1
|
Soares H, Carmona B, Nolasco S, Viseu Melo L. Polarity in Ciliate Models: From Cilia to Cell Architecture. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:240. [PMID: 31681771 PMCID: PMC6813674 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahymena and Paramecium are highly differentiated unicellular organisms with elaborated cortical patterns showing a regular arrangement of hundreds to thousands of basal bodies in longitudinal rows that extend from the anterior to the posterior region of the cell. Thus both ciliates exhibit a permanent antero–posterior axis and left–right asymmetry. This cell polarity is reflected in the direction of the structures nucleated around each basal body such as the ciliary rootlets. Studies in these ciliates showed that basal bodies assemble two types of cilia, the cortical cilia and the cilia of the oral apparatus, a complex structure specialized in food capture. These two cilia types display structural differences at their tip domain. Basal bodies possessing distinct compositions creating specialized landmarks are also present. Cilia might be expected to express and transmit polarities throughout signaling pathways given their recognized role in signal transduction. This review will focus on how local polarities in basal bodies/cilia are regulated and transmitted through cell division in order to maintain the global polarity and shape of these cells and locally constrain the interpretation of signals by different cilia. We will also discuss ciliates as excellent biological models to study development and morphogenetic mechanisms and their relationship with cilia diversity and function in metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica/Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica/Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Viseu Melo
- Physics Department and CEFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goodenough U, Roth R, Kariyawasam T, He A, Lee JH. Epiplasts: Membrane Skeletons and Epiplastin Proteins in Euglenids, Glaucophytes, Cryptophytes, Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, and Apicomplexans. mBio 2018; 9:e02020-18. [PMID: 30377285 PMCID: PMC6212826 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals and amoebae assemble actin/spectrin-based plasma membrane skeletons, forming what is often called the cell cortex, whereas euglenids and alveolates (ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans) have been shown to assemble a thin, viscoelastic, actin/spectrin-free membrane skeleton, here called the epiplast. Epiplasts include a class of proteins, here called the epiplastins, with a head/medial/tail domain organization, whose medial domains have been characterized in previous studies by their low-complexity amino acid composition. We have identified two additional features of the medial domains: a strong enrichment of acid/base amino acid dyads and a predicted β-strand/random coil secondary structure. These features have served to identify members in two additional unicellular eukaryotic radiations-the glaucophytes and cryptophytes-as well as additional members in the alveolates and euglenids. We have analyzed the amino acid composition and domain structure of 219 epiplastin sequences and have used quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy to visualize the epiplasts of glaucophytes and cryptophytes. We define epiplastins as proteins encoded in organisms that assemble epiplasts, but epiplastin-like proteins, of unknown function, are also encoded in Insecta, Basidiomycetes, and Caulobacter genomes. We discuss the diverse cellular traits that are supported by epiplasts and propose evolutionary scenarios that are consonant with their distribution in extant eukaryotes.IMPORTANCE Membrane skeletons associate with the inner surface of the plasma membrane to provide support for the fragile lipid bilayer and an elastic framework for the cell itself. Several radiations, including animals, organize such skeletons using actin/spectrin proteins, but four major radiations of eukaryotic unicellular organisms, including disease-causing parasites such as Plasmodium, have been known to construct an alternative and essential skeleton (the epiplast) using a class of proteins that we term epiplastins. We have identified epiplastins in two additional radiations and present images of their epiplasts using electron microscopy. We analyze the sequences and secondary structure of 219 epiplastins and present an in-depth overview and analysis of their known and posited roles in cellular organization and parasite infection. An understanding of epiplast assembly may suggest therapeutic approaches to combat infectious agents such as Plasmodium as well as approaches to the engineering of useful viscoelastic biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Goodenough
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn Roth
- Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thamali Kariyawasam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia He
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Williams NE. AN APPARENT DISJUNCTION BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM AND SUBSTANCE IN THE GENUS
TETRAHYMENA. Evolution 2017; 38:25-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1982] [Revised: 02/22/1983] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Aubusson-Fleury A, Bricheux G, Damaj R, Lemullois M, Coffe G, Donnadieu F, Koll F, Viguès B, Bouchard P. Epiplasmins and Epiplasm in Paramecium: The Building of a Submembraneous Cytoskeleton. Protist 2013; 164:451-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
5
|
WILLIAMS NORMANE, BAKOWSKA JULITA. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cytoskeletal Elements in the Oral Apparatus ofTetrahymena1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Ryals PE, Smith-Somerville HE, Buhse HE. Phenotype switching in polymorphic Tetrahymena: a single-cell Jekyll and Hyde. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 212:209-38. [PMID: 11804037 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)12006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For nearly half a century, phenotype switching in the group of polymorphic species of the ciliate genus Tetrahymena has been the subject of investigations of the underlying mechanisms, the accompanying biochemical and structural changes, and the evolution of polymorphic survival strategy. Beginning with the pioneering systematic studies by Furgason in 1940 of hymenostome ciliates, the experimental approach rapidly expanded to include investigations of growth, nutrition, physiology, morphology, and morphogenesis in the polymorphic species. Recently, with progress in elucidation of the novel signaling ligand and identification of elements of the subsequent signal transduction cascade, in addition to the growing catalog of intracellular events associated with differentiation in these unicellular eukaryotes, we have begun to address the mechanistic basis of polymorphism. This review summarizes and integrates the history and recent discoveries concerning Tetrahymena polymorphic cells. We are now poised to answer fundamental questions about this interesting pathway of cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Ryals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- J Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coffe G, Le Caer JP, Lima O, Adoutte A. Purification, in vitro reassembly, and preliminary sequence analysis of epiplasmins, the major constituent of the membrane skeleton of Paramecium. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1996; 34:137-51. [PMID: 8769725 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1996)34:2<137::aid-cm5>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The epiplasmic layer, a continuous rigid granulo-fibrillar sheet directly subtending the surface membranes of Paramecium, is one of the outermost of the various cytoskeletal networks that compose it cortex. We have previously shown that the epiplasm consists of a set of 30 to 50 protein bands on SDS-PAGE in the range 50 to 33 kDa, the epiplasmins. We report a purification procedure for the set of epiplasmic proteins, a description of their physicochemical and reassembly properties, and a preliminary characterization of their sequence. The conditions for solubilization of the epiplasm and for in vitro reassembly of its purified constituents ar described. Reassembly of the entire set of proteins and of some (but not all) subsets are shown to yield filamentous aggregates. Microsequences of two purified bands of epiplasmins reveal a striking amino acid sequence consisting of heptad repeats of only three main amino acids, P, V, and Q. These repeats were confirmed by DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. The motif is QPVQ-h, in which h is a hydrophobic residue. This may constitute the core of the epiplasmin sequence and, in view of the tendency of such a sequence to form a coiled-coil, may account for the remarkable self-aggregation properties of epiplasmins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Coffe
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire 4, URA 1134, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fleury A, Delgado P, Iftode F, Adoutte A. Molecular phylogeny of ciliates: What does it tell us about the evolution of the cytoskeleton and of developmental strategies? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Grain J. The cytoskeleton in protists: nature, structure, and functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1986; 104:153-249. [PMID: 3531064 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
11
|
Numata O, Hirono M, Watanabe Y. Involvement of Tetrahymena intermediate filament protein, a 49K protein, in the oral morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 1983; 148:207-20. [PMID: 6414830 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To study the biological function of Tetrahymena intermediate-type filament protein (a 49K protein), we examined the immunofluorescence localization of 49K protein within Tetrahymena cells. The results showed that the immunofluorescence was localized in the oral apparatus, mitochondria and mucocysts. Among them, the fluorescence in the oral apparatus was of high interest in its unique region and vicissitude in the cell cycle: a tau-shaped region of the oral apparatus intensely fluoresced during interphase, but the fluorescence completely disappeared during dividing phase. The tau-shaped region corresponded to 'posterior connectives' and the root part of 'deep fiber', to the conjunction parts of microtubule bundles. In the those parts, there was electron-dense material in the microtubule bundles. Hence, it is conceivable that 49K protein corresponds to the dense material and has a function of microtubule bundle conjunction. On the other hand, disappearance of immunofluorescence from the old oral apparatus of most dividing cells reflected the oral apparatus regression and remodelling which have been known as necessary sequential events in the cell cycle. We observed that oral fluorescence disappeared concurrently with the onset of oral regression and of constriction of division furrow, whereas at a late dividing stage immunofluorescence began to appear simultaneously in both new and old oral apparatus. Thus, the 49K protein may play a crucial role(s) not only in the morphogenesis of oral primordia but also in the transient morphogenesis in the old oral system.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Kuzirian AM, Alkon DL, Harris LG. An infraciliary network in statocyst hair cells. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1981; 10:497-514. [PMID: 7310462 DOI: 10.1007/bf01262418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural analysis of the statocyst, a primitive vestibular organ, of the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis, indicates that in addition to the basal foot, there is an infraciliary rootlet system between basal bodies of adjacent sensory cilia. These rootlets project perpendicularly from the basal bodies and parallel to the cell surface in an astral array. A polarity within the network also appears to exist; the array is longest and most extensive on the side of the basal body directed away from the cell centre, but the overall arrangement of the basal bodies indicates a multidirectional sensitivity for each of the 13 sensory cells. This rootlet system, in conjunction with the attachment system of the basal bodies to the cell membrane (button anchors), may serve an integrative function for the mechanical stimuli experienced by sensory cells and/or be involved with their transductive processes by maximizing the stress to, and membrane distortion of, the transductive site caused by weighting of the cilia. Evidence was also obtained for the intracellular synthesis of statoconia by the nonsensory supporting cells.
Collapse
|