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Development of contractile properties in the fetal porcine urinary bladder. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:148-155. [PMID: 28976496 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIn early fetal life, the bladder is merely a conduit allowing urine to pass through freely into the amniotic cavity. As the striated external urethral sphincter evolves, the bladder acquires its reservoir and voiding functions. We characterized the myogenic and neurogenic contractions of the normal fetal porcine bladder from midterm until close to full-term gestation.MethodsContractile responses were measured in vitro using bladder strips from fetuses at 60 (N=23) and 100 days (N=21) of gestation. Spontaneous activity, and the responses to potassium chloride (KCl) solution, electrical field stimulation (EFS), and receptor activation were recorded. The smooth muscle content was evaluated histologically.ResultsHistological studies revealed that the fractional content of smooth muscle doubled between the two time points, and passive tension was adjusted to take that into account. Spontaneous activity was regular at 60 days, changing toward an irregular pattern at 100 days. Contractile force elicited by KCl and carbachol increased significantly with gestational age, while contractions to the purinergic agonist, α-β-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate did not. The responses to EFS were almost completely blocked by atropine.ConclusionSpontaneous myogenic contractions become irregular and contractile responses to muscarinic receptor stimulation increase during gestation, as the bladder reservoir and voiding functions develop.
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Michel MC, Igawa Y. Therapeutic targets for overactive bladder other than smooth muscle. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:687-705. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1009447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Michel MC, Barendrecht MM. Physiological and pathological regulation of the autonomic control of urinary bladder contractility. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:297-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Muscarinic receptor expression and receptor-mediated detrusor contraction: comparison of juvenile and adult porcine tissue. Pflugers Arch 2007; 456:349-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nyirády P, Thiruchelvam N, Godley ML, David A, Cuckow PM, Fry CH. Contractile properties of the developing fetal sheep bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2005; 24:276-81. [PMID: 15791630 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterise the developmental changes to the normal bladder by examining the in vitro contractile properties of the fetal sheep detrusor smooth muscle bladder at different gestational ages. METHODS Three groups of normally developing fetal sheep bladders were investigated: (1) 65-70 days gestation (2nd trimester); (2) 105-110 days (3rd trimester); (3) 135-140 days (term). Isometric contractions in isolated detrusor strips were measured during either electrical field stimulation (EFS) or exposure to agonists: carbachol, alpha-beta methylene-ATP (ABMA) and KCl. RESULTS There was a significant increase of absolute force elicited by EFS with fetal age. Contractures elicited by carbachol, ABMA and KCl increased between Groups 1 and 2, but not thereafter. The proportional increase of contractions elicited by carbachol and ABMA was also greater between Groups 1 and 2, than for EFS and KCl. CONCLUSIONS Fetal development between 65 and 140 days in the sheep is associated with increased contractile activation. The data are consistent with an increase of muscle development in the earlier stages (65-110 days). In the later stage (110-140 days) muscle development is complete but functional innervation of the tissue continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nyirády
- Semmelweis University Department of Urology, Budapest, Hungary.
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Thiruchelvam N, Wu C, David A, Woolf AS, Cuckow PM, Fry CH. Neurotransmission and viscoelasticity in the ovine fetal bladder after in utero bladder outflow obstruction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284:R1296-305. [PMID: 12676750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00688.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fetal bladder outflow obstruction, predominantly caused by posterior urethral valves, results in significant urinary tract pathology; these lesions are the commonest cause of end-stage renal failure in children, and up to 50% continue to suffer from persistent postnatal bladder dysfunction. To investigate the physiological development of the fetal bladder and the response to urinary flow impairment, we performed partial urethral obstruction and complete urachal ligation in the midgestation fetal sheep for 30 days. By electrical and pharmacological stimulation of bladder strips, we found that muscarinic, purinergic, and nitrergic mechanisms exist in the developing fetal bladder at this gestation. After bladder outflow obstruction, the fetal bladder became hypocontractile, producing less force after nerve-mediated and muscarinic stimulation with suggested denervation, and also exhibited greater atropine resistance. Furthermore, fetal bladder urothelium exerted a negative inotropic effect, partly nitric oxide mediated, that was not present after obstruction. Increased compliance, reduced elasticity, and viscoelasticity were observed in the obstructed fetal bladder, but the proportion of work performed by the elastic component (a physical parameter of extracellular matrix) remained the same. In addition to denervation, hypocontractility may result from a reduction in the elastic modulus that may prevent any extramuscular components from sustaining force produced by detrusor smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thiruchelvam
- Nephro-Urology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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LEVIN ROBERTM, MACARAK EDWARD, HOWARD PAMELA, HORAN PATRICK, KOGAN BARRYA. THE RESPONSE OF FETAL SHEEP BLADDER TISSUE TO PARTIAL OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ROBERT M. LEVIN
- From the Albany College of Pharmacy, Division of Urology, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - EDWARD MACARAK
- From the Albany College of Pharmacy, Division of Urology, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - PAMELA HOWARD
- From the Albany College of Pharmacy, Division of Urology, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - PATRICK HORAN
- From the Albany College of Pharmacy, Division of Urology, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - BARRY A. KOGAN
- From the Albany College of Pharmacy, Division of Urology, Albany Medical College and Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, New York, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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THE RESPONSE OF FETAL SHEEP BLADDER TISSUE TO PARTIAL OUTLET OBSTRUCTION. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200109000-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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O’REILLY BARRYA, KOSAKA ALANH, CHANG THOMASK, FORD ANTHONYP, POPERT RICHARD, RYMER JANICEM, McMAHON STEPHENB. A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PURINOCEPTOR EXPRESSION IN HUMAN FETAL AND ADULT BLADDERS. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- BARRY A. O’REILLY
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - ALAN H. KOSAKA
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - THOMAS K. CHANG
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - ANTHONY P.D.W. FORD
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - RICHARD POPERT
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - JANICE M. RYMER
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
| | - STEPHEN B. McMAHON
- From the Departments of Gynaecology and Urology, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals and Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, and Neurobiology Unit, Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, California
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Nguyen HT, Kogan BA. Fetal Bladder Physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 462:121-8. [PMID: 10599418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4737-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H T Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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Turner WH, Brading AF. Smooth muscle of the bladder in the normal and the diseased state: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 75:77-110. [PMID: 9428000 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The smooth muscle of the normal bladder wall must have some specific properties. It must be very compliant and able to reorganise itself during filling and emptying to accommodate the change in volume without generating any intravesical pressure, but whilst maintaining the normal shape of the bladder. It must be capable of synchronous activation to generate intravesical pressure at any length to allow voiding. The cells achieve this through spontaneous electrical activity combined with poor electrical coupling between cells, and a dense excitatory innervation. In the diseased state, alterations of the smooth muscle may lead to failure to store or failure to empty properly. The diseased states discussed are bladder instability and diabetic neuropathy. Bladder instability is characterised urodynamically by uninhibitable rises in pressure during filling, and is seen idiopathically and in association with bladder outflow obstruction and neuropathy. In diabetic neuropathy, many of the smooth muscle changes are a consequence of diuresis, but there is evidence for alterations in the sensory arm of the micturition reflex. In the unstable bladder, additional alterations of the smooth muscle are seen, which are probably caused by the patchy denervation that occurs. The causes of this denervation are not fully established. Nonsurgical treatment of instability is not yet satisfactory; neuromodulation has some promise, but is expensive, and the mechanisms poorly understood. Pharmacological treatment is largely through muscarinic receptor blockade. Drugs to reduce the excitability of the smooth muscle are being sought, since they may represent a better pharmacological option.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Turner
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
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Wheeler MA, Pontari M, Dokita S, Nishimoto T, Cho YH, Hong KW, Weiss RM. Age-dependent changes in particulate and soluble guanylyl cyclase activities in urinary tract smooth muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 1997; 169:115-24. [PMID: 9089638 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006823611864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regional and age specific differences are observed in the sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation responses in the urinary tract. To clarify these differences, guanylyl cyclase activity is assayed in particulate and soluble fractions from the ureter, bladder dome, and urethra of young (11-18 days), adult (90-100 days), and old adult (2-3 years) guinea pigs. The rank order of soluble guanylyl cyclase activities is urethra = ureter > bladder dome with the largest decreases with aging occurring in the bladder. Atrial natriuretic factor (10(7) M) increases particulate guanylyl cyclase activity in the three tissues at all ages tested, with the activity being highest in the ureter. ATP (0.5 mM) activates particulate guanylyl cyclase in the ureter, bladder and urethra of old adult guinea pigs, and enhances atrial natriuretic factor induced activation of particulate guanylyl cyclase in all tissues and at all ages tested. The higher levels of soluble guanylyl cyclase activity in the urethra and ureter compared to the bladder parallel sodium nitroprusside induced relaxation in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wheeler
- Section of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA
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Koo HP, Macarak EJ, Zderic SA, Duckett JW, Snyder HM, Levin RM. The Ontogeny of Bladder Function in the Fetal Calf. J Urol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)67295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry P. Koo
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J. Macarak
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen A. Zderic
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W. Duckett
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Howard M. Snyder
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert M. Levin
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and the Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
It is apparent that evolving concepts of the regulatory basis for functions in the pelvis must take into account the role exerted by nitric oxide. A recently characterized messenger molecule, nitric oxide has been associated with numerous physiologic processes. Intense investigations of this molecule have extended its importance to several genitourinary functions. Penile erection, micturition, peristalsis of the male excurrent duct system, contractile properties of the prostate, and lumbosacral spinal cord neurotransmission are all functions that may transpire under some degree of control by nitric oxide. Impotence, urinary obstruction, or ejaculatory problems, in turn, may represent alterations of nitric oxide production or action. The strategic manipulation of nitric oxide or its mechanism of action, possibly by pharmacologic means, may restore or produce desired functional effects. These possibilities, therefore, suggest that the advancing knowledge of nitric oxide in the genitourinary tract may be of enormous clinical value in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Burnett
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Koo HP, Macarak EJ, Duckett JW, Snyder HM, Wein AJ, Levin RM. Fetal bovine bladder: physiology and pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 385:251-3. [PMID: 8571838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1585-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H P Koo
- Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Levin RM, Wein AJ, Buttyan R, Monson FC, Longhurst PA. Update on bladder smooth-muscle physiology. World J Urol 1994; 12:226-32. [PMID: 7866423 DOI: 10.1007/bf00191201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder responds to distension induced by a number of different stresses with rapid and substantial increases in bladder mass and concomitant alterations in the contractile responses to neuronal stimulation, pharmacological simulation by autonomic agonists, and membrane depolarization. Furosemide, sucrose, or diabetes-induced diuresis, as well as outlet obstruction and overdistension all produce similar effects on the bladder. Accompanying the increases in bladder mass and contractile changes are increases in DNA synthesis and [3H]-thymidine uptake. Autoradiographic studies have localized the increased DNA synthesis following bladder distension initially to the urothelium, followed by slower increases in labelling of the lamina propria and extramural connective tissue. The net result of these compartmental differences in DNA synthesis is a reorganization of the structural relationships between smooth-muscle cells, the connective-tissue matrix, and the extrinsic connective-tissue lamina. This may contribute to the functional changes which occur after severe overdistension. Increases in the expression of heat-shock protein-70, basic fibroblast growth factor, N-ras, and c-myc, and decreases in transforming growth factor-beta occurred acutely after obstruction, suggesting that these changes may play a role in obstruction-induced bladder hypertrophy. Removal of the obstruction induces apoptosis of urothelial and connective tissue elements in the bladder, accompanied by increases in transforming growth factor-beta and decreases in basic fibroblast growth factor genes, and a reversal of the bladder dysfunction. Therefore the bladder hyperplasia after outlet obstruction and the regression following removal of the obstruction seem to be directly opposing processes governed by gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Levin
- Division of Urology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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