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Ortel S. Feinstruktur von vier neuen Staphylokokken-Phagen. J Basic Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19690090706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The process of phage capsid assembly is reviewed, with particular attention to the probable role of curvature in helping to determine head size and shape. Both measures of curvature (mean curvature and Gaussian curvature, explained in Appendix I), should act best when the assembling shell is spherical, which could account for procapsids having this shape. Procapsids are also relatively thick, which should help head size determination by the mean curvature. The accessory role of inner and outer scaffolds in size determination and head nucleation is also reviewed. Nucleation failure generates various malformations, including non-closure, but the most common is the tube or polyhead, where the subunits' inherent curvature is expressed as a constant mean curvature. This induces lattice distortions that only partly understood. An extra tubular section in normal heads leads to the prolate shape, with a more complex and variable geometry. Newly assembled procapsids are both enlarged and toughened by the head transformation. In the procapsid the Gaussian curvature is uniformly distributed. But toughening tends to equalize bond lengths, so all the Gaussian curvature gets concentrated in the vertices, being zero elsewhere. This explains head angularization. Because of this change in Gaussian curvature, the regular subunit packing in the polyhedral head cannot be mapped onto the procapsid. This explains part of the hexon distortions found in this region. The implications of translocase-induced DNA twist, end rotation and the coiling of packaged DNA, are discussed. The symmetry mismatches between the head, connector and tail are discussed in relation to the possible alpha-helical structures of their DNA channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Moody
- School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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3
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SLAYTER HS, HOLLOWAY BW, HALL CE. THE STRUCTURE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PHAGES B3, E79, AND F116. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 11:274-81. [PMID: 14230090 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(64)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Adesiyun AA, Viebahn A, Sahl HG, Lenz W, Schaal KP. Lytic activities, protein profiles and morphologic characteristics of new bacteriophages isolated from canine and human Staphylococcus aureus strains. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1992; 39:39-47. [PMID: 1533744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1992.tb01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lytic activity, protein profile and morphology of five newly isolated phages from canine Staphylococcus aureus strains and one from a human S. aureus strain were compared with those of selected phages in the international phage sets (IPS). Five canine phages lysed 57 (76.0%) of 75 canine isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Nigeria at routine test dilution (RTD) while 34 (IPS) phages typed only 31 (41.3%) strains at RTD or/and 100-RTD. The new human phage lysed 11 (14.7%) of 75 strains isolated from human diarrhoea. The new phages were readily propagated, specific in activity and stable during storage at 4 degrees C. Prominent proteins detected by SDS-PAGE indicated similarities between some of the phages but one canine phage was distinctly different, as was its morphology which was an isometric head with a short tail compared to oval heads and long tails which characterized others. IPS phages in the same serologic group had similar protein profiles but no correlation was observed with lytic groups. The use of protein profile and electron micrographs allowed classification of the phages into serogroups. It is concluded that the newly isolated canine phages could be very useful in typing Nigerian canine strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Adesiyun
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
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6
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Nordeen RO, Morgan MK, Currier TC. Isolation and Partial Characterization of Bacteriophages of the Phytopathogen
Pseudomonas syringae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:1890-8. [PMID: 16346319 PMCID: PMC242555 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.6.1890-1898.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages isolated from culture supernatants of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv.
syringae
and from sewage were identified. The DNA from each phage was isolated and digested with the restriction endonuclease
Eco
RI. Eight isolates were determined to be different, with two phage isolates from sewage having restriction patterns identical to two phages from culture supernatants. The sizes of the phage DNA ranged from 24 to49 kilobases for isolates from sewage and from 39 to 52.5 kilobases for the isolates from culture supernatants. Buoyant densities of phage particles in CsCl varied from 1.498 to 1.507 g/cm
3
for isolates from sewage and from 1.506 to 1.516 g/cm
3
for isolates from culture supernatants. Electron microscopy revealed four morphological types. Based on plaque-forming ability of culture supernatants, 31 out of 47 strains of
P. syringae
are probably lysogenic.
Images
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Nordeen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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7
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Chopin MC, Rousseau M. Tubular Heads in Bacteriophages from Lactic Streptococci. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 45:294-6. [PMID: 16346173 PMCID: PMC242268 DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.1.294-296.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular bacteriophage heads were observed in the lysate of two phages from
Streptococcus lactis
obtained from single plaques without mutagenesis. The frequency of appearance of the tubular heads was 2.5 and 16%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chopin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agonomique, Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, 35042 Rennes Cedex, and Laboratoire de Microbiologie Laitière, Centre National de la Recherche Zootechnique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Forstová J, Grünnerová H, Hostomský Z, Doskocil J. Sequence homology and recombination between the genomes of morphologically dissimilar bacteriophages LP 52 and theta. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1982; 187:138-47. [PMID: 6298569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A restriction fragment map of Bacillus licheniformis temperate phage LP 52 DNA (molecular weight 38.5 X 10(6)) was established, using restriction endonucleases BamHI (8 target sites), BglI (10 sites,) BglII (13 sites) and EcoRI (22 sites). The map is linear, with well-defined ends, without any signs of circular permutation. The DNA of a related phage, LP 51, produced identical restriction fragments. At least 62% DNA of LP 52 has been found homologous to the DNA of the recently discovered, morphologically quite dissimilar, phage I, as demonstrated by hybridization of electrophoretically separated restriction fragments of DNA. Under the same conditions, the DNAs of LP 52 and of the morphologically similar Bacillus subtilis phage phi 105 did not cross-hybridize. The homologous regions in the genomes of phages LP 52 and I have been shown to be colinear. Comparison of the cleavage maps of phages LP 52 and I has shown that, within the regions of homology, not a single restriction fragment and few restriction sites have been conserved during divergent evolution. Three major regions of heterology were defined; the longest one, covering the right-hand end of the map (73 +/- 2.75% up to 100% LP 52 genome length) appeared to contain genes coding for structural proteins of the virions; a shorter region at the left-hand end of the map (coordinates zero to 10.3 +/- 3.3% LP 52 genome length) and a very short central region (coordinates 41.8-43.9%) could be identified, the latter apparently containing a regulatory locus responsible for the heteroimmune behavior of the two phages. Recombinants between phages LP 52 and I were isolated. Mapping of recombinant genomes has indicated mutual substitution of allelic pieces of LP 52 and I DNAs upon strict conservation of overall genome length.
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Tejedor C, Foulds J, Zasloff M. Bacteriophages in sputum of patients with bronchopulmonary Pseudomonas infections. Infect Immun 1982; 36:440-1. [PMID: 6804394 PMCID: PMC351241 DOI: 10.1128/iai.36.1.440-441.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages were recovered from the sputum of patients with chronic P. aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection. Host ranges of some of the phages are presented.
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10
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Higuchi M, Higuchi M, Katayose A. Identification of PK 1 bacteriophage DNA in Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res 1982; 61:439-41. [PMID: 6948863 DOI: 10.1177/00220345820610021501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A lysogenic bacteriophage PK 1 and plasmid DNA's in Streptococcus mutans PK 1 have been characterized by electron microscopy PK 1 phage DNA molecules were observed in both linear and circular forms, which gave the molecular weights of (28.9 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) and (27.4 +/- 0.2) X 10(6) daltons, respectively. Plasmid DNA has a molecular weight of 4.0 X 10(6) daltons. No difference of density in CsCl density gradient between linear and circular forms of phage DNA and plasmid DNA was observed.
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11
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Blouse LE, Brockett RM, Burdick KN, Glowienka PR. Phage typing ofstaphylococcus aureus strains using experimentalS. aureus phage 292. Curr Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Ludvík J, Erbenová L, Lipavská H. Ultrastructure of Bacillus licheniformis bacteriophage BLE and its DNA. Virology 1977; 77:872-5. [PMID: 855193 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Electron microscopic studies were made on eight virulent Streptococcus lactis bacteriophages. These phages were taken as representative of eight host range groups established in a study of 75 phage isolates and 253 hosts (213 S. lactis, 22 S. cremoris, 18 S. diacetilactis). The phages studied were shown to have an isometric hexagonal head and noncontractile tails, usually several times longer than the head diameter. The virus heads were octahedral. The phages investigated represented three morphological types on the basis of head diameter , tail thickness, and tail length. These dimensions were approximately: for type I phages, 63, 172, and 11 nm, respectively; type II, 73, 200, and 20 nm, respectively; and type III, represented here by a single phage, 98, 551, and 12 nm, respectively. The tail surface revealed a different arrangment of the structural subunits which lent a helical appearance to the tails of type I and II phages and a guaffered tube appearance to the tail of type III phage. The number of turns along the tail axis, turn length, axial pitch, and helix angle were: type I, 32, 12 to 13 nm, 7.14 nm, and 11 degrees 43', respectively; type II, 24, 24, to 28 nm, 40.00 nm, and 32 degrees 30', respectively; and type III, 120, 12 nm, and no visible slope towards the axis. The morphology types showed complete correlation with serological groups, but not with groups based on host range pattern.
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14
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Broers AN, Panessa BJ, Gennaro JF. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of bacteriophages 3C and T4. Science 1975; 189:637-9. [PMID: 125922 DOI: 10.1126/science.125922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An account is presented of the design and operation of a new scanning electron microscopic, and its first application to the study of biological samples. Bacteriophages were chosen because much of their ultrastructure is beyond the resolution of the conventional scanning electron microscope. The new instrument permits examination of bulk samples with a resolution that exceeds, by at least a factor of 2.5, the resolution obtained in the best secondary electron scanning electron microscopes using high brightness guns, and exceeds by an order of magnitude the resolution of standard scanning electron microscopes using tungsten filament guns. It also permits examination of biological samples in scanning transmission mode at resolutions similar to conventional transmission electron microscopes.
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15
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Schleifer KH, Steber J. [Chemical studies on the phage receptor of Staphylococcus epidermidis (author's transl)]. Arch Microbiol 1974; 98:251-70. [PMID: 4276996 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Electron microscope studies have been made of a number of phages of lactic streptococci, seven of which were phages of Streptococcus lactis C10. Two of the phages are thought to be identical; five have been classified by the method of Tikhonenko as belonging to group IV (phages with noncontractile tails) with type III tail plates; one belongs to group V (phages with tails possessing a contractile sheath). Both prolate polyhedral heads and isometric polyhedral heads are represented among the group IV phages. The phage drc3 of S. diacetilactis DRC3 has been shown to have similar structure to the group IV phages of S. lactis C10 with prolate polyhedral heads. The phages ml1, hp, c11, and z8 of the S. cremoris strains ML1, HP, C11, and Z8, respectively, were shown to belong to the group IV phages with type III tail plates by the method of Tikhonenko. All had octahedral heads and tended to be larger than most of the other phages studied.
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17
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Structure and physico-chemical properties of bacteriophage G. II, The shape and symmetry of the capsid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-7206(73)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Blouse LE, Mauney CU, Marraro RV, Dupuy HJ. Apparent spontaneous induction of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sources. Appl Microbiol 1972; 23:1023-4. [PMID: 4113254 PMCID: PMC380493 DOI: 10.1128/am.23.5.1023-1024.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apparent spontaneous induction in staphylococcal strains from two clinical specimens was described. One of the two phages associated with these strains was found useful in typing otherwise untypable strains.
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Brown DT, Brown NC, Burlingham BT. Morphology and physical properties of Staphylococcus bacteriophage P11-M15. J Virol 1972; 9:664-71. [PMID: 4112070 PMCID: PMC356352 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.9.4.664-671.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Group B Staphylococcus phage P11-M15 is shown to be 51% protein and 49% deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The intact virion has a molecular weight of 66.7 x 10(6) daltons. The purified viral DNA has a molecular weight of 32.7 x 10(6) daltons. The intact virion is shown to be composed of a polyhedral head which is attached at one of its vertices to a flexible tail having helical symmetry. The tail structure is terminated by a complex baseplate which has sixfold symmetry. The virion contains a single molecule of double-stranded DNA which has no apparent single-strand nicks or single-stranded terminal redundancies.
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20
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Whitman PA, Marshall RT. Characterization of two psychrophilic Pseudomonas bacteriophages isolated from ground beef. Appl Microbiol 1971; 22:463-8. [PMID: 4107517 PMCID: PMC376334 DOI: 10.1128/am.22.3.463-468.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterization studies were performed on two psychrophilic phages which were isolated from ground beef samples. Phage inactivation by exposure to heat, low pH, osmotic shock conditions, and freezing showed that these two isolates were different. One-step growth experiments indicated that one isolate had a burst size five times as large (500) and a latent period two times as long (4 hr) as the other when tested at 7 C. Nucleic acid type was 2-deoxyribonucleic acid for both. Electron micrographs showed one to belong to Bradley's phage group A and the other to phage group C.
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21
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Billing E. Further studies on the phage sensitivity and the determination of phytopathogenic Pseudomonas spp. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1970; 33:478-91. [PMID: 4923556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1970.tb02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Bryner JH, Ritchie AE, Foley JW, Berman DT. Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage for Vibrio fetus. J Virol 1970; 6:94-9. [PMID: 4097234 PMCID: PMC376094 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.6.1.94-99.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages were isolated from 22 of 38 strains of Vibrio fetus by an enrichment process, utilizing the donor and host strains growing together in fluid thioglycollate medium. One phage, V-45, isolated by the conventional lawn-spot method, was characterized by stability in broth, growth kinetics, and morphology. It was sensitive to rapid thermal inactivation, chloroform, and pH values above 6.5. Calcium was required for phage replication and stability in broth. Magnesium provided the best protection against thermal inactivation at 50 C in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. The minimum latent period was 135 min, rise time was 75 min, and average burst size was 35 plaque-forming units per infected cell. Phage V-45 resembled Bradley's morphological group B, having a long tail without contractile sheath. Dimensions were: head, about 50 nm; tail, about 7 by 240 nm; and tail lumen, 2 to 3 nm.
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24
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Patel JJ. Phages of lysogenic Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1969; 69:294-300. [PMID: 4190294 DOI: 10.1007/bf00408571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Ortel S. Feinstruktur von vier neuen Staphylokokken-Phagen. J Basic Microbiol 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630090706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Twarog R, Blouse LE. Isolation and characterization of transducing bacteriophage BP1 for Bacterium anitratum (Achromobacter sp.). J Virol 1968; 2:716-22. [PMID: 5723528 PMCID: PMC375679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.7.716-722.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A small transducing phage has been isolated against a strain of Bacterium anitratum. The particle has a head dimension of 450 A and a tail approximately 200 A long. The latent period is 16 min and the average burst size is 98. The intact particle has an absorption maximum and minimum at 260 and 237 mmu, respectively. The sedimentation coefficient (S(20)) is 460. The phage contains double-stranded DNA with an S degrees (20,w) of 32.8. Molecular weight estimates of the deoxyribonucleic acid ranged from 2.33 x 10(7) to 2.66 x 10(7) based on sedimentation velocity studies. The percentage guanine plus cytosine compositions of the deoxyribonucleic acid, determined by melting temperature and cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation, were 40.7 and 42.0, respectively.
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27
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Olsen RH, Metcalf ES, Todd JK. Characteristics of bacteriophages attacking psychrophilic and mesophilic pseudomonads. J Virol 1968; 2:357-64. [PMID: 4986902 PMCID: PMC375621 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.4.357-364.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten Pseudomonas phage were isolated by sewage enrichment. Five psychrophilic and five mesophilic phage were selected for a description of some of their biological properties. In addition to growth on psychrophilic hosts, the psychrophilic phage studied were also able to grow on a mesophilic host within its growth temperature range. Latent periods for psychrophilic phage at 3.5 C were 6 to 12 hr and at 25 C were 30 to 60 min. Mesophilic phage had a latent period of 85 to 190 min at 25 C and 35 to 85 min at 37 C. Psychrophilic phage were significantly more heat-sensitive than the mesophilic phage. Of all the parameters studied, only thermal sensitivity correlated with growth at 3.5 C. Phage used in this study had a deoxyribonucleic acid base composition ranging from 39.6 to 68.2% guanine plus cytosine, deduced from melting temperature measurements.
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29
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Montes LF, Phillipds CA, Black SH, McBride ME. Electron microscopic evidence for a bacteriophage cycle in diphtheroids observed in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1966; 47:466-74. [PMID: 5924303 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1966.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Bradley DE. The morphology of some bacteriophages specific to Serratia marcescens. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1965; 28:271-7. [PMID: 5317978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1965.tb02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Rosenblum
, E. D. (The University of Texas, Dallas),
and Sue Tyrone
. Serology, density, and morphology of staphylococcal phages. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1737–1742. 1964.—A correlation between serology, buoyant density, and morphology has been demonstrated for six serological groups of staphylococcal phages. Four morphological types have been observed and represent the following serological groups: (i) group A, (ii) groups B, F, and L, (iii) group D, and (iv) group G. The correlations were useful in the detection of serological variation among several staphylococcal typing phages.
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