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Aungle P, Langer E. Physical healing as a function of perceived time. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22432. [PMID: 38104155 PMCID: PMC10725481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we wounded study participants following a standardized procedure and manipulated perceived time to test whether perceived time affected the rate of healing. We measured the amount of healing that occurred across three conditions using a within-subjects design: Slow Time (half as fast as clock time), Normal Time (clock time), and Fast Time (twice as fast as clock time). Based on the theory of mind-body unity-which posits simultaneous and bidirectional influences of mind on body and body on mind-we hypothesized that wounds would heal faster or slower when perceived time was manipulated to be experienced as longer or shorter respectively. Although the actual elapsed time was 28 min in all three conditions, significantly more healing was observed in the Normal Time condition compared to the Slow Time condition, in the Fast Time condition compared to the Normal Time condition, and in the Fast Time condition compared to the Slow Time condition. These results support the hypothesis that the effect of time on physical healing is directly affected by one's psychological experience of time, independent of the actual elapsed time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aungle
- Psychology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
| | - Ellen Langer
- Psychology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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2
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Ren H, Zhang Q, Ren Y, Zhou Q, Fang Y, Huang L, Li X. Characteristics of psychological time in patients with depression and potential intervention strategies. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1173535. [PMID: 37304430 PMCID: PMC10248015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1173535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological time reveals information about an individual's psychological state and psychopathological traits and, thus, has become a new perspective through which the occurrence and development of depression can be examined. Psychological time includes time perception, time perspective, circadian rhythms, and passage of time. Patients with depression are characterized by inaccurate time interval estimation, habitual negative thoughts about the past and future, evening-type circadian rhythms, and slow passage of time. Habitual negative thoughts about the past and future and evening-type circadian rhythms influence the formation of depression, and poor time interval estimation and slow passage of time may result from depression. Further study is needed accurately exploring psychological time and influencing factors in patients with depression, and prospective cohort studies could further clarify this complex relationship. In addition, the study of psychological time has important implications for developing effective interventions to reduce depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Ren
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Applied Cognition and Personality, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Foreign Studies, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yanzhen Ren
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Applied Cognition and Personality, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- Faculty of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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3
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Mioni G, Labonté K, Cellini N, Grondin S. Relationship between daily fluctuations of body temperature and the processing of sub-second intervals. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:220-6. [PMID: 27291989 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mioni
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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García A, Ramírez C, Valdez P. Circadian variations in self-monitoring, a component of executive functions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1075722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Animals, plants, and microorganisms exhibit numerous biological rhythms that are generated by numerous biological clocks. This article summarizes experimental data pertinent to the often-ignored issue of integration of multiple rhythms. Five contexts of integration are discussed: (i) integration of circadian rhythms of multiple processes within an individual organism, (ii) integration of biological rhythms operating in different time scales (such as tidal, daily, and seasonal), (iii) integration of rhythms across multiple species, (iv) integration of rhythms of different members of a species, and (v) integration of rhythmicity and physiological homeostasis. Understanding of these multiple rhythmic interactions is an important first step in the eventual thorough understanding of how organisms arrange their vital functions temporally within and without their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Refinetti
- Circadian Rhythm Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Walterboro, South Carolina, USA.
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García A, Ramírez C, Martínez B, Valdez P. Circadian rhythms in two components of executive functions: cognitive inhibition and flexibility. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2011.638137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Aritake-Okada S, Higuchi S, Suzuki H, Kuriyama K, Enomoto M, Soshi T, Kitamura S, Watanabe M, Hida A, Matsuura M, Uchiyama M, Mishima K. Diurnal fluctuations in subjective sleep time in humans. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:225-31. [PMID: 20674617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans have the ability to estimate the passage of time in the absence of external time cues. In this study, we subjected 22 healthy males (aged 21.8±1.9 years) to a 40-min nap trial followed by 80min of wakefulness repeated over 28h, and investigated the relationship between various sleep parameters and the discrepancy (ΔST) of time estimation ability (TEA) during sleep, defined by the difference between actual sleep time (ST) and subjective sleep time (sub-ST) in each nap interval. Both ST and sub-ST were significant diurnal fluctuations with the peak in the early morning (9h after dim-light melatonin onset time, 2h after nadir time of core body temperature rhythm), and subjective sleep duration was estimated to be longer than actual times in all nap intervals (sub-ST>ST). There were significant diurnal fluctuations in discrepancy (sub-ST-ST) of TEA during sleep, and the degree of discrepancy correlated positively with increase in the amount of REM sleep and decrease in the amount of slow-wave sleep. These findings suggest that human TEA operates at a certain level of discrepancy during sleep, and that this discrepancy might be related to the biological clock and its associated sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Aritake-Okada
- Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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Valdez P, Ramírez C, García A, Talamantes J, Cortez J. CIRCADIAN AND HOMEOSTATIC VARIATION IN SUSTAINED ATTENTION. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:393-416. [DOI: 10.3109/07420521003765861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Impact of age, sleep pressure and circadian phase on time-of-day estimates. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aritake-Okada S, Uchiyama M, Suzuki H, Tagaya H, Kuriyama K, Matsuura M, Takahashi K, Higuchi S, Mishima K. Time estimation during sleep relates to the amount of slow wave sleep in humans. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kuriyama K, Uchiyama M, Suzuki H, Tagaya H, Ozaki A, Aritake S, Shibui K, Xin T, Lan L, Kamei Y, Takahashi K. Diurnal fluctuation of time perception under 30-h sustained wakefulness. Neurosci Res 2005; 53:123-8. [PMID: 16039739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that time perception in humans fluctuates over a 24-h period. Behavioral changes seem to affect human time perception, so that the fluctuation in human time perception may be the result of such changes due to self-determined activities. Recently, we carried out a study in which a healthy human cohort was asked to perform simultaneously loaded cognitive tasks under controlled conditions, and found that time perception decreased linearly from morning to evening. In addition, the variations in time perception were not a consequence of behavioral changes. It remains to be elucidated whether diurnal variations in time perception are a consequence of circadian rhythm or of some homeostatic changes that are attributable to accumulated wake time. The effects of circadian rhythm on time perception were investigated in eight healthy young male volunteers by conducting 10-s time production tasks under 30-h constant-routine conditions. Core body temperature and serum melatonin and cortisol levels were measured during the course of the study. Produced time exhibited a diurnal variation and was strongly correlated with circadian variations in core body temperature and serum melatonin levels. These results suggest that human short-term time perception is under the influence of the circadian pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kuriyama
- Department of Psychophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira 187-8533, Japan
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Morin C, Guigot J, Manai R, Vu P, Guérin N, Samson Y, Touitou Y. Impairment in clock-time estimation following right hemisphere ischemic damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:305-7. [PMID: 15726730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess clock-time estimation (CTE), we asked "what time is it in your opinion?" to 48 recent stroke in-patients, 21 with right (RH), 27 with left hemispheric (LH) lesions, and to 20 control in-patients without brain lesions (C). Errors were measured in terms of the number of minutes by which the estimated clock-time was later (advance errors) or earlier (delay errors) than the real clock-time. CTE was considered pathological when exceeding the mean advance or delay errors observed in control patients plus 2.5 standard deviations. The estimation of the duration of a short psychological interview was also assessed. CTE, and not duration estimation, was disturbed in patients. RH patients made significantly more pathological advance errors than LH patients (43% vs. 12%). This study points out the RH dominance for CTE in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morin
- Médecine Physique et Réadaptation (Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière AP-HP), Paris, France.
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Aritake S, Uchiyama M, Tagaya H, Suzuki H, Kuriyama K, Ozaki A, Tan X, Shibui K, Kamei Y, Okubo Y, Takahashi K. Time estimation during nocturnal sleep in human subjects. Neurosci Res 2004; 49:387-93. [PMID: 15236864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that time estimation during nocturnal sleep in humans can be explained by an interval timing clock inside the brain. However, no systematic investigations have been carried out with respect to how the human brain perceives the passage of time during sleep. The brain mechanisms of over- or underestimation of time spent in sleep have not yet been clarified. Here, we carried out an experimental study in which 11 healthy volunteers participated in time estimation trials scheduled six times during 9 h nocturnal sleep periods, under carefully controlled conditions. The time estimation ratio (TER: a ratio of subjective passage of time to actual time interval) decreased significantly from the first to the sixth trial. Individual TER was positively correlated with slow wave sleep prior to the trial, while it was negatively correlated with REM sleep. Our results indicate that the human brain has an ability to estimate the passage of time during nocturnal sleep without referring to time cues, and that the accuracy of this function fluctuates from overestimation in the early hours of sleep to underestimation in the last hours of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Aritake
- Department of Life Sciences and Bio-informatics, Graduate School of Allied Health Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
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Abstract
The synchrony between the individual brain and its environment is maintained by a system of internal clocks that together reflect the temporal organization of the organism. Extending the theoretical work of Edelman and others, the temporal organization of the brain is posited as functioning through "re-entry" and "temporal tagging" and binds the wide range of possible times to a unified cognitive experience which is held in unison with the outside world. Dysfunction in this system is reflected in the temporal discord seen in cases of aging, sleep disorder, jet-lag, and shift-work, as well as in mental disorders and drug-induced changes in consciousness. The extent to which neuroendocrine structures contribute to the neurocognitive mechanisms which underlie consciousness has so far not been explored. Therefore, neuroendocrine mechanisms contributing to the temporal organization of the brain are reviewed. It is concluded that time-and its neuroendocrine correlate melatonin-is a binding principle for organizing conscious experience.
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Kuriyama K, Uchiyama M, Suzuki H, Tagaya H, Ozaki A, Aritake S, Kamei Y, Nishikawa T, Takahashi K. Circadian fluctuation of time perception in healthy human subjects. Neurosci Res 2003; 46:23-31. [PMID: 12725909 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(03)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that various psychophysiological factors have influences on human time perception. In particular, working memory loads, time of day, body temperature, and mood were known as important modifiers of time perception. The purpose of this study is to elucidate factors affecting the short-term time perception under controlled condition. Fourteen healthy young male adults participated in this study. Time perception sessions (TPS) were conducted 4 times at 0900, 1300, 1700 and 2100 h. The TPS consisted of five 10-s time production trials under five different conditions (control trial, those with reward, and 3 different dual-load working memory tasks). Subjective status was assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). To verify a participant's vigilance state, an alpha attenuation coefficient (AAC) was calculated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for produced time revealed a significant main effect of session, but no effect of task or interaction. Although produced time was not correlated with AACs or VAS scores, there was a significant negative correlation between produced time and core body temperature. These results suggest that human short-term time perception may be more influenced by circadian rhythm than working memory load or psychophysiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kuriyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, 113-0034 Tokyo, Japan
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