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Certini G, Kwon T, Rompato B, Djukic I, Forte C. Decomposition of green tea and rooibos tea across three monospecific temperate forests: Effect of litter type and tree species. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16689. [PMID: 37292290 PMCID: PMC10245258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of different forest covers on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of two standardised litters during decomposition in soil. For this purpose, commercially available bags containing green tea or rooibos tea were incubated in close monospecific stands of Fagus sylvatica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Quercus cerris, in the Apennines range, Italy, and then analysed at different intervals for up to two years. We also investigated the fate of various C functional groups in both types of litter under beech by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After two years of incubation, green tea had not changed its original C/N ratio of 10, while rooibos tea had nearly halved its original value of 45, because of different C and N dynamics. Both litters progressively lost C, about fifty per cent of the initial content in the case of rooibos tea, and a little more for green tea, most of the loss occurring in the first three months. In terms of N, green tea behaved as for C, while rooibos tea in the early stage lost part of its N stock, fully recovering it by the end of the first year. Under beech, both litters showed a preferential loss in carbohydrates during the first trimester of incubation and, consequently, an indirect enrichment in lipids. Later on, the relative contribution of the various C forms remained practically constant. Our results overall support that the decay rate and compositional changes of litter depend strongly on the litter type and little on the tree cover of the soil in which the litter is incubated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Certini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - TaeOh Kwon
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Bianca Rompato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ika Djukic
- Ecosystem Research & Environmental Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Claudia Forte
- ICCOM-CNR, Area della Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Mao J, Cao X, Olk DC, Chu W, Schmidt-Rohr K. Advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy of natural organic matter. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 100:17-51. [PMID: 28552171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR is essential for the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) and is gaining importance in geosciences and environmental sciences. This review is intended to highlight advanced solid-state NMR techniques, especially a systematic approach to NOM characterization, and their applications to the study of NOM. We discuss some basics of how to acquire high-quality and quantitative solid-state 13C NMR spectra, and address some common technical mistakes that lead to unreliable spectra of NOM. The identification of specific functional groups in NOM, primarily based on 13C spectral-editing techniques, is described and the theoretical background of some recently-developed spectral-editing techniques is provided. Applications of solid-state NMR to investigating nitrogen (N) in NOM are described, focusing on limitations of the widely used 15N CP/MAS experiment and the potential of improved advanced NMR techniques for characterizing N forms in NOM. Then techniques used for identifying proximities, heterogeneities and domains are reviewed, and some examples provided. In addition, NMR techniques for studying segmental dynamics in NOM are reviewed. We also briefly discuss applications of solid-state NMR to NOM from various sources, including soil organic matter, aquatic organic matter, organic matter in atmospheric particulate matter, carbonaceous meteoritic organic matter, and fossil fuels. Finally, examples of NMR-based structural models and an outlook are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, United States.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, United States.
| | - Dan C Olk
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, 1015 N. University Blvd., Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Wenying Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, United States.
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, United States.
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Kumar DS, Kumar PS, Rajendran NM, Anbuganapathi G. Compost maturity assessment using physicochemical, solid-state spectroscopy, and plant bioassay analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11326-11331. [PMID: 24191667 DOI: 10.1021/jf4034943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The vermicompost produced from flower waste inoculated with biofertilizers was subjected to compost maturity test: (i) physicochemical method (pH, OC, TN, C:N); (ii) solid state spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and (13)C CPMAS NMR); and (iii) plant bioassay (germination index). The pH of vermicompost was decreased toward neutral, C:N ratio < 20; reduced organic carbon with increased nitrogen indicates the compost attains maturity. The final vermicomposts result shows reduction of complex organic materials into simple minerals which indicates the maturity of the experimental vermicompost product than the control. The increased aliphatic portion incorporated with flower residues may be due to the synthesis of alkyl, O-alkyl, and COO groups by the microbes present in the gut of earthworm. Plant bioassays are considered the most conventional assessment of compost maturity analysis, and subsequently, it shows the effect of vermicompost maturity on the germination index of Vigna mungo .
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Affiliation(s)
- D Senthil Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Kandaswami Kandar College , Paramathi Velur-638 182, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Schmidt-Rohr K, Fritzsching KJ, Liao SY, Hong M. Spectral editing of two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR spectra for protein resonance assignment and structure determination. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2012; 54:343-53. [PMID: 23053913 PMCID: PMC3656487 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-012-9676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several techniques for spectral editing of 2D (13)C-(13)C correlation NMR of proteins are introduced. They greatly reduce the spectral overlap for five common amino acid types, thus simplifying spectral assignment and conformational analysis. The carboxyl (COO) signals of glutamate and aspartate are selected by suppressing the overlapping amide N-CO peaks through (13)C-(15)N dipolar dephasing. The sidechain methine (CH) signals of valine, lecuine, and isoleucine are separated from the overlapping methylene (CH(2)) signals of long-chain amino acids using a multiple-quantum dipolar transfer technique. Both the COO and CH selection methods take advantage of improved dipolar dephasing by asymmetric rotational-echo double resonance (REDOR), where every other π-pulse is shifted from the center of a rotor period t(r) by about 0.15 t(r). This asymmetry produces a deeper minimum in the REDOR dephasing curve and enables complete suppression of the undesired signals of immobile segments. Residual signals of mobile sidechains are positively identified by dynamics editing using recoupled (13)C-(1)H dipolar dephasing. In all three experiments, the signals of carbons within a three-bond distance from the selected carbons are detected in the second spectral dimension via (13)C spin exchange. The efficiencies of these spectral editing techniques range from 60 % for the COO and dynamic selection experiments to 25 % for the CH selection experiment, and are demonstrated on well-characterized model proteins GB1 and ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - K. J. Fritzsching
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - S. Y. Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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The effect of lignin photodegradation on decomposability of Calamagrostis epigeios grass litter. Biodegradation 2011; 22:1247-54. [PMID: 21667318 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The common grass Calamagrostis epigeions produces a large amount of dead biomass, which remain above the soil surface for many months. In this study, we determined how exposure of dead biomass above the soil affects its subsequent decomposition in soil. Collected dead standing biomass was divided in two parts, the first one (initial litter) was stored in a dark, dry place. The other part was placed in litterbags in the field. The litterbags were located in soil, on the soil surface, or hanging in the air without contact with soil but exposed to the sun and rain. After 1 year of field exposure, litter mass loss and C and N content were measured, and changes in litter chemistry were explored using NMR and thermochemolysis-GC-MS. The potential decomposability of the litter was quantified by burying the litter from the litterbags and the initial litter in soil microcosms and measuring soil respiration. Soil respiration was greater with litter that had been hanging in air than with all other kinds of litter. These finding could not be explained by changes in litter mass or C:N ratio. NMR indicated a decrease in polysaccharides relative to lignin in litter that was buried in soil but not in litter that was placed on soil surface or that was hanging in the air. Thermochemolysis indicated that the syringyl units of the litter lignin were decomposed when the litter was exposed to light. We postulate that photochemical decay of lignin increase decomposability of dead standing biomass.
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Mao J, Ajakaiye A, Lan Y, Olk DC, Ceballos M, Zhang T, Fan MZ, Forsberg CW. Chemical structures of manure from conventional and phytase transgenic pigs investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2131-8. [PMID: 17973446 DOI: 10.1021/jf071588x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonpoint phosphorus (P) pollution from animal manure is becoming a serious global problem. The current solution for the swine industry includes the enzyme phytase as a component in oil meal and cereal grain-based swine diets. A long-term approach is the production of transgenic phytase pigs that express phytase in the salivary glands and secrete it in the saliva. This study provides a detailed comparison of chemical structures of manure from conventional pigs and transgenic pigs that express phytase under growing and finishing phases using new solid-state NMR techniques. Spectral editing techniques and quantitative NMR techniques were used to identify and quantify specific functional groups. Two-dimensional (1)H- (13)C heteronuclear correlation NMR was used to detect their connectivity. Manure from conventional and transgenic pigs had similar peptide, carbohydrate, and fatty acid components, while those from transgenic pigs contained more carbohydrates and fewer nonpolar alkyls. There was no consistent effect from diets with or without supplemental phosphate or growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4541 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
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Forte C, Piazzi A, Pizzanelli S, Certini G. CP MAS 13C spectral editing and relative quantitation of a soil sample. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2006; 30:81-8. [PMID: 16679007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A hydrofluoric acid (HF)-treated soil sample was studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Cross polarization (CP) Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) 13C spectral editing and relative CP peak quantitation, obtained through variable-contact-time experiments, were used to aid the interpretation of the spectrum. The combination of these two types of experiment allowed to obtain a higher degree of detail on the composition of the sample with respect to a standard CP MAS experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Forte
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Calace N, Cantafora E, Mirante S, Petronio BM, Pietroletti M. Transport and modification of humic substances present in Antarctic snow and ancient ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:1320-5. [PMID: 16307090 DOI: 10.1039/b507396k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We performed a study of fulvic acids extracted from fresh and aged snow, and from recent and ancient ice in Antarctica. The fresh snow samples were collected in coastal and inland sites to evaluate the influence of the distance from the sea on organic matter transport. Moreover, in a site (Melbourne Mountain) samples were collected at different heights to study the influence of altitude on transport. The obtained results showed that dissolved fulvic acid concentrations are influenced neither by distance nor by height while particulate fulvic acid concentrations are influenced by both parameters. Moreover, the results showed that fulvic acids transported for a long distance can undergo chemical modifications. Chemical modifications are better evidenced by the analysis of samples taken in trenches at different depth, which showed structural changes attributable to the loss of nitrogen-containing compounds and to an increase in aromatic character of the structures due to reduction and/or condensation processes. With ageing, the humification process proceeds with heavy carbon losses as demonstrated by results obtained from fulvic acids isolated from ice aged between twenty-five thousand and seventy thousand years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Calace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Mao JD, Schmidt-Rohr K. Methylene spectral editing in solid-state 13C NMR by three-spin coherence selection. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2005; 176:1-6. [PMID: 15941664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A robust new solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for selecting CH2 signals in magic-angle spinning (MAS) 13C NMR spectra is presented. Heteronuclear dipolar evolution for a duration of 0.043 ms, under MREV-8 homonuclear proton decoupling, converts 13C magnetization of CH2 groups into two- and three-spin coherences. The CH2 selection in the SIJ (C H H) spin system is based on the three-spin coherence S(x)I(z)J(z), which is distinguished from 13C magnetization (S(x)) by a 1H 0 degrees/90 degrees pulse consisting of two 45 degrees pulses. The two-spin coherences of the type S(y)I(z) are removed by a 13C 90 degrees x-pulse. The three-spin coherence is reconverted into magnetization during the remainder of the rotation period, still under MREV-8 decoupling. The required elimination of 13C chemical-shift precession is achieved by a prefocusing 180 degrees pulse bracketed by two rotation periods. The selection of the desired three-spin coherence has an efficiency of 13% theoretically and of 8% experimentally relative to the standard CP/MAS spectrum. However, long-range couplings also produce some three-spin coherences of methine (CH) carbons. Therefore, the length of the 13C pulse flipping the two-spin coherences is increased by 12% to slightly invert the CH signals arising from two-spin coherences and thus cancel the signal from long-range three-spin coherences. The signal intensity in this cleaner spectrum is 6% relative to the regular CP/TOSS spectrum. The only residual signal is from methyl groups, which are suppressed at least sixfold relative to the CH2 peaks. The experiment is demonstrated on cholesteryl acetate and applied to two humic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-D Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zbytniewski R, Buszewski B. Characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) derived from sewage sludge compost. Part 1: chemical and spectroscopic properties. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:471-478. [PMID: 15491829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study changes in the properties of natural organic matter (NOM) were studied during composting of sewage sludge in a laboratory experiment using the pile method. Typical physicochemical parameters were measured during 53 days of composting including humic fractions. The effects of humification on the molecular properties of humic acids (HA) were investigated by 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. On the basis of chemical analyses, 53 days of composting sewage sludge with structural material can be divided into three phases: (i) domination of rapid decomposition of non-humic, easily biodegradable organic matter (two to three weeks), (ii) domination of organic matter humification and formation of polycondensed, humic-like substances (the next two weeks), (iii) stabilization of transformed organic material and weak microbial activity. Spectroscopic characterization (13C NMR) of compost humic acids reveals changes in their structures during maturation. The changes are highly correlated with the processes taking place in bulk compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Zbytniewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin Str. 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Mao JD, Schmidt-Rohr K. Separation of aromatic-carbon 13C NMR signals from di-oxygenated alkyl bands by a chemical-shift-anisotropy filter. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2004; 26:36-45. [PMID: 15157537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Selection of alkyl-carbon and suppression of aromatic-carbon 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals has been achieved by exploiting the symmetry-based, systematic difference in their 13C chemical-shift anisotropies (CSAs). Simple three- or five-pulse CSA-recoupling sequences with "gamma-integral" cleanly suppress the signals of all sp2- and sp-hybridized carbons. The chemical-shift-anisotropy-based dephasing is particularly useful for distinguishing the signals of di-oxygenated alkyl (O-C-O) carbons, found for instance as anomeric carbons in carbohydrates, from bands of aromatic carbons with similar 13C isotropic chemical shifts. The alkyl signals are detected with an efficiency of > 60%, with little differential dephasing. Combined with C-H dipolar dephasing, the CSA filter can identify ketal (unprotonated O-C-O) carbons unambiguously for the first time. Conversely, after short cross polarization and the CSA filter, O-CH-O (acetal) carbon signals are observed selectively. The methods are demonstrated on various model compounds and applied to a humic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-D Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Gilman Hall, Ames 50011, USA
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Tishmack PA, Bugay DE, Byrn SR. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:441-74. [PMID: 12587108 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an integral technique in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. This review focuses on the use of solid-state NMR techniques for the characterization of pharmaceutical solids (drug substance and dosage form). These techniques include methods for (1) studying structure and conformation, (2) analyzing molecular motions (relaxation and exchange spectroscopy), (3) assigning resonances (spectral editing and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy), and (4) measuring internuclear distances.
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Tao T, Maciel GE. Interaction of methyl bromide with soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:603-607. [PMID: 11878373 DOI: 10.1021/es010943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Because methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a widely used agricultural fumigant for soil disinfection, it is important to know the chemical behavior and fate of CH3Br as a result of its use for soil treatment. A solid-state 13C NMR study of 13CH3Br-treated soil and soil-component samples shows that methylation of soil organic matter may be the major pathway for degradation of CH3Br in soils. Adsorption of CH3Br on a dried clay like Ca-montmorillonite or kaolinite does not contribute directly to the degradation of CH3Br. The results are interpreted in terms of the chemical structures of separated soil fractions and the nature of the separation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1872, USA
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Zbytniewski R, Kosobucki P, Kowalkowski T, Buszewski B. The comparison study of compost and natural organic matter samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; Spec No 1:68-74. [PMID: 12638752 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a serious problem facing modern wastewater treatment plants. One of the methods to safely utilize the sludge is through composting and the agricultural use of the final product. In this study the compost samples from municipal sewage sludge are compared to the natural, rich in organic matter samples. Based on physicochemical properties of the material, the maturity indices are obtained to evaluate the quality of organic matter and estimate the similarities between the samples. The study shows that one-dimensional analysis like that based on maturity indices does not provide satisfactory answers concerning the nature of such complex materials. The data set of the analysis naturally possesses a multidimensional character so that the employment of advanced chemometric techniques like cluster analysis show a number of features which were hidden within the 'data flood'. The major conclusion of this work is that the compost from sewage sludge is similar to peat in the significance of the properties of the organic matter. Moreover, the organic matter of agricultural soil, which is most stable and has been naturally matured over a long period of time, differs substantially from the other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Zbytniewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolas Copernicus University, PL-Toruń, Poland
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