1
|
Ashfaq A, An JC, Ulański P, Al-Sheikhly M. On the Mechanism and Kinetics of Synthesizing Polymer Nanogels by Ionizing Radiation-Induced Intramolecular Crosslinking of Macromolecules. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1765. [PMID: 34834180 PMCID: PMC8622303 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels-internally crosslinked macromolecules-have a growing palette of potential applications, including as drug, gene or radioisotope nanocarriers and as in vivo signaling molecules in modern diagnostics and therapy. This has triggered considerable interest in developing new methods for their synthesis. The procedure based on intramolecular crosslinking of polymer radicals generated by pulses of ionizing radiation has many advantages. The substrates needed are usually simple biocompatible polymers and water. This eliminates the use of monomers, chemical crosslinking agents, initiators, surfactants, etc., thus limiting potential problems with the biocompatibility of products. This review summarizes the basics of this method, providing background information on relevant aspects of polymer solution thermodynamics, radiolysis of aqueous solutions, generation and reactions of polymer radicals, and the non-trivial kinetics and mechanism of crosslinking, focusing on the main factors influencing the outcomes of the radiation synthesis of nanogels: molecular weight of the starting polymer, its concentration, irradiation mode, absorbed dose of ionizing radiation and temperature. The most important techniques used to perform the synthesis, to study the kinetics and mechanism of the involved reactions, and to assess the physicochemical properties of the formed nanogels are presented. Two select important cases, the synthesis of nanogels based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and/or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), are discussed in more detail. Examples of recent application studies on radiation-synthesized PVP and PAA nanogels in transporting drugs across the blood-brain barrier and as targeted radioisotope carriers in nanoradiotherapy are briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Jung-Chul An
- Anode Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Piotr Ulański
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elastocapillary interactions of thermoresponsive microgels across the volume phase transition temperatures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:275-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
3
|
Zetterlund PB, D’hooge DR. The Nanoreactor Concept: Kinetic Features of Compartmentalization in Dispersed Phase Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dai Z, Huang S. Functional Dynamics Inside Nano- or Microscale Bio-Hybrid Systems. Front Chem 2018; 6:621. [PMID: 30619829 PMCID: PMC6305405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft nano- or microgels made by natural or synthetic polymers have been investigated intensively because of their board applications. Due to their porosity and biocompatibility, nano- or microgels can be integrated with various biologics to form a bio-hybrid system. They can support living cells as a scaffold; entrap bioactive molecules as a drug carrier or encapsulate microorganisms as a semi-permeable membrane. Especially, researchers have created various modes of functional dynamics into these bio-hybrid systems. From one side, the encapsulating materials can respond to the external stimulus and release the cargo. From the other side, cells can respond to physical, or chemical properties of the matrix and differentiate into a specific cell type. With recent advancements of synthetic biology, cells can be further programed to respond to certain signals, and express therapeutics or other functional proteins for various purposes. Thus, the integration of nano- or microgels and programed cells becomes a potential candidate in applications spanning from biotechnology to new medicines. This brief review will first talk about several nano- or microgels systems fabricated by natural or synthetic polymers, and further discuss their applications when integrated with various types of biologics. In particular, we will concentrate on the dynamics embedded in these bio-hybrid systems, to dissect their designs and sophisticated functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Dai
- Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neamtu I, Rusu AG, Diaconu A, Nita LE, Chiriac AP. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:539-557. [PMID: 28181831 PMCID: PMC8240973 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1276232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanogels in biomedical field are promising and innovative materials as dispersions of hydrogel nanoparticles based on crosslinked polymeric networks that have been called as next generation drug delivery systems due to their relatively high drug encapsulation capacity, uniformity, tunable size, ease of preparation, minimal toxicity, stability in the presence of serum, and stimuli responsiveness. Nanogels show a great potential in chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting and delivery of bioactive substances. The main subjects reviewed in this article concentrates on: (i) Nanogel assimilation in the nanomedicine domain; (ii) Features and advantages of nanogels, the main characteristics, such as: swelling capacity, stimuli sensitivity, the great surface area, functionalization, bioconjugation and encapsulation of bioactive substances, which are taken into account in designing the structures according to the application; some data on the advantages and limitations of the preparation techniques; (iii) Recent progress in nanogels as a carrier of genetic material, protein and vaccine. The majority of the scientific literature presents the multivalency potential of bioconjugated nanogels in various conditions. Today's research focuses over the overcoming of the restrictions imposed by cost, some medical requirements and technological issues, for nanogels' commercial scale production and their integration as a new platform in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Alina Diaconu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aguiar LG. Mathematical Modeling of the Internal Surface Area of Copolymer Particles Based on Elementary Gel Structures. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro G. Aguiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Engineering School of Lorena; University of São Paulo; 12602-810 Lorena SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Wang WJ, Li BG, Zhu S. Branching in RAFT Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Styrene/Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate and Control of Branching Density Distribution. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4L7
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lazzari S, Hamzehlou S, Reyes Y, Leiza JR, Costa MRPFN, Dias RCS, Storti G. Bulk Crosslinking Copolymerization: Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lazzari
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa; Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Yuri Reyes
- Departamento de Recursos de la Tierra; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma (UAM-L). Av. Hidalgo 46; Col. La Estación, CP 52006 Lerma de Villada, México
| | - Jose Ramon Leiza
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa; Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Mário Rui P. F. N. Costa
- LSRE-Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto; Rua Roberto Frias s/n; 4200-465 Porto Portugal
| | - Rolando C. S. Dias
- LSRE-Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; Quinta de S. Apolónia; 5300 Bragança Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Storti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Daniloska V, Carretero P, Tomovska R, Paulis M, Asua JM. High-performance adhesives resulting from spontaneous formation of nanogels within miniemulsion particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3559-3567. [PMID: 24484476 DOI: 10.1021/am405752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structure plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Here, we demonstrate that the molecular structure of polyurethane/(meth)acrylic hybrids synthesized by miniemulsion photopolymerization changes during storage of the dispersion at room temperature because of the spontaneous formation of nanogels by the assembly of polymer chains within the polymer particles. Analysis of the nanogel structure by asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation allows identification of the molecular structure that provides the unusual combination of high tack adhesion and excellent shear resistance at high temperature [maximum value of the shear-adhesion failure temperature (SAFT) test, >210 °C].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Daniloska
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hyaluronan microgel as a potential carrier for protein sustained delivery by tailoring the crosslink network. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 36:301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Hamzehlou S, Reyes Y, Leiza JR. A New Insight into the Formation of Polymer Networks: A Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of the Cross-Linking Polymerization of S/DVB. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4016054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Hamzehlou
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Yuri Reyes
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa
Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calvo I, Hester K, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Mathematical Modeling of Carboxylated SB Latexes. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Calvo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa; Tolosa Etorbidea 72 Donostia-San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- Oribay Mirror Buttons S.L. R&D Department; Portuetxe Bidea 18 Donostia-San Sebastian 20018 Spain
| | - Ken Hester
- Emulsion Polymers Research; Styron Deutschland Anlagengesellschaft mbH; Werk Rheinmünster Industriestrasse 1 77836 Rheinmünster Germany
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa; Tolosa Etorbidea 72 Donostia-San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa; Tolosa Etorbidea 72 Donostia-San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chu C, Schaefer BW, DeVolder RJ, Kong H. Quantitative analysis of the cross-linked structure of microgels using fluorescent probes. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Zetterlund PB, Kagawa Y, Okubo M. Controlled/living radical polymerization in dispersed systems. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3747-94. [PMID: 18729519 DOI: 10.1021/cr800242x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arzamendi G, Leiza JR. Molecular Weight Distribution (Soluble and Insoluble Fraction) in Emulsion Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers by Monte Carlo Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie701752f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurutze Arzamendi
- Departamento de Quıímica Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Iruña-Pamplona, Spain, and Institute for Polymer Materials (Polymat)/Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Leiza
- Departamento de Quıímica Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Iruña-Pamplona, Spain, and Institute for Polymer Materials (Polymat)/Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Deng L, Zhai Y, Lin X, Jin F, He X, Dong A. Investigation on properties of re-dispersible cationic hydrogel nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Rouzeau S, Méchin F, Pascault JP, Magny B. Criteria for the preparation of cross-linked poly(meth)acrylate microparticles by solution free radical polymerization. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Griffin JM, Robb I, Bismarck A. Preparation and characterization of surfactant-free stimuli-sensitive microgel dispersions. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Cui H, Chen H, Qu R, Wang C, Ji C, Sun C, Zhou W, Yu M. Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked polystyrene microspheres via dispersion copolymerization with the crosslinker-postaddition method. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Nur Alam M, Zetterlund PB, Okubo M. Network Formation in Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and Divinylbenzene in Miniemulsion. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Zetterlund PB, Alam MN, Minami H, Okubo M. Nitroxide-Mediated Controlled/Living Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and Divinylbenzene in Aqueous Miniemulsion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
Bouvier-Fontes L, Pirri R, Magnet S, Asua JM, Leiza JR. Effect of the Diacrylate Ester Size on the Semicontinuous Cross-Linking Emulsion Copolymerization of BA. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047746s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Bouvier-Fontes
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Atofina, Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Rosangela Pirri
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Atofina, Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Stéphanie Magnet
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Atofina, Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - José M. Asua
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Atofina, Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Atofina, Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bouvier-Fontes L, Pirri R, Asua JM, Leiza JR. Seeded Semicontinuous Emulsion Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate with Cross-Linkers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0482056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Bouvier-Fontes
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, Atofina, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Rosangela Pirri
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, Atofina, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - José M. Asua
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, Atofina, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Química Aplicada, The University of the Basque Country, M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain, and Groupement de Recherches de Lacq, Atofina, BP 24, 64170 Lacq, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Christensen ML, Keiding K. Study of the compositional heterogeneity in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide–acrylic acid) microgels by potentiometric titration experiments. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
Tobita H. Scale-Free Power-Law Distribution of Emulsion-Polymerized Nonlinear Polymers: Free-Radical Polymerization with Chain Transfer to Polymer. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035357c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Tobita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kadlubowski S, Grobelny J, Olejniczak W, Cichomski M, Ulanski P. Pulses of Fast Electrons as a Tool To Synthesize Poly(acrylic acid) Nanogels. Intramolecular Cross-Linking of Linear Polymer Chains in Additive-Free Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma021628s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Kadlubowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland, and Department of Solid State Physics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Grobelny
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland, and Department of Solid State Physics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wielislaw Olejniczak
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland, and Department of Solid State Physics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Cichomski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland, and Department of Solid State Physics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Ulanski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland, and Department of Solid State Physics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 149/153, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tobita H, Aoyagi N, Takamura S. Bimodal molecular weight distribution formed in emulsion crosslinking copolymerization. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(01)00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|