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Gressel J. Four pillars are required to support a successful biocontrol fungus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:35-39. [PMID: 36810888 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite biocontrol conceptually being a useful way to control specific pests, there are very few products that are used beyond the glasshouse level, into the field. Only if organisms meet four criteria (four pillars) will they be widely used in the field to replace or augment conventional agrichemicals. (i) The virulence of the biocontrol agent must be enhanced to overcome evolutionary barriers either by mixing with synergistic chemicals or with one or more organisms, and/or by mutagenic or transgenic enhancing of virulence of the biocontrol fungus. (ii) Inoculum production must be cost-effective; many inocula are produced by expensive, labour-intensive solid-phase fermentation. (iii) Inocula must be formulated both to have long shelf life of inocula as well as being formulated to establish on, and control the target pest. Usually spores are formulated, while chopped mycelia from liquid culture are cheaper to produce and are immediately active upon application. (iv) After fulfilling these three criteria, the product must be biosafe: not produce mammalian toxins that affect users and consumers, and have a host range that does not include crops and beneficial organisms, and in most cases that it will not spread from application sites or have environmental residues beyond those needed to control the target pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gressel
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Chai C, Chen C, Zhu L, Liu J, Hui F. Genome Sequence Resource of Albifimbria verrucaria Causing the Leaf Spot Disease of the Spinach Plant Spinacia oleracea. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2511-2513. [PMID: 35881928 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0843-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Chai
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
- Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Chongyi Chen
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Jinli Liu
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
| | - Fengli Hui
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, China
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Li Z, Chang P, Gao L, Wang X. The Endophytic Fungus Albifimbria verrucaria from Wild Grape as an Antagonist of Botrytis cinerea and Other Grape Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:843-850. [PMID: 31799903 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0347-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases in table and wine grapes, affecting grape quality and yields. In this study, we isolated several endophytic fungi, including Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris cynodontis, Phoma sp., and Albifimbria verrucaria, from leaves of Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) cultivar Shuangyou and investigated their biocontrol activity against B. cinerea. In vitro dual assay showed that A. verrucaria isolate SYE-1 inhibited growth of B. cinerea. The isolate also had a wide range of biocontrol activity against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Elsinoë ampelina. Mycelial growth and conidium germination of B. cinerea were significantly inhibited by metabolites of A. verrucaria in agar plates and culture extracts of A. verrucaria from liquid culture. The isolate produced a total chitinase activity of 0.4 U/ml after incubation for 10 days in Czapek's liquid medium. In addition, application of culture extracts of A. verrucaria prior to B. cinerea inoculation significantly reduced disease severity on grape leaves of the susceptible cultivar Red Globe. Taken together, our results indicate that A. verrucaria has potential as a biocontrol agent to control grape gray mold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pingping Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Matić S, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Emergence of Leaf Spot Disease on Leafy Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Caused by Paramyrothecium and Albifimbria Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1053-1061. [PMID: 30667339 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-18-0396-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genera Paramyrothecium and Albifimbria have been established from the former genus Myrothecium and they generally comprise common soil-inhabiting and saprophytic fungi. Within these genera, only two fungi have been recognized as phytopathogenic thus far: P. roridum and A. verrucaria, both of which cause necrotic leaf spots and plant collapse. Severe leaf necrosis and plant decay have been observed in Northern and Southern Italy on leafy vegetable crops. Thirty-six strains of Paramyrothecium- and Albifimbria-like fungi were isolated from affected plants belonging to eight different species. Based on morphological characteristics, 19 strains were assigned to A. verrucaria, whereas the remaining strains, which mostly resembled Paramyrothecium-like fungi, could not be identified precisely. Molecular characterization of six loci (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], β-tubulin [tub2], calmodulin [cmdA], translation elongation factor 1-alpha [tef1], large subunit ribosomal RNA [LSU], and mitochondrial ATP 6synthase 6 [ATP6]) of the 36 new isolates and three previously ITS-characterized isolates assigned all strains to four species: A. verrucaria, P. roridum, P. foliicola, and P. nigrum. Single and concatenated phylogenetic analyses were conducted, and they clearly distinguished the isolated fungi into four different groups. A. verrucaria, P. roridum, P. foliicola, and P. nigrum were able to induce leaf necrosis singly, and they were confirmed to be the causal agents of the leaf spot disease through pathogenicity assays. The involvement of fungi previously considered saprophytic (i.e., P. foliicola and P. nigrum) in the development of plant disease for the first time deserves particular attention because of the possibility of their transmission by seeds and the limited knowledge of their management with chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Matić
- 1 Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- 1 Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- 1 Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- 2 Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- 1 Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), Università di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Siciliano I, Bosio P, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Verrucarin A and roridin E produced on spinach by Myrothecium verrucaria under different temperatures and CO 2 levels. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:139-146. [PMID: 28281009 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of Myrothecium verrucaria, artificially inoculated on spinach, was studied under seven different temperature conditions (from 5 to 35 °C) and under eight different combinations of temperature and CO2 concentration (14-30 °C and 775-870 or 1550-1650 mg/m3). The isolate used for this study was growing well on spinach, and the mycotoxins verrucarin A and roridin E were produced under all tested temperature and CO2 conditions. The maximum levels of verrucarin A (18.59 ng/g) and roridin E (49.62 ng/g) were found at a temperature of 26-30 °C and a CO2 level of 1550-1650 mg/m3. Rises in temperature as well as in temperature and CO2 concentrations had a significant effect by increasing Myrothecium leaf spots on spinach. The biosynthesis of verrucarin A was significantly increased at the highest temperature (35 °C), while roridin E was influenced by the CO2 concentration. These results show that a positive correlation between climate condition and macrocyclic trichothecene production is possible. However, because of the ability of M. verrucaria to produce mycotoxins, an increase in temperature could induce the spread of M. verrucaria in temperate regions; this pathogen may gain importance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Siciliano
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.
| | - Pietro Bosio
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy.,DISAFA-Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095, Torino, Italy
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Kirschner R, Lee IS, Chen CJ. Ovularia puerariae Sawada is the hyphomycetous anamorph of a new Marasmius species on living leaves of kudzu (Pueraria montana, Fabaceae). Mycologia 2017; 105:781-92. [DOI: 10.3852/12-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Shu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongda Road 300, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chee-Jen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, Nan-Tai Street 1, Yungkang City, Tainan 71043, Taiwan R.O.C
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Uchida R, Namiguchi S, Ishijima H, Tomoda H. Therapeutic effects of three trichothecenes in the silkworm infection assay with Candida albicans. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:44-8. [PMID: 26971555 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm infection assay is a useful method for directly evaluating the in vivo therapeutic effects of drug candidates. In the present study, 3 known trichothecenes, trichodermin, epiisororidin E, and verrucarin A, were evaluated as antifungal agents in the silkworm-Candida albicans assay. Trichodermin and epiisororidin E yielded effective therapeutic effects, while verrucarin A exhibited no efficacy in this assay system. These results strongly suggest that trichodermin and epiisororidin E are the lead compounds for developing a new antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University
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Bioherbicidal activity from washed spores of Myrothecium verrucaria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:1941-6. [PMID: 22806015 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen, Myrothecium verrucaria, is highly virulent to several important weed species and has potential utility as a bioherbicide. However the production of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins by this fungus presents significant safety concerns. It was discovered that trichothecenes are removed from M. verrucaria spores by repeated washes with water. These washed spores retained bioherbicidal efficacy against kudzu when tested in field trials and on sicklepod when tested under greenhouse conditions. Changes in the growth medium combined with washing spores with water resulted in greater than 95% reduction in roridin A and verrucarin A. Washing spores reduced trichothecene concentrations in spore preparations with no significant effect on plant biomass reduction, thus demonstrating the possibility of M. verrucaria formulations with improved safety to researchers, producers and applicators.
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Li Z, Dong Q, Albright TP, Guo Q. Natural and human dimensions of a quasi-wild species: the case of kudzu. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Oda T, Xu J, Ukai K, Nakazawa T, Namikoshi M. 12’-Hydroxyl group remarkably reduces Roridin E cytotoxicity. MYCOSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10267-010-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Weaver M, Hoagland R, Boyette C, Zablotowicz R. Macrocyclic trichothecene production and sporulation by a biological control strain of Myrothecium verrucaria is regulated by cultural conditions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2009. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myrothecium verrucaria is a pathogen of several invasive weed species, including kudzu, and is currently being evaluated for use as a bioherbicide. However, the fungus also produces macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins. The safety of this biological control agent during production and handling would be improved if an inoculum could be produced without concomitant accumulation of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Sporulation and trichothecene production by M. verrucaria was evaluated on standard potato dextrose agar (PDA) and a series of complex and defined media. Sporulation on PDA and on agar media with nitrogen as ammonium nitrate or potassium nitrate was more than ten-fold greater then sporulation on the medium with ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source. Accumulation of macrocyclic trichothecenes was strongly affected by the media composition, with higher levels often associated with higher carbon content in the media. Overall, incubation in continuous darkness resulted in higher macrocyclic trichothecene concentrations. Results support the hypothesis that accumulation of macrocyclic trichothecenes by this fungus can be altered by manipulating carbon and nitrogen sources. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins may be independent of sporulation, demonstrating that the bioherbicide can be readily produced on solid substrates while simultaneously yielding conidia that are less threatening to worker safety. A more detailed implementation of the concepts demonstrated in this study will facilitate the safe and economical production of this bioherbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Weaver
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit., Stoneville MS 38776, USA
| | - R. Hoagland
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit., Stoneville MS 38776, USA
| | - C. Boyette
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit., Stoneville MS 38776, USA
| | - R. Zablotowicz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit., Stoneville MS 38776, USA
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HOAGLAND ROBERTE, BOYETTE CDOUGLAS, WEAVER MARKA, ABBAS HAMEDK. BIOHERBICIDES: RESEARCH AND RISKS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540701603991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl A:S76-90. [PMID: 18395685 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of menopause marks a pivotal time in which the incidence of hypertension and of cardiovascular disease (CVD) begins to increase dramatically in women. Before menopause, the incidences of these diseases are significantly lower in women than in age-matched men. After menopause, the rates of these diseases in women eventually approximate those in men. The loss of endogenous estrogen at menopause has been traditionally believed to be the primary factor involved in these changes. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent findings regarding the effectiveness of botanicals in the treatment of some menopausal symptoms and other symptoms of aging (eg, rise in arterial pressure, cognitive decline, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia). METHODS Articles were selected for inclusion in this review based on the significance of the research and contribution to the current understanding of how each botanical elicits cardioprotective effects. To this end, PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched, using terms that included the name of the specific botanical along with the relevant aspects of its action(s), such as blood pressure, glycemic control, and lipids. Most of the articles used were published within the past 5 years, although some older articles that were seminal in advancing the current understanding of botanicals were also included. RESULTS Soy has been found to lower plasma lipid concentrations and arterial pressure in postmenopausal women and age-matched men, and to have protective effects in heart disease and atherosclerosis of the carotid and coronary circulation. Soy was also found to lower fasting insulin concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations. Grape seed extract, another frequently used botanical, contains polyphenols that have been found to reduce arterial pressure and salt-sensitive hypertension in estrogendepleted animal models. CONCLUSION Several botanical compounds have been found to have beneficial effects in the treatment of the symptoms of menopause and other symptoms of aging, including CVD, cognitive decline, and metabolic diseases.
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Submerged culture of a mycelial formulation of a bioherbicidal strain of Myrothecium verrucaria with mitigated mycotoxin production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Phytotoxic compounds produced by plant pathogens are often crucial determinants of plant disease. Knowledge of them provides insights into disease syndromes and may be exploited by conventional breeding and biotechnology to obtain resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Strange
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Andolfi A, Boari A, Evidente A, Vurro M. Metabolites inhibiting germination of Orobanche ramosa seeds produced by Myrothecium verrucaria and Fusarium compactum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:1598-1603. [PMID: 15740046 DOI: 10.1021/jf048339i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Myrothecium verrucaria and Fusarium compactum were isolated from diseased Orobanche ramosa plants collected in southern Italy to find potential biocontrol agents of this parasitic weed. Both fungi grown in liquid culture produced metabolites that inhibited the germination of O. ramosa seeds at 1-10 muM. Eight metabolites were isolated from M. verrucaria culture extracts. The main metabolite was identified as verrucarin E, a disubstituted pyrrole not belonging to the trichothecene group. Seven compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods as macrocyclic trichothecenes, namely, verrucarins A, B, M, and L acetate, roridin A, isotrichoverrin B, and trichoverrol B. The main metabolite produced by F. compactum was neosoloaniol monoacetate, a trichothecene. All the trichothecenes proved to be potent inhibitors of O. ramosa seed germination and possess strong zootoxic activity when assayed on Artemia salina brine shrimps. Verrucarin E is inactive on both seed germination and zootoxic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e dell'Ambiente, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Castlebury LA, Rossman AY, Sung GH, Hyten AS, Spatafora JW. Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:864-72. [PMID: 15449591 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is an asexually reproducing fungus commonly isolated from soil and litter that is also known to occur in indoor environments and is implicated as the cause of serious illness and even death in humans. Despite its economic importance, higher level phylogenetic relationships of Stachybotrys have not been determined nor has a sexual state for S. chartarum been reported. DNA sequences from four nuclear and one mitochondrial gene were analyzed to determine the ordinal and familial placement of Stachybotrys within the Euascomycota. These data reveal that species of Stachybotrys including S. chartarum, S. albipes, for which the sexual state Melanopsamma pomiformis is reported, species of Myrothecium, and two other tropical hypocrealean species form a previously unknown monophyletic lineage within the Hypocreales. These results suggest that Stachybotrys and Myrothecium are closely related and share characteristics with other hypocrealean fungi. In addition, S. chartarum may have a sexual state in nature that consists of small, black, fleshy perithecia similar to Melanopsamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Castlebury
- Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Quimby PC, DeLoach CJ, Wineriter SA, Goolsby JA, Sobhian R, Boyette CD, Abbas HK. Biological control of weeds: research by the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service: selected case studies. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:671-680. [PMID: 12846317 DOI: 10.1002/ps.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) on biological control of weeds has been practiced for many years because of its inherent ecological and economic advantages. Today, it is further driven by ARS adherence to Presidential Executive Order 13112 (3 February 1999) on invasive species and to USDA-ARS policy toward developing technology in support of sustainable agriculture with reduced dependence on non-renewable petrochemical resources. This paper reports examples or case studies selected to demonstrate the traditional or classical approach for biological control programs using Old World arthropods against Tamarix spp, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) ST Blake and Galium spurium L/G aparine L, and the augmentative approach with a native plant pathogen against Pueraria lobata Ohwi = P montana. The examples illustrated various conflicts of interest with endangered species and ecological complexities of arthropods with associated microbes such as nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Quimby
- USDA-ARS (OIRP), European Biological Control Laboratory, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
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Abstract
The term 'biopesticide' encompasses a broad array of microbial pesticides, biochemicals derived from micro-organisms and other natural sources, and processes involving the genetic incorporation of DNA into agricultural commodities that confer protection against pest damage (plant-incorporated protectants). Some microbial pesticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, have a long history of safe and effective use as a biological insecticide. More recent developments in microbial pest control include the utilisation of other bacterial and fungal species that may competitively inhibit the growth of pathogenic and toxigenic micro-organisms on important agricultural commodities. The use of microbes and their gene products introduces additional considerations to the toxicological dose-response relationship, including a need to determine the plausibility of infectious and immunological effects in association with human exposure to these biopesticides in food or the environment. Studies of substantial equivalence suggest that foods currently derived from plant-incorporated protectants are not likely to differ from conventional foods. However, there is general consensus that the scientific methods to assess risks from genetically modified foods and micro-organisms will continue to evolve in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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Abbas HK, Johnson BB, Shier WT, Tak H, Jarvis BB, Boyette CD. Phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from Myrothecium verrucaria. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:309-13. [PMID: 11830139 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucaria (a phytopathogen of interest in biological weed control) and the non-trichothecene toxin atranone B from Stachybotiys atra were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) plantlet cultures and kudzu (Pueraria lobata L.) leaf disc assays, and for mammalian cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E and H, epi-isororidin E, and verrucarin A and J were phytotoxic (half-maximal effect in the concentration range 0.1-9.7 microM on duckweed and 1.5->80 microM on kudzu) and cytotoxic to mammalian cell lines (half-maximal inhibition of proliferation in the concentration range 1-35 nM). Trichoverrins A and B and atranone B were moderately phytotoxic (half-maximal effect in the concentration range 1 9-69 microM on duckweed and 13->80 microM on kudzu) and weakly cytotoxic with mammalian cell lines (half-maximal inhibition of proliferation in the concentration range 0.3->2 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Abbas
- USDA-ARS, SWSRU, 141 Experiment Station Road, PO Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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