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Maltseva PY, Plotnitskaya NA, Ivshina IB. Transformation of Terpenoids and Steroids Using Actinomycetes of the Genus Rhodococcus. Molecules 2024; 29:3378. [PMID: 39064956 PMCID: PMC11279926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids and steroids are secondary plant and animal metabolites and are widely used to produce highly effective pharmacologically significant compounds. One of the promising approaches to the transformation of these compounds to form bioactive metabolites is their transformation using microorganisms. Rhodococcus spp. are one of the most developed objects in biotechnology due to their exceptional metabolic capabilities and resistance to extreme environmental conditions. In this review, information on the processes of biotransformation of terpenoid and steroid compounds by actinomycetes of the genus Rhodococcus and their molecular genetic bases are most fully collected and analyzed for the first time. Examples of the use of both native whole-cell catalysts and mutant strains and purified enzyme systems for the production of derivatives of terpenoids and steroids are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Yu. Maltseva
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Golev Str., 614081 Perm, Russia; (P.Y.M.); (N.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, 15 Bukirev Str., 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Plotnitskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Golev Str., 614081 Perm, Russia; (P.Y.M.); (N.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, 15 Bukirev Str., 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Irina B. Ivshina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Golev Str., 614081 Perm, Russia; (P.Y.M.); (N.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, 15 Bukirev Str., 614990 Perm, Russia
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Abstract
The use of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid has been increasing in recent years, thanks to the identification and validation of new biomarkers and improvements in test accuracy, sensitivity, and precision that enable the development of new noninvasive and cost-effective devices. However, the lack of standardized methods for sample collection, treatment, and storage contribute to the overall variability and lack of reproducibility across analytical evaluations. Furthermore, the instability of salivary biomarkers after sample collection hinders their translation into commercially available technologies for noninvasive monitoring of saliva in home settings. The present review aims to highlight the status of research on the challenges of collecting and using diagnostic salivary samples, emphasizing the methodologies used to preserve relevant proteins, hormones, genomic, and transcriptomic biomarkers during sample handling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana d'Amone
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Giusy Matzeu
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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3
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Knutson C, Pflug NC, Yeung W, Grobstein M, Patterson EV, Cwiertny DM, Gloer JB. Computational Approaches for the Prediction of Environmental Transformation Products: Chlorination of Steroidal Enones. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14658-14666. [PMID: 34637294 PMCID: PMC8567416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the fate and effects of transformation products generated from emerging pollutant classes, and new tools that help predict the products most likely to form will aid in risk assessment. Here, using a family of structurally related steroids (enones, dienones, and trienones), we evaluate the use of density functional theory to help predict products from reaction with chlorine, a common chemical disinfectant. For steroidal dienones (e.g., dienogest) and trienones (e.g., 17β-trenbolone), computational data support that reactions proceed through spontaneous C4 chlorination to yield 4-chloro derivatives for trienones and, after further reaction, 9,10-epoxide structures for dienones. For testosterone, a simple steroidal enone, in silico predictions suggest that C4 chlorination is still most likely, but slow at environmentally relevant conditions. Predictions were then assessed through laboratory chlorination reactions (0.5-5 mg Cl2/L) with product characterization via HRMS and NMR, which confirmed near exclusive 4-chloro and 9,10-epoxide products for most trienones and all dienones, respectively. Also consistent with computational expectations, testosterone was effectively unreactive at these same chlorine levels, although products consistent with in silico predictions were observed at higher concentrations (in excess of 500 mg Cl2/L). Although slight deviations from in silico predictions were observed for steroids with electron-rich substituents (e.g., C17 allyl-substituted altrenogest), this work highlights the potential for computational approaches to improve our understanding of transformation products generated from emerging pollutant classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas C. Pflug
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wyanna Yeung
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Matthew Grobstein
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eric V. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - James B. Gloer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Zhao HN, Tian Z, Kim KE, Wang R, Lam K, Kolodziej EP. Biotransformation of Current-Use Progestin Dienogest and Drospirenone in Laboratory-Scale Activated Sludge Systems Forms High-Yield Products with Altered Endocrine Activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13869-13880. [PMID: 34582191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dienogest (DIE) and drospirenone (DRO) are two fourth-generation synthetic progestins widely used as oral contraceptives. Despite their increasing detection in wastewaters and surface waters, their fate during biological wastewater treatment is unclear. Here, we investigated DIE and DRO biotransformation with representative activated sludge batch incubations and identified relevant transformation products (TPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. DIE exhibited slow biotransformation (16-30 h half-life) and proceeded through a quantitative aromatic dehydrogenation to form TP 309 (molar yields of ∼55%), an aromatic TP ∼30% estrogenic as 17β-estradiol. DRO experienced more rapid biotransformation (<0.5 h half-life), and 1,2-dehydrogenation formed the major TP 364 (molar yields of ∼40%), an antimineralocorticoid drug candidate named as spirorenone. Lactone ring hydrolysis was another important biotransformation pathway for DRO (molar yields of ∼20%) and generated pharmacologically inactive TP 384. Other minor pathways for DIE and DRO included hydroxylation, methoxylation, and 3-keto and C4(5) double-bond hydrogenation; distinct bioactivities are plausible for such TPs, including antigestagenic activity, antigonadotropic activity, and pregnancy inhibition effects. Thus, biotransformation products of DIE and DRO during wastewater treatment should be considered in environmental assessments of synthetic progestins, especially certain TPs such as the estrogenic TP 309 of DIE and the antimineralocorticoid spirorenone (TP 364) of DRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kelly E Kim
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kenji Lam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
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Pflug NC, Hankard MK, Berg SM, O'Connor M, Gloer JB, Kolodziej EP, Cwiertny DM, Wammer KH. Environmental photochemistry of dienogest: phototransformation to estrogenic products and increased environmental persistence via reversible photohydration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1414-1426. [PMID: 29034382 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potent trienone and dienone steroid hormones undergo a coupled photohydration (in light)-thermal dehydration (in dark) cycle that ultimately increases their environmental persistence. Here, we studied the photolysis of dienogest, a dienone progestin prescribed as a next-generation oral contraceptive, and used high resolution mass spectrometry and both 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify its phototransformation products. Dienogest undergoes rapid direct photolysis (t1/2 ∼ 1-10 min), forming complex photoproduct mixtures across the pH range examined (pH 2 to 7). Identified products include three photohydrates that account for ∼80% of the converted mass at pH 7 and revert back to parent dienogest in the absence of light. Notably, we also identified two estrogenic compounds produced via the A-ring aromatization of dienogest, evidence for a photochemically-induced increase in estrogenic activity in product mixtures. These results imply that dienogest will undergo complete and facile photolytic transformation in sunlit surface water, yet exhibit greater environmental persistence than might be anticipated by inspection of kinetic rates. Photoproduct mixtures also include transformation products with different nuclear receptor binding capabilities than the parent compound dienogest. These outcomes reveal a dynamic fate and biological risk profile for dienogest that must also take into account the composition and endocrine activity of its transformation products. Collectively, this study further illustrates the need for more holistic regulatory, risk assessment, and monitoring approaches for high potency synthetic pharmaceuticals and their bioactive transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Dos Santos DR, Souza RO, Dias LB, Ribas TB, de Oliveira LCF, Sumida DH, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Chaves-Neto AH. The effects of storage time and temperature on the stability of salivary phosphatases, transaminases and dehydrogenase. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:160-165. [PMID: 29080481 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of temperature and storage time on salivary acid phosphatase (ACP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). DESIGN Unstimulated whole expectorated saliva was collected from healthy men and women subjects (n=26) between 8 and 10a.m. The saliva samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants were measured for ACP, TRAP, ALP, AST, ALT and LDH activities immediately (without freezing) [baseline values] and after time intervals of 3, 7, 14 and 28days (d) of storage at -20°C and -80°C using spectrophotometric methods The influence of storage time was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett post-test, while the paired Student's-t-test was used to compare the differences between the temperature (p<0.05). RESULTS There was significant decline in the activities of all enzymes at -20°C with increasing storage time. This decrease was relevant from day 14 onward for the majority of the enzymes, with the exception of AST. After day 28, the more sensitive enzymes were ALP and LDH, which showed residual activity of 39% and 16%, respectively, compared with baseline values. There were considerable, but insignificant changes, in the activities of all enzymes after storage at -80°C for 28days. CONCLUSIONS Frozen samples should be kept at -80°C to preserve these activities, but there are restrictions for the enzymes ALP, ALT and LDH. Storage of samples at -20°C could introduce high error variance in measured activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Raissa Dos Santos
- Paulista University (UNIP), Araçatuba, Avenida Baguaçu, 1939, CEP 16018-555, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayne Oliveira Souza
- Paulista University (UNIP), Araçatuba, Avenida Baguaçu, 1939, CEP 16018-555, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layani Bertaglia Dias
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayná Buffulin Ribas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Doris Hissako Sumida
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fukumoto Y, Tamura Y, Iyori Y, Chatani N. Conversion of 3,3,3-Trisubstituted Prop-1-ynes with tert-Butylhydrazine into 3,3,3-Trisubstituted Propionitriles Catalyzed by TpRh(C2H4)2/P(2-furyl)3. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3161-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Fukumoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuto Tamura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Iyori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department
of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Microbial transformation of nitriles to high-value acids or amides. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 19475377 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Biotransformation of nitriles mediated by nitrile-amide converting enzymes has attracted considerable attention and developed tremendously in the recent years in China since it offers a valuable alternative to traditional chemical reaction which requires harsh conditions. As a result, an upsurge of these promising enzymes (including nitrile hydratase, nitrilase and amidase) has been taking place. This review aims at describing these enzymes in detail. A variety of microorganisms harboring nitrile-amide converting activities have been isolated and identified in China, some of which have already applied with moderate success. Currently, a wide range of high-value compounds such as aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic and heterocyclic amides and their corresponding acids were provided by these nitrile-amide degrading organisms. Simultaneously, with the increasing demand of chiral substances, the enantioselectivity of the nitrilase superfamily is widely investigated and exploited in China, especially the bioconversion of optically active alpha-substituted phenylacetamides, acids and 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamide and 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid by means of the catalysts exhibiting excellent stereoselectivity. Besides their synthetic value, the nitrile-amide converting enzymes also play an important role in environmental protection. In this context, cloning of the genes and expression of these enzymes are presented. In the near future in China, an increasing number of novel nitrile-amide converting organisms will be screened and their potential in the synthesis of useful acids and amides will be further exploited.
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Toone RJ, Peacock OJ, Smith AA, Thompson D, Drawer S, Cook C, Stokes KA. Measurement of steroid hormones in saliva: Effects of sample storage condition. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2013; 73:615-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2013.835862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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He YC, Zhou Q, Ma CL, Cai ZQ, Wang LQ, Zhao XY, Chen Q, Gao DZ, Zheng M, Wang XD, Sun Q. Biosynthesis of benzoylformic acid from benzoyl cyanide by a newly isolated Rhodococcus sp. CCZU10-1 in toluene-water biphasic system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:88-95. [PMID: 22033370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylformic acid was synthesized from the hydrolysis of benzoyl cyanide by a newly isolated Rhodococcus sp. CCZU10-1. In this study, an aqueous-toluene biphasic system was developed for highly efficient production of benzoylformic acid from the hydrolysis of benzoyl cyanide. In the aqueous-toluene biphasic system, the phase volume ratio, buffer pH and reaction temperature were optimized. Using fed-batch method, a total of 932 mM benzoylformic acid accumulated in the reaction mixture after the 10th feed. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis of benzoyl cyanide using calcium alginate entrapped resting cells was carried out in the aqueous-toluene biphasic system, and efficient biocatalyst recycling was achieved as a result of cell immobilization in calcium alginate, with a product-to-biocatalyst ratio of 14.26g benzoylformic acid g(-1) dry cell weight (DCW) cell after 20 cycles of repeated use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cai He
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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