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Mishra S, Triptahi V, Singh S, Phukan UJ, Gupta MM, Shanker K, Shukla RK. Wound induced tanscriptional regulation of benzylisoquinoline pathway and characterization of wound inducible PsWRKY transcription factor from Papaver somniferum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52784. [PMID: 23382823 PMCID: PMC3559656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounding is required to be made in the walls of the green seed pod of Opium poppy prior exudation of latex. To withstand this kind of trauma plants regulate expression of some metabolites through an induced transcript level. 167 unique wound-inducible ESTs were identified by a repetitive round of cDNA subtraction after 5 hours of wounding in Papaver somniferum seedlings. Further repetitive reverse northern analysis of these ESTs revealed 80 transcripts showing more than two fold induction, validated through semi-quantitative RT-PCR & real time expression analysis. One of the major classified categories among identified ESTs belonged to benzylisoquinoline transcripts. Tissue specific metabolite analysis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) in response to wounding revealed increased accumulation of narcotine and papaverine. Promoter analysis of seven transcripts of BIAs pathway showed the presence of W-box cis-element with the consensus sequence of TGAC, which is the proposed binding site for WRKY type transcription factors. One of the Wound inducible 'WRKY' EST isolated from our subtracted library was made full-length and named as 'PsWRKY'. Bacterially expressed PsWRKY interacted with the W-box element having consensus sequence TTGACT/C present in the promoter region of BIAs biosynthetic pathway genes. PsWRKY further activated the TYDC promoter in yeast and transiently in tobacco BY2 cells. Preferential expression of PsWRKY in straw and capsule and its interaction with consensus W-box element present in BIAs pathway gene transcripts suggest its possible involvement in the wound induced regulation of BIAs pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Mishra
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Vineeta Triptahi
- Botany Department, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Seema Singh
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Ujjal J. Phukan
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - M. M. Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, India
- * E-mail:
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Zeng J, Liu Y, Liu W, Liu X, Liu F, Huang P, Zhu P, Chen J, Shi M, Guo F, Cheng P, Zeng J, Liao Y, Gong J, Zhang HM, Wang D, Guo AY, Xiong X. Integration of transcriptome, proteome and metabolism data reveals the alkaloids biosynthesis in Macleaya cordata and Macleaya microcarpa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53409. [PMID: 23326424 PMCID: PMC3541140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Macleaya spp., including Macleaya cordata and Macleaya microcarpa, are traditional anti-virus, inflammation eliminating, and insecticide herb medicines for their isoquinoline alkaloids. They are also known as the basis of the popular natural animal food addictive in Europe. However, few studies especially at genomics level were conducted on them. Hence, we performed the Macleaya spp. transcriptome and integrated it with iTRAQ proteome analysis in order to identify potential genes involved in alkaloids biosynthesis. Methodology and Principal Findings We elaborately designed the transcriptome, proteome and metabolism profiling for 10 samples of both species to explore their alkaloids biosynthesis. From the transcriptome data, we obtained 69367 and 78255 unigenes for M. cordata and M. microcarpa, in which about two thirds of them were similar to sequences in public databases. By metabolism profiling, reverse patterns for alkaloids sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine, and allocryptopine were observed in different organs of two species. We characterized the expressions of enzymes in alkaloid biosynthesis pathways. We also identified more than 1000 proteins from iTRAQ proteome data. Our results strongly suggest that the root maybe the organ for major alkaloids biosynthesis of Macleaya spp. Except for biosynthesis, the alkaloids storage and transport were also important for their accumulation. The ultrastructure of laticifers by SEM helps us to prove the alkaloids maybe accumulated in the mature roots. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge this is the first study to elucidate the genetic makeup of Macleaya spp. This work provides clues to the identification of the potential modulate genes involved in alkaloids biosynthesis in Macleaya spp., and sheds light on researches for non-model medicinal plants by integrating different high-throughput technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (AG); (XX)
| | - Yisong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China
| | - Xiubing Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Peng Huang
- Herbal Extract Engineering Research Center (HerbEx), Hunan, China
- Micolta BioResource Inc., Hunan, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinjun Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Pi Cheng
- Herbal Extract Engineering Research Center (HerbEx), Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Herbal Extract Engineering Research Center (HerbEx), Hunan, China
| | - Yifang Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (AG); (XX)
| | - Xingyao Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs (Hunan) Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (AG); (XX)
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Desgagné-Penix I, Farrow SC, Cram D, Nowak J, Facchini PJ. Integration of deep transcript and targeted metabolite profiles for eight cultivars of opium poppy. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:295-313. [PMID: 22527754 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and analytical mass spectrometry are providing unprecedented opportunities to develop the functional genomics resources required to investigate complex biological processes in non-model plants. Opium poppy produces a wide variety of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), including the pharmaceutical compounds codeine, morphine, noscapine and papaverine. A functional genomics platform to identify novel BIA biosynthetic and regulatory genes in opium poppy has been established based on the differential metabolite profile of eight selected cultivars. Stem cDNA libraries from each of the eight opium poppy cultivars were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing and searchable expressed sequence tag databases were created from the assembled reads. These deep and integrated metabolite and transcript databases provide a nearly complete representation of the genetic and metabolic variances responsible for the differential occurrence of specific BIAs in each cultivar as demonstrated using the biochemically well characterized pathway from tyrosine to morphine. Similar correlations between the occurrence of specific transcripts and alkaloids effectively reveals candidate genes encoding uncharacterized biosynthetic enzymes as shown using cytochromes P450 potentially involved in the formation of papaverine and noscapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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The effects of elicitation on the expression of key enzyme genes and on production of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus acutangulus plant. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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The sequential exposure to jasmonate, salicylic acid and yeast extract promotes sanguinarine accumulation in Argemone mexicana cell cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:379-85. [PMID: 22009570 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the sequential application of methyl jasmonate (MeJa), salicylic acid (SA) and yeast extract (YE) to Argemone mexicana cell cultures were compared to either the sole application of each elicitor, or to the three-partite mixture. The highest sanguinarine accumulation occurred using the sequential treatment (ninefold over unexposed control cultures), followed by the single application of YE (fivefold). The elicitor mixture produced less sanguinarine than sole exposure to YE but higher than MeJa alone. SA did not produce any effect. Transcripts corresponding to tyrosine decarboxylase and berberine bridge enzyme accumulated in treated cells, but did not correlate with alkaloid accumulation. Discrete epifluorescence foci, surrounding the nucleus and scattered throughout the cytoplasm of elicited cells, suggested the presence of alkaloid-accumulating vesicles which could participate in a mechanism to avoid sanguinarine toxicity.
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Desgagné-Penix I, Khan MF, Schriemer DC, Cram D, Nowak J, Facchini PJ. Integration of deep transcriptome and proteome analyses reveals the components of alkaloid metabolism in opium poppy cell cultures. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:252. [PMID: 21083930 PMCID: PMC3095332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is the source for several pharmaceutical benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including morphine, the codeine and sanguinarine. In response to treatment with a fungal elicitor, the biosynthesis and accumulation of sanguinarine is induced along with other plant defense responses in opium poppy cell cultures. The transcriptional induction of alkaloid metabolism in cultured cells provides an opportunity to identify components of this process via the integration of deep transcriptome and proteome databases generated using next-generation technologies. RESULTS A cDNA library was prepared for opium poppy cell cultures treated with a fungal elicitor for 10 h. Using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing, 427,369 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with an average length of 462 bp were generated. Assembly of these sequences yielded 93,723 unigenes, of which 23,753 were assigned Gene Ontology annotations. Transcripts encoding all known sanguinarine biosynthetic enzymes were identified in the EST database, 5 of which were represented among the 50 most abundant transcripts. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of total protein extracts from cell cultures treated with a fungal elicitor for 50 h facilitated the identification of 1,004 proteins. Proteins were fractionated by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and digested with trypsin prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Query of an opium poppy-specific EST database substantially enhanced peptide identification. Eight out of 10 known sanguinarine biosynthetic enzymes and many relevant primary metabolic enzymes were represented in the peptide database. CONCLUSIONS The integration of deep transcriptome and proteome analyses provides an effective platform to catalogue the components of secondary metabolism, and to identify genes encoding uncharacterized enzymes. The establishment of corresponding transcript and protein databases generated by next-generation technologies in a system with a well-defined metabolite profile facilitates an improved linkage between genes, enzymes, and pathway components. The proteome database represents the most relevant alkaloid-producing enzymes, compared with the much deeper and more complete transcriptome library. The transcript database contained full-length mRNAs encoding most alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, which is a key requirement for the functional characterization of novel gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Morgan F Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- National Research Council-Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- National Research Council-Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Dustin Cram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- National Research Council-Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jacek Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- National Research Council-Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Alonso-Amelot ME. High altitude plants, chemistry of acclimation and adaptation. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART N) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Cho HY, Lee-Parsons CWT, Yoon SYH, Rhee HS, Park JM. Enhanced benzophenanthridine alkaloid production and protein expression with combined elicitor in Eschscholtzia californica suspension cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:2001-5. [PMID: 17628748 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Production of the benzophenanthridine alkaloids in Eschscholtzia californica suspension cell cultures was optimized by adding 0.5 mg methyl jasmonate (MJ) and 0.02 mg salicylic acid (SA)/g FCW after 7 days cultivation. Sanguinarine reached 24 mg/g DCW by such treatment; 10 times higher than in control cell cultures. MJ and SA induced expression of berberine bridge enzyme and 3'-hydroxy-(S)-N-methylcoclaurine-4'-O-methyltransferase, respectively. MJ plus SA induced over-expression of both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Cho
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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Facchini PJ. Regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 63:1-44. [PMID: 17133713 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Avancini G, Abreu IN, Saldaña MDA, Mohamed RS, Mazzafera P. Induction of pilocarpine formation in jaborandi leaves by salicylic acid and methyljasmonate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:171-175. [PMID: 12711138 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Jaborandi seedlings were subjected to different treatments in order to study the induction of pilocarpine in the leaves. In addition four extraction methods were assessed to extract the alkaloid from dried leaves. The highest yielding extraction and recovery was observed when dried leaves were first treated with base and then extracted with chloroform. Salt stress (NaCl), wounding, hypoxia, and N and K omission of the nutrient soln caused reductions in pilocarpine contents. Whereas complete nutrient soln and P omission maintained normal levels of the alkaloid. Salicylic acid and methyljasmonate induced a 4-fold increase of pilocarpine, but this increase was dependent on the concentration and time after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Avancini
- Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Chapter seven Multiple levels of control in the regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(03)80022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Salmore AK, Hunter MD. Environmental and genotypic influences on isoquinoline alkaloid content in Sanguinaria canadensis. J Chem Ecol 2001; 27:1729-47. [PMID: 11545367 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010448406809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In a common garden, we investigated genetic and environmental influences on alkaloid production using Sanguinaria canadensis as a model. Nutrient and shade regimes were applied to replicated clones over one growing season, and induction of alkaloid production in bloodroot was tested on a whole-plant basis using jasmonic acid as an elicitor. Alkaloid concentrations increased with decreasing light intensity and fertilizer levels. Induction was not achieved by foliar application of jasmonic acid. Genetic influences represented by clone effects may be indicated by variation in alkaloid concentration by clone, but this experimental design did not allow us to distinguish genetic from pre-experiment environmental influences on the rhizomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Salmore
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Facchini PJ. ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Molecular Regulation, and Metabolic Engineering Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:29-66. [PMID: 11337391 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the cell, developmental, and molecular biology of alkaloid biosynthesis have heightened our appreciation for the complexity and importance of plant secondary pathways. Several biosynthetic genes involved in the formation of tropane, benzylisoquinoline, and terpenoid indole alkaloids have now been isolated. The early events of signal perception, the pathways of signal transduction, and the function of gene promoters have been studied in relation to the regulation of alkaloid metabolism. Enzymes involved in alkaloid biosynthesis are associated with diverse subcellular compartments including the cytosol, vacuole, tonoplast membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast stroma, thylakoid membranes, and perhaps unique "biosynthetic" or transport vesicles. Localization studies have shown that sequential alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes can also occur in distinct cell types, suggesting the intercellular transport of pathway intermediates. Isolated genes have also been used to genetically alter the accumulation of specific alkaloids and other plant secondary metabolites. Metabolic modifications include increased indole alkaloid levels, altered tropane alkaloid accumulation, elevated serotonin synthesis, reduced indole glucosinolate production, redirected shikimate metabolism, and increased cell wall-bound tyramine formation. This review discusses the biochemistry, cell biology, molecular regulation, and metabolic engineering of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; e-mail:
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Chou WM, Kutchan TM. Enzymatic oxidations in the biosynthesis of complex alkaloids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 15:289-300. [PMID: 9750342 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of complex alkaloids in plants involves enzymes that, due to high substrate specificity, appear to have evolved solely for a role in secondary metabolism. At least one class of these enzymes, the oxidoreductases, catalyze transformations that are in some cases difficult to chemically mimick with an equivalent stereo- or regiospecificity and yield. Oxidoreductases are frequently catalyzing reactions that result in the formation of parent ring systems, thereby determining the class of alkaloid that a plant will produce. The oxidoreductases of alkaloid formation are a potential target for the biotechnological exploitation of medicinal plants in that they could be used for biomimetic syntheses of alkaloids. Analyzing the molecular genetics of alkaloid biosynthetic oxidations is requisite to eventual commercial application of these enzymes. To this end, a wealth of knowledge has been gained on the biochemistry of select monoterpenoid indole and isoquinoline biosynthetic pathways, and in recent years this has been complemented by molecular genetic analyses. As the nucleotide sequences of the oxidases of alkaloid synthesis become known, consensus sequences specific to select classes of enzymes can be identified. These consensus sequences will potentially facilitate the direct cloning of alkaloid biosynthetic genes without the need to purify the native enzyme for partial amino acid sequence determination or for antibody production prior to cDNA isolation. The current state of our knowledge of the biochemistry and molecular genetics of oxidases involved in alkaloid biosynthesis is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Chou
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Universität München, Germany
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Ignatov A, Neuman MC, Barg R, Krueger RJ, Coscia CJ. Immunoblot analyses of the elicited Sanguinaria canadensis enzyme, dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase: evidence for resolution from a polyphenol oxidase isozyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 347:208-12. [PMID: 9367526 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In our initial purification of dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase from Sanguinaria canadensis plant cell cultures, we reported that our most purified preparations contained a major band at 77 kDa and minor lower Mr bands. Here we present evidence on highly purified dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase from elicited S. canadensis cultures to indicate that this enzyme is the 77-kDa protein and that lower Mr bands include an isozyme(s) of the polyphenol oxidase family that copurifies with it. An antibody raised against the 77-kDa protein and an anti-polyphenol oxidase antibody that recognizes a 70-kDa band were used to monitor chromatographic fractions by immunoblot analysis of the oxidases. Oxidase-containing eluates from DEAE-Sephadex, CM, and HiTrap blue were compared to corresponding flow-through fractions. Bands at 77 and 88 kDa were detected with anti-dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase antibody in eluates displaying high dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase activity. Polyphenol oxidase specific activity and immunoreactivity partitioned both in flow-through and eluate fractions of the CM and HiTrap columns. Estimation of the dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase and polyphenol oxidase specific activities for each step showed increasing enrichment of alkaloidal enzyme accompanied by variable dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase/polyphenol oxidase activity ratios. Taken together these observations indicate that the dihydrobenzophenanthridine and polyphenol oxidases have Mr values of 77 and 70 kDa, respectively, and the two enzymes are different entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ignatov
- E. A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63104-1079, USA
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