxidative burst or phagocytosis, but in picomolar amounts it reduced PAF-induced neutrophil movement and adhesion, and the binding of CD11b by 34% and that of CD16b close to control values. In the rat feG (10-11M) reduced the binding of CD11b and CD16 antibodies to PAF-stimulated circulating neutrophils by 35% and 43%, respectively, and at 100 micrograms/kilograms intraperitoneally feG reduced neutrophil in vivo migration by 40%. With ovalbumin-sensitized rats that were challenged with antigen, feG inhibited binding of antibodies against CD16b but not CD11b, on peritoneal leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of feG on neutrophil movement may be mediated by alterations in the co-stimulatory molecules CD11b and CD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Mathison
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Dean Befus
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Joseph S Davison
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Medeiros AI, Bonato VLD, Malheiro A, Dias ARV, Silva CL, Faccioli LH. Histoplasma capsulatum inhibits apoptosis and Mac-1 expression in leucocytes. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:392-8. [PMID: 12234260 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus found intracellularly in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that it is capable of evading damage and survives inside these cells. In this study, we report that neutrophils from H. capsulatum-infected mice, and human neutrophils and mononuclear cells exposed to H. capsulatum presented less apoptosis than those from noninfected animals or cells exposed to medium only. Moreover, cells harvested from infected animals are resistant to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone - a proapoptotic stimulant. We also show that neutrophils harvested from infected mice and PBMCs from humans exposed to the fungus had a greatly decreased Mac-1 expression. We conclude that H. capsulatum induces an antiapoptotic state on leucocytes, which correlates with decreased cell-surface Mac-1 expression. These facts may represent an escape mechanism for the fungus by delaying cell death and allowing the fungus to survive inside leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Medeiros
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Bromatology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rivas AL, Quimby FW, Coksaygan O, Alba A, Arina A, Arrobas MJ, González RN, Mohammed HO, Lein DH. Expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and mammary gland leukocytes and bacterial survival in milk of cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1840-51. [PMID: 11763169 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To differentiate early (1 to 8 days) from late (9 to 14 days) inflammatory phases and assess relationships between leukocyte phenotype and bacterial recovery in cows with Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis. ANIMALS 10 first-lactation Holstein cows. PROCEDURE Blood and milk samples were collected from 4 or 6 cows before and after intramammary infusion of sterile broth or S. aureus, respectively. Flow cytometric expression of CD3 and CD11b antigens on blood and milk leukocytes, leukocyte differential counts, bacterial counts in milk, and somatic cell counts were determined longitudinally. RESULTS Density of CD3 molecules decreased on blood lymphocytes and increased on milk lymphocytes after infusion of bacteria. Density of CD11b molecules on lymphocytes and phagocytes and percentage of CD11b+ lymphocytes in milk increased significantly after infusion; maximum values were achieved during the early inflammatory phase. Density of CD3 and CD11b molecules on milk lymphocytes and macrophages, respectively, 1 day after inoculation were negatively correlated with bacterial recovery on day 1 and days 9 to 14, respectively. Density of CD11b molecules on milk macrophages and the ratios of phagocyte to lymphocyte percentages and polymorphonuclear cell to macrophage percentages in milk differentiated the early from the late inflammatory phase. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Activation of bovine mammary gland macrophages and T cells in response to intramammary infusion of S. aureus was associated with an inability to culture this bacterium from milk. Identification of specific inflammatory phases of S. aureus-induced mastitis in cows may allow for the design of more efficacious treatment and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Peltroche-Llacsahuanga H, Schmidt S, Schnitzler N, Lütticken R, Haase G. Simultaneous measurement of biopolymer-mediated Mac-1 up-regulation and adherence of neutrophils: a novel flow cytometric approach for predicting initial inflammatory interaction with foreign materials. J Immunol Methods 2001; 258:13-25. [PMID: 11684119 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of any medical device normally causes an inflammatory cell interaction with the foreign material. In vitro cell activation of human neutrophils (Mac-1 upregulation) has been taken as one measure to assess the attributable risk of inflammation due to biopolymers before their clinical application. Mac-1 expression has generally been measured by flow cytometric assays, whereas quantification of neutrophil adhesion to the biopolymer surfaces has been performed by separate and time-consuming assays, e.g. microscopically by differential cell counting. However, due to an increasing number of surface-modified novel biopolymers entering clinical usage, effective testing of their inflammatory potential is now mandatory. To facilitate these analyses, we have developed a novel flow cytometric assay permitting simultaneous measurement of biopolymer-mediated neutrophil activation and adhesion. The biopolymers were used as beads (diameter 25+/-10 microm), and were demonstrated to be non-phagocytosable and non-fluorescent before being co-incubated with whole human blood (range of ratio granulocytes/beads from 5:1 to 1:1). Besides flow cytometric measurement of Mac-1 up-regulated neutrophils as fluorescing events, a fluorescence of the bead population indicates the adherence of activated neutrophils to the biopolymer surface.After establishing this assay, we evaluated it by comparing six different biopolymers. We observed high levels of Mac-1 expression (>70% of positive control) accompanied by increased adhesiveness (>60% of neutrophils) for polyurethane (PUR), polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA), and poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA) beads. Low Mac-1 expression levels (<10%) accompanied by a low percentage of adhering neutrophils (<10%) were observed for polyethylene (PE), polyisoprene (PI), and silicone (SI) beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peltroche-Llacsahuanga
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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