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Jeitner TM, Azcona JA, Ables GP, Cooke D, Horowitz MC, Singh P, Kelly JM, Cooper AJL. Cystine rather than cysteine is the preferred substrate for β-elimination by cystathionine γ-lyase: implications for dietary methionine restriction. GeroScience 2024; 46:3617-3634. [PMID: 37217633 PMCID: PMC11229439 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary methionine restriction (MR) increases longevity by improving health. In experimental models, MR is accompanied by decreased cystathionine β-synthase activity and increased cystathionine γ-lyase activity. These enzymes are parts of the transsulfuration pathway which produces cysteine and 2-oxobutanoate. Thus, the decrease in cystathionine β-synthase activity is likely to account for the loss of tissue cysteine observed in MR animals. Despite this decrease in cysteine levels, these tissues exhibit increased H2S production which is thought to be generated by β-elimination of the thiol moiety of cysteine, as catalyzed by cystathionine β-synthase or cystathionine γ-lyase. Another possibility for this H2S production is the cystathionine γ-lyase-catalyzed β-elimination of cysteine persulfide from cystine, which upon reduction yields H2S and cysteine. Here, we demonstrate that MR increases cystathionine γ-lyase production and activities in the liver and kidneys, and that cystine is a superior substrate for cystathionine γ-lyase catalyzed β-elimination as compared to cysteine. Moreover, cystine and cystathionine exhibit comparable Kcat/Km values (6000 M-1 s-1) as substrates for cystathionine γ-lyase-catalyzed β-elimination. By contrast, cysteine inhibits cystathionine γ-lyase in a non-competitive manner (Ki ~ 0.5 mM), which limits its ability to function as a substrate for β-elimination by this enzyme. Cysteine inhibits the enzyme by reacting with its pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor to form a thiazolidine and in so doing prevents further catalysis. These enzymological observations are consistent with the notion that during MR cystathionine γ-lyase is repurposed to catabolize cystine and thereby form cysteine persulfide, which upon reduction produces cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
| | - Juan A Azcona
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Gene P Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY, 10516, USA
| | - Diana Cooke
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Inc, 855 Route 301, Cold Spring, NY, 10516, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - James M Kelly
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 516 East 72Nd St, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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2
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Piechocka J, Wyszczelska-Rokiel M, Głowacki R. Simultaneous determination of 2-(3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and main plasma aminothiols by HPLC-UV based method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9294. [PMID: 37286735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The report presents the first method for simultaneous determination of plasma 2-(3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (HPPTCA), an adduct of cysteine (Cys) and active form of vitamin B6 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), as well as total low molecular-weight thiols content, including Cys, homocysteine (Hcy), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly), and glutathione (GSH). The assay is based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) and involves disulfides reduction with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), derivatization with 2-chloro-1-methylquinolinium tetrafluoroborate (CMQT) followed by sample deproteinization with perchloric acid (PCA). The chromatographic separation of obtained stable UV-absorbing derivatives is achieved on ZORBAX SB-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column using gradient elution with eluent consisted of 0.1 mol/L trichloroacetic acid (TCA), pH 1.7 and acetonitrile (ACN), delivered at a flow rate 1 mL/min. Under these conditions, the analytes are separated within 14 min at room temperature, and quantified by monitoring at 355 nm. Regarding HPPTCA, the assay linearity was demonstrated within a 1-100 µmol/L in plasma and the lowest concentration on the calibration curve was recognized as the limit of quantification (LOQ). The accuracy ranged from 92.74 to 105.57% and 95.43 to 115.73%, while precision varied from 2.48 to 6.99% and 0.84 to 6.98% for intra- and inter-day measurements, respectively. The utility of the assay was proved by application to plasma samples delivered by apparently healthy donors (n = 18) in which the HPPTCA concentration ranged from 19.2 to 65.6 µmol/L. The HPLC-UV assay provides complementary tool for routine clinical analysis, facilitating further studies on the role of aminothiols and HPPTCA in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Monika Wyszczelska-Rokiel
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163/165 Pomorska Str., 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
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3
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Fraser-Pitt DJ, Dolan SK, Toledo-Aparicio D, Hunt JG, Smith DW, Lacy-Roberts N, Nupe Hewage PS, Stoyanova TN, Manson E, McClean K, Inglis NF, Mercer DK, O’Neil DA. Cysteamine Inhibits Glycine Utilisation and Disrupts Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:718213. [PMID: 34631600 PMCID: PMC8494450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.718213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic human pathogen which employs a myriad of virulence factors. In people with cystic fibrosis (CF) P. aeruginosa frequently colonises the lungs and becomes a chronic infection that evolves to become less virulent over time, but often adapts to favour persistence in the host with alginate-producing mucoid, slow-growing, and antibiotic resistant phenotypes emerging. Cysteamine is an endogenous aminothiol which has been shown to prevent biofilm formation, reduce phenazine production, and potentiate antibiotic activity against P. aeruginosa, and has been investigated in clinical trials as an adjunct therapy for pulmonary exacerbations of CF. Here we demonstrate (for the first time in a prokaryote) that cysteamine prevents glycine utilisation by P. aeruginosa in common with previously reported activity blocking the glycine cleavage system in human cells. Despite the clear inhibition of glycine metabolism, cysteamine also inhibits hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production by P. aeruginosa, suggesting a direct interference in the regulation of virulence factor synthesis. Cysteamine impaired chemotaxis, lowered pyocyanin, pyoverdine and exopolysaccharide production, and reduced the toxicity of P. aeruginosa secreted factors in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Thus, cysteamine has additional potent anti-virulence properties targeting P. aeruginosa, further supporting its therapeutic potential in CF and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen K. Dolan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Piumi Sara Nupe Hewage
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Teodora N. Stoyanova
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Manson
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McClean
- Proteomics Facility Services, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Neil F. Inglis
- Proteomics Facility Services, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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4
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Piechocka J, Wrońska M, Głowacka IE, Głowacki R. 2-(3-Hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid, Novel Metabolite of Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate and Cysteine Is Present in Human Plasma-Chromatographic Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3548. [PMID: 32443403 PMCID: PMC7278924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that aminothiols, to which cysteine (Cys) belongs, are highly reactive towards aldehydes in an aqueous environment, forming substituted thiazolidine carboxylic acids. This report provides evidence that formation of the product containing a thiazolidine ring through non-enzymatic condensation of Cys and an active form of vitamin B6 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) occurs in vivo in humans. To prove this point, a new method, based on a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), has been designed to identify and quantify Cys and PLP adduct, 2-(3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxymethyl-2-methyl-4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (HPPTCA) in human plasma. The GC-MS assay relies on sample deproteinization by ultrafiltration over cut-off membranes and preconcentration by drying under vacuum, followed by treatment of the residue with derivatization mixture containing anhydrous pyridine, N-trimethylsilyl-N-methyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). The method quantifies HPPTCA in a linear range from 1 to 20 µmol L-1, where the lowest standard on the calibration curve refers to the limit of quantification (LOQ). The validity of the method was demonstrated. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to plasma samples donated by apparently healthy volunteers and breast cancer patients. The GC-MS assay provides a new tool that will hopefully facilitate studies on the role of HPPTCA in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Monika Wrońska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Iwona E. Głowacka
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszyńskiego Str., 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Rafał Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Str., 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
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5
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Wilson MP, Plecko B, Mills PB, Clayton PT. Disorders affecting vitamin B 6 metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:629-646. [PMID: 30671974 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is present in our diet in many forms, however, only pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) can function as a cofactor for enzymes. The intestine absorbs nonphosphorylated B6 vitamers, which are converted by specific enzymes to the active PLP form. The role of PLP is enabled by its reactive aldehyde group. Pathways reliant on PLP include amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism, folate and 1-carbon metabolism, protein and polyamine synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and erythropoiesis. Besides the role of PLP as a cofactor B6 vitamers also play other cellular roles, for example, as antioxidants, modifying expression and action of steroid hormone receptors, affecting immune function, as chaperones and as an antagonist of Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) at P2 purinoceptors. Because of the vital role of PLP in neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly synthesis of the inhibitory transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, it is not surprising that various inborn errors leading to PLP deficiency manifest as B6 -responsive epilepsy, usually of early onset. This includes pyridox(am)ine phosphate oxidase deficiency (a disorder affecting PLP synthesis and recycling), disorders affecting PLP import into the brain (hypophosphatasia and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis defects), a disorder of an intracellular PLP-binding protein (PLPBP, previously named PROSC) and disorders where metabolites accumulate that inactivate PLP, for example, ALDH7A1 deficiency and hyperprolinaemia type II. Patients with these disorders can show rapid control of seizures in response to either pyridoxine and/or PLP with a lifelong dependency on supraphysiological vitamin B6 supply. The clinical and biochemical features of disorders leading to B6 -responsive seizures and the treatment of these disorders are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Wilson
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, University Childrens' Hospital Graz, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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6
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Harrison PJ, Dunn T, Campopiano DJ. Sphingolipid biosynthesis in man and microbes. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:921-954. [PMID: 29863195 PMCID: PMC6148460 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new review covering up to 2018 Sphingolipids are essential molecules that, despite their long history, are still stimulating interest today. The reasons for this are that, as well as playing structural roles within cell membranes, they have also been shown to perform a myriad of cell signalling functions vital to the correct function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Indeed, sphingolipid disregulation that alters the tightly-controlled balance of these key lipids has been closely linked to a number of diseases such as diabetes, asthma and various neuropathologies. Sphingolipid biogenesis, metabolism and regulation is mediated by a large number of enzymes, proteins and second messengers. There appears to be a core pathway common to all sphingolipid-producing organisms but recent studies have begun to dissect out important, species-specific differences. Many of these have only recently been discovered and in most cases the molecular and biochemical details are only beginning to emerge. Where there is a direct link from classic biochemistry to clinical symptoms, a number a drug companies have undertaken a medicinal chemistry campaign to try to deliver a therapeutic intervention to alleviate a number of diseases. Where appropriate, we highlight targets where natural products have been exploited as useful tools. Taking all these aspects into account this review covers the structural, mechanistic and regulatory features of sphingolipid biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Harrison
- School of Chemistry
, University of Edinburgh
,
David Brewster Road
, Edinburgh
, EH9 3FJ
, UK
.
| | - Teresa M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
, Uniformed Services University
,
Bethesda
, Maryland
20814
, USA
| | - Dominic J. Campopiano
- School of Chemistry
, University of Edinburgh
,
David Brewster Road
, Edinburgh
, EH9 3FJ
, UK
.
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7
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Functional Characterization and Structure-Guided Mutational Analysis of the Transsulfuration Enzyme Cystathionine γ-Lyase from Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072111. [PMID: 30036991 PMCID: PMC6073527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids play essential roles in many organisms. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii includes the genes for cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase (TgCGL), as well as for cysteine synthase, which are crucial enzymes of the transsulfuration and de novo pathways for cysteine biosynthesis, respectively. These enzymes are specifically expressed in the oocyst stage of T. gondii. However, their functionality has not been investigated. Herein, we expressed and characterized the putative CGL from T. gondii. Recombinant TgCGL almost exclusively catalyses the α,γ-hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to form l-cysteine and displays marginal reactivity toward l-cysteine. Structure-guided homology modelling revealed two striking amino acid differences between the human and parasite CGL active-sites (Glu59 and Ser340 in human to Ser77 and Asn360 in toxoplasma). Mutation of Asn360 to Ser demonstrated the importance of this residue in modulating the specificity for the catalysis of α,β- versus α,γ-elimination of l-cystathionine. Replacement of Ser77 by Glu completely abolished activity towards l-cystathionine. Our results suggest that CGL is an important functional enzyme in T. gondii, likely implying that the reverse transsulfuration pathway is operative in the parasite; we also probed the roles of active-site architecture and substrate binding conformations as determinants of reaction specificity in transsulfuration enzymes.
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8
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Darin N, Reid E, Prunetti L, Samuelsson L, Husain RA, Wilson M, El Yacoubi B, Footitt E, Chong WK, Wilson LC, Prunty H, Pope S, Heales S, Lascelles K, Champion M, Wassmer E, Veggiotti P, de Crécy-Lagard V, Mills PB, Clayton PT. Mutations in PROSC Disrupt Cellular Pyridoxal Phosphate Homeostasis and Cause Vitamin-B 6-Dependent Epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1325-1337. [PMID: 27912044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, functions as a cofactor in humans for more than 140 enzymes, many of which are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and degradation. A deficiency of PLP can present, therefore, as seizures and other symptoms that are treatable with PLP and/or pyridoxine. Deficiency of PLP in the brain can be caused by inborn errors affecting B6 vitamer metabolism or by inactivation of PLP, which can occur when compounds accumulate as a result of inborn errors of other pathways or when small molecules are ingested. Whole-exome sequencing of two children from a consanguineous family with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in proline synthetase co-transcribed homolog (bacterial), PROSC, which encodes a PLP-binding protein of hitherto unknown function. Subsequent sequencing of 29 unrelated indivduals with pyridoxine-responsive epilepsy identified four additional children with biallelic PROSC mutations. Pre-treatment cerebrospinal fluid samples showed low PLP concentrations and evidence of reduced activity of PLP-dependent enzymes. However, cultured fibroblasts showed excessive PLP accumulation. An E.coli mutant lacking the PROSC homolog (ΔYggS) is pyridoxine sensitive; complementation with human PROSC restored growth whereas hPROSC encoding p.Leu175Pro, p.Arg241Gln, and p.Ser78Ter did not. PLP, a highly reactive aldehyde, poses a problem for cells, which is how to supply enough PLP for apoenzymes while maintaining free PLP concentrations low enough to avoid unwanted reactions with other important cellular nucleophiles. Although the mechanism involved is not fully understood, our studies suggest that PROSC is involved in intracellular homeostatic regulation of PLP, supplying this cofactor to apoenzymes while minimizing any toxic side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Darin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41685 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Reid
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Laurence Prunetti
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lena Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ralf A Husain
- Centre for Inborn Metabolic Disorders, Department of Neuropediatrics, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Basma El Yacoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emma Footitt
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - W K Chong
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Louise C Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Helen Prunty
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Department of Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Karine Lascelles
- Department of Neuroscience, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mike Champion
- Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Strada Nuova, 65 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences and Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Philippa B Mills
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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9
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Önen Bayram FE, Sipahi H, Acar ET, Kahveci Ulugöl R, Buran K, Akgün H. The cysteine releasing pattern of some antioxidant thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:337-44. [PMID: 27017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress that corresponds to a significant increase in free radical concentration in cells can cause considerable damage to crucial biological macromolecules if not prevented by cellular defense mechanisms. The low-molecular-weight thiol glutathione (GSH) constitutes one of the main intracellular antioxidants. It is synthesized via cysteine, an amino acid found only in limited amounts in cells because of its neurotoxicity. Thus, to ensure an efficient GSH synthesis in case of an oxidative stress, cysteine should be provided extracellularly. Yet, given its nucleophilic properties and its rapid conversion into cystine, its corresponding disulfide, cysteine presents some toxicity and therefore is usually supplemented in a prodrug approach. Here, some thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant properties via the DDPH and CUPRAC assays. Then, the cysteine releasing capacity of the obtained compounds was investigated in aqueous and organic medium in order to correlate the relevant antioxidant properties of the molecules with their cysteine releasing pattern. As a result, the structures' antioxidative properties were not only attributed to cysteine release but also to the thiazolidine cycle itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Esra Önen Bayram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Türköz Acar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Kahveci Ulugöl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kerem Buran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Akgün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Lowther J, Beattie AE, Langridge-Smith PRR, Clarke DJ, Campopiano DJ. l-Penicillamine is a mechanism-based inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase by forming a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-thiazolidine adduct. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Yanaka N, Kanda M, Toya K, Suehiro H, Kato N. Vitamin B6 regulates mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ target genes. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:419-424. [PMID: 22977520 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vitamin B6 suppresses tumorigenesis in the colon of mice and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of NF-κB activation. As these effects resemble the pharmacological properties of thiazolidinedione (TZD), a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligand, this study was designed to examine the effect of vitamin B6 on the activation of PPARγ and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), one of the vitamin B6 derivatives, was shown to promote adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, PLP specifically induced mRNA expression of PPARγ target genes in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes and enhanced the lipid accumulation and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA expression in NIH3T3 cells stably expressing PPARγ. Furthermore, the administration of vitamin B6 increased the expression of aP2 mRNA in mouse adipose tissues. Collectively, these observations suggest a novel function of vitamin B6 as an activator for PPARγ, which may contribute to the anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Yanaka
- Department of Bioresource Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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12
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Fesko K, Uhl M, Steinreiber J, Gruber K, Griengl H. Biocatalytic access to alpha,alpha-dialkyl-alpha-amino acids by a mechanism-based approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:121-4. [PMID: 19943295 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fesko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Austria
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Fesko K, Uhl M, Steinreiber J, Gruber K, Griengl H. Biocatalytic Access to α,α-Dialkyl-α-amino Acids by a Mechanism-Based Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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M. V. D. Pinho e Melo T, M. M. Lopes S, Matos Beja A, Ramos Silva M, M. d’A. Rocha Gonsalves A, A. Paixão J. Synthesis of Chiral Thiazolo[3,4-a]pyrazine-5,8-diones. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bird SD, Legge M, Walker RJ. Formaldehyde scavenging from peritoneal dialysis solutions using reduced aminothiol compounds. Nephrology (Carlton) 2004; 9:65-72. [PMID: 15056264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2003.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehydes were identified in clinical solutions, including peritoneal dialysis (PD) and cryoprotection solutions, which were used to freeze cells, tissues and embryos. Aldehydes are associated with increased cellular injury and may contribute to peritoneal membrane damage that occurs in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Recently, it was demonstrated that aldehydes could be 'scavenged' from these solutions by using aminothiol compounds. Although aldehydes were removed during the scavenging process, the kinetics of scavenging and the products formed were not characterized. METHODS Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to investigate formaldehyde scavenging from an artificial PD solution supplemented with aminothiol compounds, cysteamine or l-cysteine. Artificial PD solutions were formulated on the basis of commercial PD solutions and consisted of 132 mmol/L NaCl, 0.25 mmol/L MgCl2, 1.25 mmol/L CaCl2, and buffered with lactate (4.0 mmol/L) and lacked d-glucose. Formaldehyde scavenging was a two-step process involving an intermediate step followed by the formation of stable thiazolidine compounds. These included the derivatives of cysteamine and l-cysteine; thiazolidine and thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, respectively. CONCLUSION Scavenging with aminothiol compounds masked the destructive carbonyl group (C = O) of formaldehyde and formed a compound that has antioxidant properties. The addition of aminothiol compounds may improve the biocompatibility of commercial PD solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Bird
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Synthesis and structural characterization of cadmium(II) complexes with 2-(2-pyridyl)imino-N-(2-thiazolin-2-yl)thiazolidine (PyTT). Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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