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Silva T, Silva AN, Serafim Y, Silva Júnior V, Lima E. Behavioral and structural changes in the hippocampus of wistar epileptic rats are minimized by acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior and histopathological changes in the hippocampus of epileptic Wistar rats treated with acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital. The experiment used 44 male rats with 90 days of birth, induced to status epileptics with pilocarpine hydrochloride in a single dose of 350mg/kg, separated into treatment groups and submitted for 5 minutes to the elevated plus-maze test. Group 1 received 0.2mL of saline solution orally; Group 2 treated with acupuncture at the yintang, baihui, shishencong, jizhong, naohu, thianzu points; Group 3 received orally phenobarbital, daily dose of 20mg/kg; Group 4 treated with an association of acupuncture and oral phenobarbital; Group 5 random needling. The results obtained showed that Groups 2 (acupuncture) and 4 (acupuncture and phenobarbital) presented decreased anxiety, epileptic seizures, and neuronal death in the CA1, CA3 areas of the hippocampus when compared to animals in groups 1, 3 and 5. It is concluded that the association of phenobarbital and acupuncture points used in the experiment allowed for the control of epileptic seizures, reduction of anxiety and reduction of lesions in the subareas of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.C.C. Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - E.R. Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
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2
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Vogt AG, de Oliveira RL, Voss GT, Blödorn GB, Alves D, Wilhelm EA, Luchese C. QCTA-1, a quinoline derivative, ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and memory comorbidity in mice: Involvement of antioxidant system of brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 215:173357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Najafian SA, Farbood Y, Sarkaki A, Ghafouri S. FTY720 administration following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure reverse cognitive impairments and severity of seizures in male and female adult rats: The role of inflammation. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135675. [PMID: 33516800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure mainly leads to deleterious effects on brain function, especially cognitive impairments and increased susceptibility to epilepsy later in life. Early inflammation plays an important role in the pathology of these consequences. Therefore, we explored the long-term outcomes of Fingolimod treatment as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent in a rat model of HINS. Seizures were induced in rats (postnatal day 10) by 5% O2 exposure for 15 min. Sixty minutes after the onset of hypoxia, pups received FTY720 (0.3 mg.kg-1) or normal saline for 12 consecutive days (lactation period), and they were used at P60-P63 for behavioral tests, ELISA and Pentylenetetrazole kindling model. The results of open field, novel object recognition and elevated plus maze tasks showed that Fingolimod prevents hippocampal memory dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in both male and female hypoxic groups, which was accompanied with decreased TNF-α level in hippocampus. In addition, FTY720 postponed epileptogenesis just in female hypoxic + FTY group and decreased severity of seizures in both genders. Our results suggest that, FTY720 treatment in immature rats, which were previously subjected to HINS, prevented the long-lasting deficits, like cognitive impairments, decreased the severity of seizures and related inflammation. In addition, FTY720 did not show significant interaction with gender in most of the experiments, except the average day to reach fully kindled state. Taken together, FTY720 has therapeutic potential for long lasting effects of HINS in both male and female animals at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Najafian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samireh Ghafouri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Mahmoud M, Zaitone S, Ammar A. Binary and ternary Cu(II) complexes of pregabalin with excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and their antiepileptic effect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mahmoud M, Abbas A, Zaitone S, Ammar A, Sallam S. Copper(II) ternary complexes with gabapentin and neurotransmitters as antiepileptic drug. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mai HN, Sharma N, Jeong JH, Shin EJ, Pham DT, Trinh QD, Lee YJ, Jang CG, Nah SY, Bing G, Kim HC. P53 knockout mice are protected from cocaine-induced kindling behaviors via inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative burdens, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proapoptotic changes. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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de Souza AG, Chaves Filho AJM, Souza Oliveira JV, de Souza DAA, Lopes IS, de Carvalho MAJ, de Lima KA, Florenço Sousa FC, Mendes Vasconcelos SM, Macedo D, de França Fonteles MM. Prevention of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities in mice by levetiracetam combined with the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide: Involvement of brain antioxidant and BDNF upregulating properties. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:429-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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8
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Park KK, Reuben JS, Soliman KF. The Role of Inducible-Nitric Oxide in Cocaine-Induced Kindling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 226:185-90. [PMID: 11361036 DOI: 10.1177/153537020122600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally naive male Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 85–110 g) were used to examine the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cocaine-induced kindling. Repeated administration of cocaine (45 mg/kg, ip) to Sprague Dawley male rats for 7 consecutive days produced a progressive increase in the Convulsive responsiveness and death. Pretreatment with iNOS inhibitors, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (NIL; 10 mg/kg, ip) and (–)-ePigalloocatechin gallate (EGCG; 10 mg/kg, ip) 30 min before cocaine (45 mg/kg, ip) administration for 7 days attenuated the development of cocaine kindling and blocked cocaine-induced death. Results of NMDA receptor binding assay in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in the affinity without changes in the density in animals treated with cocaine, but there were no changes in these parameters in the cortex. Pretreatment with NIL or EGCG prior to cocaine administration abolished the cocaine-induced effect in the NMDA receptor affinity in the hippocampus. These results suggest that iNOS induction followed by an increase of NMDA receptor affinity in the hippocampus after repeated exposure to cocaine may participate in the process of the development of cocaine kindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Park
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA
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Hodgkinson VL, Zhu S, Wang Y, Ladomersky E, Nickelson K, Weisman GA, Lee J, Gitlin JD, Petris MJ. Autonomous requirements of the Menkes disease protein in the nervous system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C660-8. [PMID: 26269458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00130.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Menkes disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder arising from a systemic copper deficiency caused by loss-of-function mutations in a ubiquitously expressed copper transporter, ATP7A. Although this disorder reveals an essential role for copper in the developing human nervous system, the role of ATP7A in the pathogenesis of signs and symptoms in affected patients, including severe mental retardation, ataxia, and excitotoxic seizures, remains unknown. To directly examine the role of ATP7A within the central nervous system, we generated Atp7a(Nes) mice, in which the Atp7a gene was specifically deleted within neural and glial cell precursors without impairing systemic copper homeostasis, and compared these mice with the mottled brindle (mo-br) mutant, a murine model of Menkes disease in which Atp7a is defective in all cells. Whereas mo-br mice displayed neurodegeneration, demyelination, and 100% mortality prior to weaning, the Atp7a(Nes) mice showed none of these phenotypes, exhibiting only mild sensorimotor deficits, increased anxiety, and susceptibility to NMDA-induced seizure. Our results indicate that the pathophysiology of severe neurological signs and symptoms in Menkes disease is the result of copper deficiency within the central nervous system secondary to impaired systemic copper homeostasis and does not arise from an intrinsic lack of ATP7A within the developing brain. Furthermore, the sensorimotor deficits, hypophagia, anxiety, and sensitivity to NMDA-induced seizure in the Atp7a(Nes) mice reveal unique autonomous requirements for ATP7A in the nervous system. Taken together, these data reveal essential roles for copper acquisition in the central nervous system in early development and suggest novel therapeutic approaches in affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Hodgkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Karen Nickelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaekwon Lee
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | | | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri;
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Fluvoxamine alleviates seizure activity and downregulates hippocampal GAP-43 expression in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:369-82. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Cocaine-induced changes in NMDA receptor signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:494-506. [PMID: 24445951 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Addictive states are often thought to rely on lasting modification of signaling at relevant synapses. A long-standing theory posits that activity at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is a critical component of long-term synaptic plasticity in many brain areas. Indeed, NMDAR signaling has been found to play a role in the etiology of addictive states, in particular, following cocaine exposure. However, no consensus is apparent with respect to the specific effects of cocaine exposure on NMDARs. Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that NMDARs interact extensively with multiple membrane proteins and intracellular signaling cascades. This allows for highly heterogeneous patterns of NMDAR regulation by cocaine in distinct brain regions and at distinct synapses. The picture is further complicated by findings that cocaine effects on NMDARs are sensitive to the behavioral history of cocaine exposure such as the mode of cocaine administration. This review provides a summary of evidence for cocaine-induced changes in NMDAR expression, cocaine-induced alterations in NMDAR function, and cocaine effects on NMDAR control of intracellular signaling cascades.
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The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP disrupts cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, but spares behavioral sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2012; 239:155-63. [PMID: 23153931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the notion that memory and addiction share similar neural substrates has become widely accepted. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are the cornerstones of synaptic models of memory. The present study examined the effect of the competitive NMDAR antagonist CPP on the induction of behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference to cocaine. Conditioned place preference is an associative memory model of drug seeking, while sensitization is a non-associative model of the transition from casual to compulsive use. There were three principal findings: (1) co-administration of CPP and cocaine altered the acute response to cocaine, suggesting a direct interaction between the two drugs; (2) NMDAR antagonism had no effect on behavioral sensitization; and (3) NMDAR antagonism abolished conditioned place preference. A review of prior evidence supporting a role for NMDARs in sensitization suggests that NMDAR antagonists directly interfere with cocaine's psychostimulant effects, and this interaction could be misinterpreted as a disruption of sensitization. Finally, we suggest that addiction recruits multiple kinds of plasticity, with sensitization recruiting NMDAR-independent mechanisms.
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Kaminski RM, Núñez-Taltavull JF, Budziszewska B, Lasoń W, Gasior M, Zapata A, Shippenberg TS, Witkin JM. Effects of cocaine-kindling on the expression of NMDA receptors and glutamate levels in mouse brain. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:146-52. [PMID: 20927585 PMCID: PMC3010691 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we examined the effects of cocaine seizure kindling on the expression of NMDA receptors and levels of extracellular glutamate in mouse brain. Quantitative autoradiography did not reveal any changes in binding of [3H] MK-801 to NMDA receptors in several brain regions. Likewise, in situ hybridization and Western blotting revealed no alteration in expression of the NMDA receptor subunits, NR1 and NR2B. Basal overflow of glutamate in the ventral hippocampus determined by microdialysis in freely moving animals also did not differ between cocaine-kindled and control groups. Perfusion with the selective excitatory amino acid transporter inhibitor, pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (tPDC, 0.6 mM), increased glutamate overflow confirming transport inhibition. Importantly, KCl-evoked glutamate overflow under tPDC perfusion was significantly higher in cocaine-kindled mice than in control mice. These data suggest that enhancement of depolarization stimulated glutamate release may be one of the mechanisms underlying the development of increased seizure susceptibility after cocaine kindling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal M Kaminski
- Drug Development Group, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Abrahao KP, Quadros IMH, Souza-Formigoni MLO. Individual differences to repeated ethanol administration may predict locomotor response to other drugs, and vice versa. Behav Brain Res 2009; 197:404-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Gass JT, Olive MF. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:218-65. [PMID: 17706608 PMCID: PMC2239014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and alcoholism. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on glutamatergic substrates of addiction, surveying data from both human and animal studies. The effects of various drugs of abuse on glutamatergic neurotransmission are discussed, as are the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of various components of glutamate transmission on drug reinforcement, conditioned reward, extinction, and relapse-like behavior. In addition, glutamatergic agents that are currently in use or are undergoing testing in clinical trials for the treatment of addiction are discussed, including acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, modafinil, topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin and memantine. All drugs of abuse appear to modulate glutamatergic transmission, albeit by different mechanisms, and this modulation of glutamate transmission is believed to result in long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the brain that may contribute to the perseveration of drug-seeking behavior and drug-associated memories. In general, attenuation of glutamatergic transmission reduces drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behavior. On the other hand, potentiation of glutamatergic transmission appears to facilitate the extinction of drug-seeking behavior. However, attempts at identifying genetic polymorphisms in components of glutamate transmission in humans have yielded only a limited number of candidate genes that may serve as risk factors for the development of addiction. Nonetheless, manipulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission appears to be a promising avenue of research in developing improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug addiction and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gass
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Ben-Shahar O, Keeley P, Cook M, Brake W, Joyce M, Nyffeler M, Heston R, Ettenberg A. Changes in levels of D1, D2, or NMDA receptors during withdrawal from brief or extended daily access to IV cocaine. Brain Res 2006; 1131:220-8. [PMID: 17161392 PMCID: PMC1800943 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that brief (1 h), but not extended (6 h), daily access to cocaine results in a sensitized locomotor response to cocaine and in elevated c-Fos immunoreactivity and DAT binding in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) core. In order to better our understanding of the neural adaptations mediating the transition from controlled drug use to addiction, the current experiments were set to further explore the neural adaptations resulting from these two access conditions. Rats received either brief daily access to saline or cocaine, or brief daily access followed by extended daily access to cocaine. Subjects were then sacrificed either 20 min, or 14 or 60 days, after the last self-administration session. Samples of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), N.Acc core and shell, dorsal striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were taken for analysis of D1 ([3H]SCH-23390), D2 ([3H]Spiperone), and NMDA ([3H]MK-801) receptor binding (using the method of receptor autoradiography). At 20 min into withdrawal, D2 receptors were elevated and NMDA receptors were reduced in the mPFC of the brief access animals while D1 receptors were elevated in the N.Acc shell of the extended access animals, compared to saline controls. D2 receptors were reduced in the N.Acc shell of the brief access animals compared to saline controls after 14 days, and compared to extended access animals after 60 days of withdrawal. In summary, extended access to cocaine resulted in only transient changes in D1 receptors binding. These results suggest that the development of compulsive drug use is largely unrelated to changes in total binding of D2 or NMDA receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Brain Chemistry/physiology
- Cocaine/adverse effects
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Nucleus Accumbens/physiopathology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/metabolism
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Ben-Shahar
- Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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Schlussman SD, Zhou Y, Bailey A, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Steady-dose and escalating-dose "binge" administration of cocaine alter expression of behavioral stereotypy and striatal preprodynorphin mRNA levels in rats. Brain Res Bull 2005; 67:169-75. [PMID: 16144651 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of chronic (14-day) steady-dose and escalating-dose "binge" pattern cocaine administration on striatal preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA levels and behavioral stereotypies. Animals in the steady-state and escalating groups received cocaine in a "binge" pattern (three equal injections starting 30 min following the start of the daily light cycle, separated by 1 h). The dose of cocaine in the "steady-dose" group was 15 mg/kg/injection and remained constant throughout the study. The escalating group received 15 mg/kg/injection on days 1-3, 20 mg/kg/injection on days 4-6, 25 mg/kg/injection on days 7-9 and 30 mg/kg/injection thereafter, for a maximum daily dose of 90 mg/kg. Levels of ppDyn mRNA were determined by solution hybridization. Cocaine significantly affected body weight. Both steady-dose and escalating-dose "binge" cocaine administration resulted in expression of behavioral stereotypy and induced intense, rapid head movements which were dose- and time-dependent. Cocaine, independent of dose, increased ppDyn mRNA levels in the caudate putamen (CPu), but not in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These data suggest that the ppDyn response to cocaine in the CPu is not dose-dependent or that it has reached a maximal level at the 45 mg/kg daily dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Nelson TE, Ur CL, Gruol DL. Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure enhances NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses and NMDA receptor expression in hippocampal CA1 region. Brain Res 2005; 1048:69-79. [PMID: 15919065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we found that chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) treatment-a model of ethanol consumption in which animals are exposed to and withdrawn from intoxicating levels of ethanol on a daily basis-produces neuroadaptive changes in hippocampal area CA1 excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. Synaptic responses mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are known to be sensitive to ethanol and could play an important role in the neuroadaptive changes induced by CIE treatment. To address this issue, we compared electrophysiological recordings of pharmacologically isolated NMDA-receptor-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices prepared from control rats and rats exposed to 2 weeks of CIE treatment administered by vapor inhalation. We found that fEPSPs induced by NMDA receptor activation were unaltered in slices prepared shortly after cessation of CIE treatment (i.e., < or = 1 day of withdrawal from CIE). However, following 7 days of withdrawal from CIE treatment, NMDA-receptor-mediated fEPSPs were augmented relative to age-matched controls. Western blot analysis of NMDA receptor subunit expression showed that, at 7 days of withdrawal, the level of protein for NR2A and NR2B subunits was elevated in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices from CIE-treated animals compared with slices from age-matched controls. These results are consistent with an involvement of NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses in the neuroadaptive effects of CIE on hippocampal physiology and suggest that such changes may contribute to ethanol-induced changes in processes dependent on NMDA-receptor-mediated synaptic responses such as learning and memory, neural development, hyperexcitability and seizures, and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Nelson
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-11, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lu L, Dempsey J, Shaham Y, Hope BT. Differential long-term neuroadaptations of glutamate receptors in the basolateral and central amygdala after withdrawal from cocaine self-administration in rats. J Neurochem 2005; 94:161-8. [PMID: 15953359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans and laboratory animals remain highly vulnerable to relapse to cocaine-seeking after prolonged periods of withdrawal from the drug. It has been hypothesized that this persistent cocaine relapse vulnerability involves drug-induced alterations in glutamatergic synapses within the mesolimbic dopamine reward system. Previous studies have shown that cocaine self-administration induces long-lasting neuroadaptations in glutamate neurons of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Here, we determined the effect of cocaine self-administration and subsequent withdrawal on glutamate receptor expression in the amygdala, a component of the mesolimbic dopamine system that is involved in cocaine seeking and craving induced by drug-associated cues. Rats were trained for 10 days to self-administer intravenous cocaine (6 h/day) or saline (a control condition) and were killed after one or 30 withdrawal days. Basolateral and central amygdala tissues were assayed for protein expression of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits (GluR1 and GluR2) and the NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A and NR2B). In the basolateral amygdala, GluR1 but not GluR2 levels were increased on days 1 and 30, NR2A levels were increased on day 1, and NR2B levels were decreased on day 30 of withdrawal from cocaine. In the central amygdala, GluR2 but not GluR1 levels were increased on days 1 and 30, NR1 levels were increased on day 30 and NR2A or NR2B levels were not altered after withdrawal from cocaine. These results indicate that cocaine self-administration and subsequent withdrawal induces long-lasting and differential neuroadaptations in basolateral and central amygdala glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute on Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Acerbo MJ, Výboh P, Kostál L, Kubíková L, Delius JD. Repeated apomorphine administration alters dopamine D1 and D2 receptor densities in pigeon basal telencephalon. Exp Brain Res 2004; 160:533-7. [PMID: 15599724 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-004-2158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
When pigeons are repeatedly administered a dose of apomorphine they show an increasing behavioral response, much as rodents do. In birds this expresses itself in an augmented pecking response. This sensitization is assumed to be largely due to a conditioning process. Here we present evidence that sensitization is accompanied by an alteration of the D(1) to D(2) dopamine receptor densities. An experimental group of pigeons was repeatedly injected with apomorphine, and a control group with saline. The basal forebrain tissue, known to be rich in dopamine receptors, was subjected to binding assays using tritiated specific D(1) and D(2) dopamine receptor antagonists. There was a trend towards an increase in D(1) and a significant decrease in D(2) receptor densities in apomorphine-treated birds compared to the saline-treated controls. We conclude that extended apomorphine treatment modifies the D(1) dopamine receptor density in the opposite manner to the D(2) dopamine receptor density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Acerbo
- Experimental Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Arai S, Morita K, Kitayama S, Kumagai K, Kumagai M, Kihira K, Dohi T. Chronic inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter in the brain participates in seizure sensitization to cocaine and local anesthetics. Brain Res 2003; 964:83-90. [PMID: 12573515 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of chronic inhibition of monoamine transporters (MAT) in the brain with respect to sensitization to cocaine- and local anesthetic-induced seizures was studied in mice. Repeated administration of subconvulsive doses of meprylcaine as well as cocaine, both of which inhibit MAT, but not lidocaine, which does not inhibit MAT, increased seizure activity and produced sensitization to other local anesthetics. The effects of five daily treatments of monoamine transporter inhibitors on lidocaine-induced convulsions were examined 2 or 3 days after the last dose of the inhibitors. Daily treatments of GBR 12935, a specific inhibitor of dopamine uptake, significantly increased the incidence and the intensity of lidocaine-induced convulsions at 20 mg/kg and decreased the threshold of the convulsions. Daily treatments of desipramine and maprotiline, selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitors, markedly increased the incidence and intensity of lidocaine-induced convulsions, and decreased the threshold in a dose-dependent manner at between 5 and 20 mg/kg. Daily treatments of citalopram, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, at 10 and 20 mg/kg, produced no significant increase in the incidence or intensity of lidocaine-induced convulsions, but decreased the threshold of the convulsions. These results suggest that the chronic intermittent inhibition of monoamine uptake increases susceptibility to cocaine- and local anesthetic-induced seizures, and the norepinephrine transporter is an integral component of this sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Arai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Division of Integrated Medical Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Pall ML. NMDA sensitization and stimulation by peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, and organic solvents as the mechanism of chemical sensitivity in multiple chemical sensitivity. FASEB J 2002; 16:1407-17. [PMID: 12205032 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0861hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a condition where previous exposure to hydrophobic organic solvents or pesticides appears to render people hypersensitive to a wide range of chemicals, including organic solvents. The hypersensitivity is often exquisite, with MCS individuals showing sensitivity that appears to be at least two orders of magnitude greater than that of normal individuals. This paper presents a plausible set of interacting mechanisms to explain such heightened sensitivity. It is based on two earlier theories of MCS: the elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite theory and the neural sensitization theory. It is also based on evidence implicating excessive NMDA activity in MCS. Four sensitization mechanisms are proposed to act synergistically, each based on known physiological mechanisms: Nitric oxide-mediated stimulation of neurotransmitter (glutamate) release; peroxynitrite-mediated ATP depletion and consequent hypersensitivity of NMDA receptors; peroxynitrite-mediated increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, producing increased accessibility of organic chemicals to the central nervous system; and nitric oxide inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism. Evidence for each of these mechanisms, which may also be involved in Parkinson's disease, is reviewed. These interacting mechanisms provide explanations for diverse aspects of MCS and a framework for hypothesis-driven MCS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, USA.
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Li J, Olinger AB, Dassow MS, Abel MS. GABA(B) receptor gene expression is not altered in cocaine-sensitized rats. J Neurosci Res 2002; 68:241-7. [PMID: 11948669 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent behavioral and neurobiological data indicate that GABA(B) receptor transmission is involved in cocaine-induced hyperactivity and reinforcement. GABA(B) receptor gene expression in cocaine-sensitized rats was examined in this study. Rats were injected with cocaine (15 mg/kg, daily, i.p.) or saline for 5 consecutive days, and challenged with the same dose of cocaine after a 1-, or 20-day hiatus. The locomotor activities of rats were recorded after challenge, and the rats were killed 24 hr later. GABA(B)R1a, 1b, and GABA(B)R2 mRNA in discrete brain regions was detected by RPA and In Situ Hybridization; GABA(B)R1a protein was measured by Western blotting. Rats pretreated with cocaine developed a hyperactivity to the cocaine challenge after a 1-day or 20-day hiatus, but GABA(B)R subunit mRNA and GABA(B)R1a protein densities in the targeted regions showed no significant difference compared to those in control rats. These data indicate that GABA(B) receptor gene expression is not necessarily relevant to the behavioral sensitization of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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