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Kongsaree N, Thanyajaroen T, Dechates B, Therawit P, Mahikul W, Ngaosuwan K. Skeletal Effect of Parathyroidectomy on Patients With Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e1922-e1935. [PMID: 38739762 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Parathyroidectomy (PTX) is recommended for curing primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), although uncertainty remains regarding the extent of fracture risk reduction following surgery. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to compare fracture risk and bone mineral density (BMD) changes in patients with PHPT undergoing PTX vs observation (OBS). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library until September 2022, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, and reviewed citations from previous reviews. Among 1260 initial records, 48 eligible articles from 35 studies (5 RCTs; 30 cohorts) included PHPT patients receiving PTX or OBS interventions with reported fracture events at any site, including the hip, spine, or forearm, and/or BMD changes at each location. Data extraction followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines by 2 independent reviewers. RESULTS In 238 188 PHPT patients (PTX: 73 778 vs OBS: 164 410), PTX significantly reduced fractures at any site (relative risk [RR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74-0.86) compared to OBS. In 237 217 patients (PTX: 73 458 vs OBS: 163 759), the risk of hip fractures decreased (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52-0.76). No reduction in forearm and vertebral fractures was observed in 3574 and 3795 patients, respectively. The annual percentage BMD changes from baseline were higher in the PTX group: femoral neck, 1.91% (95% CI, 1.14-2.68); hip, 1.75% (95% CI, 0.58-2.92); radius, 1.75% (95% CI, 0.31-3.18); spine, 2.13% (95% CI, 1.16-3.10). CONCLUSION PTX significantly reduced overall and hip fracture risks in PHPT patients. Despite minimal BMD increase, the substantial decrease in fracture risk suggests additional benefits of PTX beyond mineral content enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanan Kongsaree
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Thanyajaroen
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Bothamai Dechates
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Phonthip Therawit
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Wiriya Mahikul
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Ngaosuwan
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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Lai V, Wesley DB, Zheng H, Lu J, Graves K, Miller KM, Felger EA, Carroll NM, Rosen JE, Wang JHY. Social Determinants of Health and Quality of Life in Endocrine Surgery Patients. J Surg Res 2023; 283:194-204. [PMID: 36410236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quality of life (QoL) of endocrine surgery patients is an important patient outcome but the role of social determinants of health (SDH) on preoperative QoL is understudied. METHODS This study used preoperative data of 233 endocrine surgery patients participating in a longitudinal QoL study to examine the influence of SDH (patient-level and environmental) on preoperative QoL. Patient-level SDH was assessed with structured survey questions and environmental SDH with the Social Vulnerability Index. Multiple domains of QoL were assessed with the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29). RESULTS The average age of the sample was 52.9 y and 76.8% were female, 10% were Hispanic, 55.8% were White, 32.6% were Black, 6.9% were Other, and 4.7% were Asian. Patients with patient-level SDH were more likely to have worse preoperative QoL in multiple PROMIS domains. Patients who lived in the most socially vulnerable areas had the same or better QoL scores in the PROMIS-29 domains than those living in less vulnerable areas. Minority race patients were more likely to have patient-level SDH and to live in the most vulnerable areas. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to our knowledge to examine the role of patient-level and environmental SDH on preoperative QoL among endocrine surgery patients. The results identified specific patient-level factors that could be used as the basis for interventions aimed to improve patients' QoL. Future studies that evaluate the role of preoperative SDH on long-term QoL and clinical outcomes would further enhance our understanding of the impact of SDH on patient wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lai
- MedStar-Washington Hospital Center, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | | | - Hui Zheng
- MedStar-Washington Hospital Center, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jana Lu
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kristi Graves
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Erin A Felger
- MedStar-Washington Hospital Center, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nancy M Carroll
- MedStar-Washington Hospital Center, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer E Rosen
- MedStar-Washington Hospital Center, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Judy Huei-Yu Wang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Secondary and Tertiary Renal Hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg 2022; 276:e141-e176. [PMID: 35848728 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate treatment of secondary (SHPT) and tertiary (THPT) renal hyperparathyroidism. BACKGROUND Hyperparathyroidism is common among patients with chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease, and kidney transplant. The surgical management of SHPT and THPT is nuanced and requires a multidisciplinary approach. There are currently no clinical practice guidelines that address the surgical treatment of SHPT and THPT. METHODS Medical literature was reviewed from January 1, 1985 to present January 1, 2021 by a panel of 10 experts in SHPT and THPT. Recommendations using the best available evidence was constructed. The American College of Physicians grading system was used to determine levels of evidence. Recommendations were discussed to consensus. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons membership reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of the content. RESULTS These clinical guidelines present the epidemiology and pathophysiology of SHPT and THPT and provide recommendations for work-up and management of SHPT and THPT for all involved clinicians. It outlines the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of SHPT and THPT, as well as related definitions, operative techniques, morbidity, and outcomes. Specific topics include Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Initial Evaluation, Imaging, Preoperative and Perioperative Care, Surgical Planning and Parathyroidectomy, Adjuncts and Approaches, Outcomes, and Reoperation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based guidelines were created to assist clinicians in the optimal management of secondary and tertiary renal hyperparathyroidism.
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Papavramidis TS, Anagnostis P, Pliakos I, Tzikos G, Chorti A, Kotsa K, Michalopoulos A. The impact of age on quality of life and frailty outcomes after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:797-802. [PMID: 34826129 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parathyroidectomy (PTx) improves quality of life (QoL) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Whether this effect is modified according to the patients' age is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of age on the effect of PTx on QoL and frailty in patients with PHPT, six months post-PTx. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study, including patients with PHPT, admitted from January 2016 to December 2019, divided into two categories: younger (≤ 65 years old) and older (> 65 years old). QoL was assessed with the Pasieka questionnaire (PAS-Q) two days pre- and six months post-operatively. Frailty was also assessed at the same time intervals, with the Frailty Index (FI). RESULTS One hundred and thirty-four patients (younger group: 96 patients, mean age 50.4 ± 9.8 years; older group: 38 patients, mean age 72.1 ± 4.9 years) were included. PTx resulted in a significant reduction in PAS-Q score in both groups. Notably, a greater reduction in "mood swings", "irritability", "itchy skin" and "feeling thirsty" PAS-Q domains was observed in the younger group. In contrast, a greater decrease in "bone pain", "tiredness", "weakness", "joint pain", "getting off chair" and "headaches" items was observed in the older group. Moreover, PTx led to a decrease in FI only in this group. CONCLUSIONS PTx leads to an improvement in QoL both in older (> 65 years) and younger (≤ 65 years) patients with PHPT, attributed to a differential effect on PAS-Q items. Frailty improves only in the older group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Papavramidis
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Minimal Invasive Endocrine Surgery, Euromedica Kyanous Stavros, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - I Pliakos
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Minimal Invasive Endocrine Surgery, Euromedica Kyanous Stavros, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Tzikos
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Chorti
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Michalopoulos
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Influence of Parathyroidectomy on Sleep Quality in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33713328 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of parathyroidectomy on sleep quality in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Thirty consecutive patients with pHPT were enrolled in the study within 1 year. pHPT was diagnosed by typical symptoms accompanied by an elevated level of parathormone. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for the evaluation of sleep 1 day before and 6 months after parathyroidectomy. The mean total PSQI score was elevated to 6.8 ± 0.6 points before surgery, which was in the pathological cut-off of greater than ≥5, indicating impaired sleep quality. After parathyroidectomy, the total score declined insignificantly, amounting to 5.6 ± 0.4 (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the number of patients with a score of ≥5 before surgery decreased from 21 (70%) to 16 (53%) after surgery. There also was a significant improvement in sleep latency (p = 0.05) and sleep efficiency (p = 0.02) domains of PSQI. We conclude that 70% of patients with untreated pHPT suffered from sleep disorders that improved after parathyroidectomy. The clinical consequence is that patients with pHPT should be questioned about having sleep disorders, which might influence the decision-making concerning parathyroidectomy. With the relation reversed, patients without pHPT but suffering from sleep disturbance should be tested for pHPT.
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Quality of Life in Patients With Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism After Parathyroidectomy: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:716-722. [PMID: 33640325 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired quality of life (QoL) is considered as a nonclassical manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). This study aimed to detect and compare changes in the QoL of patients with asymptomatic PHPT who had successful curative parathyroidectomy (PTX) 3 months and 3 years after the procedure. METHODS Patients with diagnosed PHPT were eligible for the study. There were 2 groups: the PTX group, with patients who underwent PTX, and the non-PTX group, with patients who were treated conservatively. QoL was assessed using Pasieka's Parathyroid Assessment of Symptoms Questionnaire (PAS-Q) at baseline, 3 months, and 3 years. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were included in the study: 18 in the PTX group and 20 in the non-PTX group. In the PTX group, the mean PAS-Q total score before PTX was 518, which was reduced significantly at the 3-month (P = .003) and 3-year assessments (P = .001). However, in the non-PTX group, the mean PAS-Q total score was 326 at baseline and increased continuously for 3 years (P = .019). At the 3-year evaluation, the mean total score was significantly higher compared to that of the PTX group (P = .021). Finally, there was a positive correlation between total serum calcium and PAS-Q score in the non-PTX group (r = 0.524, P = .018). CONCLUSION QoL of patients with PHPT improved significantly compared to that in conservative surveillance as early as 3 months after successful, curative PTX, and remained improved for 3 years. This finding strengthens, even more, the hypothesis that PTX contributes to better QoL, suggesting that the derangement of QoL may be considered as an individual indication for surgery.
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See A, Lim AEL, Wong J, Choong HL, Iyer NG, Tan HK, Tan NC, Ng JCF. The effect of parathyroidectomy on patients' symptoms in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Head Neck 2019; 41:2748-2755. [PMID: 30957315 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of parathyroidectomy for primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism is well-established but evidence in tertiary hyperparathyroidism is lacking. We examined parathyroidectomy's effect in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS Patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy were followed up for 12 months. A modification of the 13-item parathyroid symptoms list developed by Pasieka was administered at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. We also examined if preoperative factors would predict symptom improvement post-surgery. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were included. Survey response rates at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery were 97.8%, 90.1%, 82.4%, and 80.2%, respectively. Mean preoperative Pasieka parathyroid score (PSS) was 6.3 ± 2.7. At first month, PSS decreased to 2.9 ± 2.0 (P < .001) and was sustained at 3, 6, and 12 months (2.7 ± 2.1, P < .001, 2.3 ± 1.6, P < .001 and 3.4 ± 2.5, P < .001). The degree of PSS reduction at 1-month post-parathyroidectomy correlated strongly with preoperative symptom severity (Pearson's coefficient: 0.690, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Parathyroid symptoms unequivocally improve post-parathyroidectomy. The greatest degree of improvement was observed in early postoperative period up to 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna See
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head & Neck Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy E L Lim
- Nursing Division, Speciality Care (Renal), Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiunn Wong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Lin Choong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head & Neck Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiang Khoon Tan
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head & Neck Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngian Chye Tan
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head & Neck Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeremy C F Ng
- Singhealth Duke-NUS Head & Neck Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Mokrysheva NG, Krupinova YA, Bibik EE, Melnichenko GA. Cognitive impairment in primary hyperparathyroidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-103-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. G. Mokrysheva
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - Yu. A. Krupinova
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. E. Bibik
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - G. A. Melnichenko
- National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Hassan-Smith ZK, Criseno S, Gittoes NJL. Mild primary hyperparathyroidism-to treat or not to treat? Br Med Bull 2019; 129:53-67. [PMID: 30576424 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has shifted from a disease characterized by renal and skeletal complications to a mild or asymptomatic condition. Modern imaging allows localization of a surgical target in the majority of cases. SOURCES OF DATA Data were collected from literature searches of online databases including PUBMED, MEDLINE and Cochrane. A narrative review was performed. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Parathyroidectomy is the only therapy with curative potential with good outcomes and low risk of complications in experienced hands. Current guidelines advocate that surgery is offered in all symptomatic cases and in those who meet criteria depending on age, serum calcium concentration, skeletal and renal parameters. A structured monitoring approach should be offered to those who do not undergo surgery. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Thresholds for intervention to improve skeletal and renal outcomes are debatable. In addition, controversy persists over the benefit of surgery for non-skeletal/renal outcomes. GROWING POINTS The role of medical management of PHPT using agents such as bisphosphonates, denosumab and cinacalcet are discussed. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH In summary, further data on the natural history and effects of treatment of mild and asymptomatic PHPT are required to determine thresholds for surgery. In particular, further investigations of non-skeletal and non-renal parameters, such as neurocognitive quality of life and cardiovascular disease are required. Data on normocalcaemic PHPT are lacking. Large-scale randomized controlled trials would be welcome in these areas, however in view of the cost implications a more pragmatic approach may be to develop collaborative multi-centre registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaki K Hassan-Smith
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sherwin Criseno
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil J L Gittoes
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Quality of life after surgery in secondary hyperparathyroidism, comparing subtotal parathyroidectomy with total parathyroidectomy with immediate parathyroid autograft: Prospective randomized trial. Surgery 2018; 164:978-985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bell CF, Warrick MM, Gallagher KC, Baregamian N. Neurocognitive performance profile postparathyroidectomy: a pilot study of computerized assessment. Surgery 2017; 163:457-462. [PMID: 29133114 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive symptoms attributable to primary hyperparathyroidism are important diagnostic criteria, yet the basic characterization and assessment of neurocognitive deficits in primary hyperparathyroidism are not defined fully. METHODS In this prospective pilot study, patients with unequivocal biochemical diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated for neurocognitive performance preoperatively and postparathyroidectomy (2 weeks, 6 months) using a battery of computerized modular tests designed by LUMOSITY. The individual test scores and aggregate scores representing a subject's total neurocognitive performance profile were calculated. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using univariate analysis and repeated measures of analysis of variance. RESULTS In the study, 34 participants were assessed preoperatively; 18 completed all 3 assessments, 2 completed pretest and 6-month assessments, and 30 completed preoperative and 2-week postparathyroidectomy assessments. Primary hyperparathyroidism patients demonstrated significant deficits in memory, attention, mental flexibility, and speed of processing when compared with controls. Total neurocognitive performance profile score was significantly lower at the preoperative (P = .0001) and 2-week postparathyroidectomy (P = .0004) time points when compared with controls; this difference was bridged by 6 months postparathyroidectomy. CONCLUSION Computerized neurocognitive performance profile assessment validated the neurocognitive benefits of parathyroidectomy. Additional study is needed to determine if this novel method provides long-term, objective, quantifiable, and accessible neurocognitive performance profile assessment in primary hyperparathyroidism patients and can serve as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Bell
- Division of Surgical Oncology & Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mathew M Warrick
- Division of Surgical Oncology & Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kathleen C Gallagher
- Division of Surgical Oncology & Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naira Baregamian
- Division of Surgical Oncology & Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Brito K, Edirimanne S, Eslick GD. The extent of improvement of health-related quality of life as assessed by the SF36 and Paseika scales after parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2014; 13:245-249. [PMID: 25542340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) improve the function and quality of life of patients. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the health-related quality of life outcomes among those having surgical management for PHPT. METHODS Several databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Current Contents) for studies in which health-related quality of life was measured by reliable and validated instruments (SF-36 and Paseika Questionnaire) before and after parathyroidectomy for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). For the SF-36, score differences greater than 5 points indicate clinically relevant changes. RESULTS There were six studies with quality of life data. The SF-36 data was derived from 238 patients, with a mean age of 59 years and 71% were females. The range of follow up after surgery was 6 months to one year. The pre- and post-parathyroidectomy SF-36 quality of life scale scores were vitality (44 vs. 60, p<0.001), physical functioning (51 vs. 69, p<0.001), bodily pain (50 vs. 65, p<0.001), general health (54 vs. 64, p<0.001), role physical (34 vs. 52, p<0.001), role emotional (43 vs. 59, p<0.001), role social (60 vs. 74, p<0.001), and mental health (55 vs. 71, p<0.001). The Paseika data was derived from 203 patients, with a mean age of 54 years and 67% were females. The pre- and post-parathyroidectomy Paseika scores were feeling tired (51 vs. 19, p<0.001), feeling thirsty (29 vs. 12, p<0.001), mood swings (33 vs. 12, p<0.001), joint pains (32 vs. 14, p<0.001), irritability (31 vs. 10, p<0.001), feeling blue (31 vs. 14, p<0.001), feeling weak (37 vs. 15, p<0.001), itchy (17 vs. 7, p<0.001), forgetful (27 vs. 16, p<0.001), headache (18 vs. 5, p<0.001), abdominal pain (19 vs. 8, p<0.001), bone pain (38 vs. 17, p<0.001), ability to move off chair (27 vs. 11, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Parathyroidectomy significantly improves the short to medium-term health-related quality of life of patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Elaraj D, Sturgeon C. Operative treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: balancing cost-effectiveness with successful outcomes. Surg Clin North Am 2014; 94:607-23. [PMID: 24857579 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroidectomy is the most cost-effective treatment for hyperparathyroidism. Randomized prospective trials have shown no difference in cure rate between focused parathyroidectomy and bilateral exploration. Costs of the two techniques differ depending on the preoperative and intraoperative localization used, speed of the operation, ability to discharge the patient on the same day as the operation, cure rate, and complications. It may be less costly and more effective to use a policy of routine 4-gland exploration without the use of preoperative or intraoperative localization studies. The potential economic impact and the expected outcome of the various strategies should be formally evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Elaraj
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Cord Sturgeon
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Muscle Function Is Impaired in Patients With “Asymptomatic” Primary Hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2013; 38:549-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Khan MAA, Rafiq S, Lanitis S, Mirza FA, Gwozdziewicz L, Al-Mufti R, Hadjiminas DJ. Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: description of techniques and advances in the field. Indian J Surg 2013; 76:308-15. [PMID: 25278656 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-013-0898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disease commonly seen in patients above 60 years of age. It is the most common cause of asymptomatic or symptomatic hypercalcemia, usually found incidentally on routine check-ups. Surgical treatment is the only definitive treatment of choice in the symptomatic patient; however, it can also be employed in asymptomatic patients. First described in 1925, bilateral neck exploration is the gold standard of treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. The recent interest in minimally invasive surgeries has led to better and improved techniques of neck exploration with improved cosmetic results and lesser chances of transient or permanent hypoparathyroidism due to inadvertent removal of normally functioning parathyroid tissue. These include unilateral neck explorations, minimally invasive parathyroidectomies and minimally invasive radio-guided parathyroidectomy. The intact parathyroid hormone assays have greatly added to the detection of normal and abnormal functioning glands, hence better surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadia Rafiq
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Sophocles Lanitis
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Farhan Arshad Mirza
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Lukasz Gwozdziewicz
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Ragheed Al-Mufti
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Dimitri J Hadjiminas
- St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY UK
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Alex G, Morris L, Pasieka J, Perrier N. Article Commentary: Nonclassical Symptoms of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Their Response to Parathyroidectomy. Am Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481307900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 100,000 new patients are diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) each year in the United States.1 In the past, patients with PHPT typically presented with “stones, bones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans” but today patients often present with more subtle symptoms and physiologic changes associated with earlier stages of disease. Patients without the classic symptoms of PHPT are often referred to as “asymptomatic.” These patients frequently pose a conundrum for clinicians. Uncertainties remain as to which symptoms truly represent PHPT and which are related to comorbidities or the aging process. To address these uncertainties, we review most recent literature regarding the nonclassical manifestations of PHPT and their response to parathyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Alex
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the
| | - Lilah Morris
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the
| | - Janice Pasieka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Perrier
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review primary hyperparathyroidism and the key issues that are relevant to the practicing endocrinologist. METHODS The latest information on the presentation, diagnosis, and traditional and nontraditional aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism is reviewed. RESULTS The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is straightforward when the traditional hypercalcemic patient is documented to have an elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Commonly, patients are identified who have normal serum calcium levels but elevated PTH levels in whom no secondary causes for hyperparathyroidism can be confirmed. Traditional target organs of primary hyperparathyroidism-the skeleton and the kidneys-continue to be a focus in the patient evaluation. Bone mineral density shows a typical pattern of involvement with the distal one-third radius being selectively reduced compared with the lumbar spine in which bone mineral density is generally well maintained. Neurocognitive and cardiovascular aspects of primary hyperparathyroidism, while a focus of recent interest, have not been shown to definitively aid in the decision for or against surgery. The recommendation for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism is based on guidelines that focus on the serum calcium level, renal function, bone mineral density, and age. In patients who do not meet guidelines, a nonsurgical management approach has merit. CONCLUSIONS Primary hyperparathyroidism is continuing to show changes in its clinical profile, with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism being a topic of great interest. Skeletal and renal features of primary hyperparathyroidism drive, in most cases, the decision to recommend surgery. In patients who do not meet any criteria for surgery, a conservative approach with appropriate monitoring is acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Veras A, Maia J, Mesquita P, Eufrazino C, Bandeira F. Lower quality of life in longstanding mild primary hyperparathyroidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:139-43. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the non-classical manifestations and quality of life in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We evaluated non-classical manifestations and quality of life of 22 patients with PHPT using the SF-36 questionnaire according to the time since diagnosis. RESULTS: In the scores of quality of life, a significant difference was found comparing the groups with previous and recent diagnosis of PHPT in terms of functional capacity (39 + 22.83 vs. 76.25 + 22.37; p = 0.001), limitation of physical aspects (30 + 38.73 vs. 75 + 21.32; p = 0.006), general health (57.20 + 19.16 vs. 77.75 + 15.70; p = 0.012), and vitality (49.00 + 21.19 vs. 70.00 + 24.12; p = 0.044). CONCLUSION: We found a significant difference in quality of life in relation to the time of the diagnosis of PHPT.
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20
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Walker MD, Rubin M, Silverberg SJ. Nontraditional manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16:40-7. [PMID: 23374740 PMCID: PMC3564501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Classical primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) was previously a multisystemic symptomatic disorder not only with overt skeletal and renal complications but also with neuropsychological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and rheumatic effects. The presentation of PHPT has evolved, and today most patients are asymptomatic. Osteitis fibrosa cystica is rarely seen today, and nephrolithiasis is less common. Gastrointestinal and rheumatic symptoms are not part of the clinical spectrum of modern PHPT. It remains unclear whether neuropsychological symptoms and cardiovascular disease, neither of which are currently indications for recommending parathyroidectomy (PTX), are part of the modern phenotype of PHPT. A number of observational studies suggest that mild PHPT is associated with depression, decreased quality of life, and changes in cognition, but limited data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not indicated consistent benefits after surgery. The increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in severe PHPT has not been definitively demonstrated in mild disease, although there is some evidence for more subtle cardiovascular abnormalities, such as increased vascular stiffness, among others. Results from observational studies that have assessed the effect of PTX on cardiovascular health have been conflicting. The single RCT in this area did not demonstrate that PTX was beneficial. Despite recent progress in these areas, more data from rigorously designed studies are needed to better inform the clinical management of patients with asymptomatic PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Donovan Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Silverberg SJ, Walker MD, Bilezikian JP. Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16:14-21. [PMID: 23374736 PMCID: PMC3987990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) as it is seen in the United States and most Western countries has evolved significantly over the past half century. The introduction of the multichannel serum autoanalyzer in the 1970s led to the recognition of a cohort of individuals with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, in whom evaluation led to the diagnosis of PHPT. The term "asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism" was introduced to describe patients who lack obvious signs and symptoms referable to either excess calcium or parathyroid hormone. Although it was expected that asymptomatic patients would eventually develop classical symptoms of PHPT, observational data suggest that most patients do not evolve over time to become overtly symptomatic. In most parts of the world, the asymptomatic phenotype of PHPT has replaced classical PHPT. This report is a selective review of data on asymptomatic PHPT: its demographic features, presentation and natural history, as well as biochemical, skeletal, neuromuscular, psychological, and cardiovascular manifestations. In addition, we will summarize available information on treatment indications and options for those with asymptomatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonni J Silverberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Crea N, Pata G, Casella C, Cappelli C, Salerni B. Predictive Factors for Postoperative Severe Hypocalcaemia after Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Am Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481207800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcaemia is a complication of parathyroidectomy. We retrospectively analyzed data on patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) to identify predictive factors for severe postoperative hypocalcaemia. Since 2004 we performed 87 parathyroidectomies for pHPT. We divided the patients into two groups: subjects who presented with postoperative hypocalcaemia (group B) or otherwise (group A). We looked for a correlation between several variables and the incidence of postoperative hypocalcaemia. The median calcemia in group B (19 patients) was 6.9 mg/dL on the first postoperative day and 7.6 mg/dL on the third day. We observed hypocalcemia related clinical symptoms in every patient. In all 19 cases the reduction of intraoperative parathyroid hormone above 85 per cent after parathyroidectomy was related to the development of severe postoperative hypocalcaemia ( P = 0.042). We found that the reduction of intraoperative parathyroid hormone over 85 per cent after parathyroidectomy can be considered a reliable predictive factor of postoperative hypocalcaemia after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Crea
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, First Division of General Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pata
- Second Department of General Surgery, Brescia Civic Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Casella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, First Division of General Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Cappelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinica Medica, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruno Salerni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, First Division of General Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Evaluation of selected cognitive functions before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 397:825-31. [PMID: 22160326 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cognitive functions have been reported to be impaired in patient with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). The aim of this psychological study was to evaluate cognitive disturbances in pHPT in relation to serum calcium levels before and after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective, case-control study with 1-year follow-up of 35 pHPT patients versus 35 matched controls was undertaken. All patients were tested before surgery and at 12-18 months following surgery with a battery of selected cognitive function psychological tools: Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Memory Verbal Learning Test (DCS), The Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail Making Test A & B, Verbal Fluency Test, and Beck Depression Inventory. In addition to psychological testing, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone and phosphate levels were evaluated. RESULTS The following cognitive functions of pHPT patients versus controls were deteriorated before surgery: impaired concentration, decreased nonverbal learning process, difficulties in using direct memory, verbal fluency and visual constructive abilities. However, no correlation was found between serum calcium levels and the results of neuropsychological tests. In longitudinal comparison of pHPT patients before and 1 year after surgery, there was a significant improvement in visual memory, visual-constructive abilities and direct memory. CONCLUSIONS pHPT patients have significantly decreased concentration level, nonverbal learning process, access to verbal resources and constructional and visual memory ability. Thus, neuropsychological testing may be useful in the decision making for early surgery in patients with mild asymptomatic disease in order to avoid further deterioration of cognitive functions.
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24
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Amstrup AK, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Patients with surgically cured primary hyperparathyroidism have a reduced quality of life compared with population-based healthy sex-, age-, and season-matched controls. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:753-60. [PMID: 21862666 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with feelings of fatigue and depression, as well as limitation to physical and mental functioning. These quality of life (QoL) characteristics improve after parathyroidectomy. However, whether former patients fully regain QoL compared with healthy controls is largely unknown. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Cross-sectional study. Fifty-one former PHPT patients, successfully treated by surgery (mean time since parathyroidectomy 7.4 (range 5-15) years), and 51 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. METHODS The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey version 2 and the WHO-Five Well-being Index. The surveys included questions on overall physical and mental health, functioning, and limitation in daily life activities. RESULTS Former patients scored significantly lower compared with controls in physical functioning (P=0.01), role limitation caused by emotional problems (P=0.01), vitality (P<0.001), and general health (P=0.01). Compared with the controls, cases had a lower median (interquartile range) score of physical component summary (PCS; 54.9 (47.9-58.7) vs 49.6 (45.2-55.9), P=0.03) and mental component summary (MCS; 55.4 (49.7-58.1) vs 52.5 (44.7-55.5), P=0.04). There was no association between time since operation and PCS or MCS. Compared with controls, cases had higher body mass index (BMI; 26.0±4.7 vs 28.8±6.0 kg/m(2), P<0.001) and a higher frequency of cardiovascular diseases (CVD; 41.2 vs 62.7%, P=0.03). After adjustment for differences in BMI and CVD, PCS did no longer differ between groups. However, adjustments did not change the finding of a lower MCS in cases compared with controls. CONCLUSION Even though QoL may improve substantially after surgery, former PHPT patients still have reduced QoL compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kristine Amstrup
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus Sygehus, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage-Hansens Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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25
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Lee DM, Tajar A, O'Neill TW, O'Connor DB, Bartfai G, Boonen S, Bouillon R, Casanueva FF, Finn JD, Forti G, Giwercman A, Han TS, Huhtaniemi IT, Kula K, Lean ME, Punab M, Silman AJ, Vanderschueren D, Wu FC, Pendleton N. Lower vitamin D levels are associated with depression among community-dwelling European men. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1320-8. [PMID: 20823081 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110379287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels have been linked with depressive symptoms among adults in various clinical settings. Data in generally healthy, community-dwelling individuals remain inconclusive. We investigated whether depression was associated with 25(OH)D and/or PTH in a sample of middle-aged and older men (n = 3369; mean age 60 ± 11) participating in the European Male Ageing Study, and whether any associations were explained by lifestyle and health factors. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was used to screen for depression, and serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Univariate analysis revealed that 25(OH)D levels were lower (p < 0.001) and PTH higher (p = 0.004) in people with depression. In age- and centre-adjusted linear regressions a higher BDI-II score was significantly associated with lower levels of 25(OH)D (p = 0.004). After adjustment for lifestyle and health factors this relationship was attenuated but remained significant (p = 0.01). Using multivariable logistic regression the odds for depression increased approximately 70% across decreasing 25(OH)D quartiles (p (trend) = 0.04). There was no independent association between PTH and depression in any of the multivariable regressions. Our results reveal an inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and depression, largely independent of several lifestyle and health factors. Further studies are required to determine whether higher levels of vitamin D have an antidepressant effect in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lee
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
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Yu N, Leese GP, Smith D, Donnan PT. The natural history of treated and untreated primary hyperparathyroidism: the parathyroid epidemiology and audit research study. QJM 2011; 104:513-21. [PMID: 21266486 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcq261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder with the majority of cases being mild and untreated. AIM To provide an update on the natural history of treated and untreated PHPT. DESIGN Retrospective population-based observational study. METHODS From 1997 to 2006, a well-defined cohort of PHPT patients was established in Tayside, Scotland. Subsequent cohorts of 'mild untreated' and 'surgically treated' PHPT patients were selected for the present study. Their serum calcium (S-Ca) and PTH concentrations were followed until September 2009. Surgical outcomes were evaluated using hospital admission data. RESULTS A total of 904 'mild untreated' patients were identified (median follow-up=4.7 years), with a baseline median S-Ca of 2.62 mmol/l. A general decreased trend was observed in the S-Ca concentration for up to 12 years but an increasing trend in PTH (P<0.001 in both instances). Disease progression, defined as an increase in S-Ca concentration, was observed in 121 patients (13.4%). Twenty-six (2.9%) patients had undergone surgery during the subsequent follow-up period. Baseline age and PTH concentration were the only significant risk factors for disease progression. In comparison, there were 200 'surgically treated' patients (median follow-up=5.8 years). S-Ca was normalised after surgery, in 196 patients (98%). Hospital admissions for renal complications were reduced after surgery. In conclusion, most untreated patients with mild PHPT had no progression of S-Ca but approximately 15% did show some evidence of progression. Parathyroidectomy, with a high success rate, normalized the S-Ca in patients with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu
- Dundee Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Division of Clinical and population Sciences and Education, MacKenzie Building, Kirsty Semple Way, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 4BF, UK.
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Abstract
The prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) will increase with the growth of the elderly population. Elderly patients primarily present with nonclassic symptoms of PHPT that can sometimes be missed in favor of other diagnoses. Several recent studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of outpatient, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in elderly patients with PHPT, the majority of them reporting increased fracture-free survival and symptomatic relief postoperatively and thus experiencing improved quality of life. Introduction. The prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is expected to increase in developed nations as the aged population grows. This review discusses issues related to PHPT in the elderly population with a focus on differences in disease presentation, medical and surgical management, and outcomes. Methods. Literature review of English-language studies of PHPT or parathyroidectomy (PTx) in the elderly was performed. Surgical literature reviewed included original clinical studies published after 1990. Priority was given to studies with >30 patients where institutional practice and outcomes have not changed significantly over time. Results. Elderly patients primarily present with nonclassic symptoms of PHPT that can sometimes be missed in favor of other diagnoses. They have equivalent surgical outcomes, including morbidity, mortality, and cure rates, compared with younger patients, although their length of hospital stay is significantly longer. Several recent studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of outpatient, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in an elderly population. Patients are referred for PTx less frequently with each advancing decade, although surgical referral patterns have increased over time in centers that offer minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Elderly patients experience increased fracture-free survival after PTx. The majority of elderly patients report symptomatic relief postoperatively. Conclusion. PTx can offer elderly patients with PHPT improved quality of life. PTx is safe and effective in elderly patients, and advanced age alone should not deter surgical referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah F. Morris
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juliette Zelada
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bian Wu
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theodore J. Hahn
- VA Greater Los Angeles Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael W. Yeh
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Department of General Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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28
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What symptom improvement can be expected after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism? World J Surg 2010; 33:2244-55. [PMID: 19288279 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-9987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The only cure for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is operative resection of the parathyroid gland(s) responsible for the disease. The 1990 National Institute of Health's (NIH) consensus development conference on asymptomatic pHPT and its subsequent workshop in 2001 established which clinical criteria warranted parathyroidectomy (PTx) versus observation. While there is no debate that these NIH criteria capture a group of patients likely to benefit from PTx, there is concern that these guidelines miss a significant percentage of pHPT patients who actually are symptomatic. Unfortunately, these additional symptoms are often subtle, nonspecific, not traditionally measured, frequently not assessed or considered in this patient population, and are usually attributed to other diagnoses or simply advanced age. METHODS An evidence-based literature review was performed assessing symptoms and clinical conditions associated with bone, neuropsychiatry, cognition, quality of life, and the neuromuscular system. The level of evidence and grade of recommendations were assigned to key studies to help determine recommendations regarding indications and potential benefits of parathyroidectomy (PTx). RESULTS Symptoms ranging from decreased bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive changes, lower quality of life, and neuromuscular symptoms were found to be associated with pHPT. The effects of PTx on these symptoms was addressed in a variety of studies that varied in quality. CONCLUSION Although there are few Level I randomized clinical trials addressing the benefit of PTx in patients with pHPT, there are supportive data to suggest that most patients with pHPT would benefit from operative cure.
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29
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Ayuk J, Cooper MS, Gittoes NJL. New perspectives in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2010; 1:197-205. [PMID: 23148164 PMCID: PMC3474620 DOI: 10.1177/2042018810382326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a biochemical syndrome caused by the inappropriate or unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone, Leading to hypercalcae-mia. It was previously considered a relatively rare disorder, with clinical manifestations dominated by renal and/or bone disease. However, in modern times the diagnosis is most frequently recognized coincidentally on biochemical testing in patients evaluated for unrelated complaints. Parathyroidectomy is the only curative treatment for PHPT, with improved outcomes in symptomatic patients following this procedure. However, surgical intervention in patients with no clear clinical features remains controversial. The National Institutes for Health (NIH) have developed consensus guidelines giving specific indications for when surgery is recommended in patients with asymptomatic PHPT. This article examines the impact of treatment on asymptomatic PHPT, focusing on bone disease, neurocognitive function, quality of Life, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Medical treatment options, including bisphospho-nates and cinacalcet, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ayuk
- John Ayuk, MD, MRCP Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Mark S. Cooper
- Mark S. Cooper, PhD MRCP Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Neil J. L. Gittoes
- Correspondence to: Dr Neil J. L. Gittoes, PhD, FRCP Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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30
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Persistent symptomatic improvement in the majority of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:941-6. [PMID: 20658300 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is followed by a decrease in the severity of symptoms reported on the Pasieka's parathyroid symptoms score (PPSS) and SF-36 questionnaires. Some argue that such benefits are short-lived. This study investigates the severity of symptoms at more than 12 months after parathyroidectomy. METHODS A prospective database collected clinical/operative data on consecutive patients with PHPT. PPSS was calculated as the sum of the 13 parameters self-assessed using a visual analog scale. SF-36(v2) was analyzed using commercially available software (QualityMetric Inc., Lincoln, USA). RESULTS Over 3-year interval, 166 patients (119 F/47 M, age 15-89 years) were operated for with PHPT (Ca 2.90 ± 0.25 mmol/L, PTH 21.64 ± 23.05 pmol/L). Their preoperative PPSS ranged 0-1,260 (median 413) and did not correlate with the severity of hypercalcemia. One hundred and seven patients responded when contacted by post at 18 ± 6 months postoperatively. Their postoperative PPSS was significantly lower (398 ± 226 to 231 ± 203, p < 0.001) and in 55 of 107 patients the severity of symptoms reduced by at least 50%. Most significant improvements were for mood (36 ± 33 vs. 16 ± 23), weakness/tiredness (37 ± 32 vs. 17 ± 23), irritability (35 ± 31 vs. 17 ± 21), and thirst (37 ± 32 vs. 18 ± 25; p < 0.0001). Physical and mental component scores of SF-36 questionnaire improved in patients whose PPSS decreased postoperatively. CONCLUSION Symptomatic benefits persist for at least 1 year after parathyroidectomy in the majority of patients with PHPT.
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Parathyroidectomy improves functional capacity in "asymptomatic" older patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized control trial. Ann Surg 2010; 251:832-7. [PMID: 20395857 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3181d76bb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that parathyroidectomy would improve functional/physical capacity, an underlying determinant of the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), in older patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA PHPT patients often present with nonspecific, subjective symptoms including proximal muscle weakness, fatigue, and reduced physical functional. Although qualitative data suggest that parathyroidectomy reduces these symptoms in asymptomatic PHPT patients, there are no quantitative data confirming this potential surgical benefit. METHODS Eighteen asymptomatic older (>50 years) patients with biochemically confirmed PHPT who did not meet National Institutes of Health consensus conference criteria for undergoing a parathyroidectomy were randomly assigned to either a surgical group (parathyroidectomy) or a control group (observed for 6 months). All patients underwent functional testing (6-minute walk test, 50-foot walk test, and repeated sit-to-stand test) at baseline/presurgery and at 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery or baseline. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (Registration# 2007-0220 ID#NCT00501215). RESULTS The surgery and control groups were functionally similar at baseline. Six-minute walk distance increased in the surgery group by 184 ft, a distance that is both significant (P<0.05) and clinically meaningful. Fifty foot walk and repeated sit-to-stand times in this group remain unchanged from presurgical levels. All functional measures for the control group remained unchanged over time. As anticipated, parathyroidectomy reduced serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS The improvement in 6-minute walk distance observed in the surgery group suggests that parathyroidectomy can improve functional capacity, and hence the performance of ADLs in asymptomatic, older PHPT patients.
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Leong KJ, Sam RC, Garnham AW. Health-related quality of life improvement following surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in a United Kingdom population. Surgeon 2010; 8:5-8. [PMID: 20222396 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism produces improvement in health-related quality of life in a United Kingdom population. METHODS Since October 2002, patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism were asked to complete the SF-36 questionnaire, a validated self assessment tool prior to surgery and at six months post surgery. The questionnaires were either mailed to the patients or given at the time of outpatient follow up. RESULTS 24 out of 29 patients completed the questionnaire pre- and postoperatively. Compared to the national average, the median pre-operative scores were worse in all 8 domains. At 6 months post surgery, there were significant improvements in six out of eight domains (p<0.05); physical and social functioning, physical and emotional role limitations, energy and mental health. The median physical component summary score (PCS) and the mental component summary score (MCS) were also significantly improved postoperatively [Preop vs. Postop (PCS)=28.16 vs. 35.40 (P=0.03)] and Preop vs. Postop (MCS)=41.50 vs. 56.23 (P=0.005)]. The post-operative MCS was comparable with the national average. CONCLUSION This study shows that parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism improves health-related quality of life in a United Kingdom population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Leong
- Department of Surgery, New Cross Hospital, McHale Building, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Pasieka JL, Parsons L, Jones J. The long-term benefit of parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism: a 10-year prospective surgical outcome study. Surgery 2009; 146:1006-13. [PMID: 19958927 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, utilizing a disease-specific outcome tool (Parathyroidectomy Assessment Of Symptoms or PAS scores) for hyperparathyroidism (HPT), parathyroidectomy was shown to decrease many of the vague nonspecific symptoms associated with HPT. The purpose of this study was to assess whether this improvement persists in the long term. METHODS PAS Scores and quality of life (QOL) measures were mailed to patients previously enrolled in the primary HPT study, including the thyroidectomy comparison group. Data were compared pre-operatively, 1 and 10 years after operation. RESULTS Of the original 122 HPT patients, 78 (64%) and 39/58 (68%) of the thyroidectomy patients participated. The pre-operative PAS score in the HPT group was 318; this decreased to 177 at 1 year and 189 at 10 years (P < .05). In contrast, thyroidectomy had PAS scores of 170 pre-operatively, 190 at 1 year, and 174 at 10 years (P = .1). HPT patients were more symptomatic pre-operatively compared to the thyroidectomy group (318 vs 170; P < .05), yet at 1 and 10 years, there were no differences. QOL was better in the HPT group at 10 years compared to pre-operatively (P < .05). CONCLUSION This prospective study demonstrates the long-term benefit of parathyroidectomy in primary HPT patients. Decrease of their pre-operative symptoms appears to have contributed to their improved QOL at 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Pasieka
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Walker MD, McMahon DJ, Inabnet WB, Lazar RM, Brown I, Vardy S, Cosman F, Silverberg SJ. Neuropsychological features in primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1951-8. [PMID: 19336505 PMCID: PMC2690425 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Data regarding the presence, extent, and reversibility of psychological and cognitive features of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are conflicting. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated psychological symptoms and cognitive function in PHPT. DESIGN This is a case-control study in which symptoms and their improvement 6 months after surgical cure of PHPT were assessed. SETTINGS The study was conducted in a university hospital metabolic bone disease unit and endocrine surgery practice. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine postmenopausal women with PHPT and 89 postmenopausal controls without PHPT participated in the study. INTERVENTION Participants with PHPT underwent parathyroidectomy. OUTCOME MEASURES Measurements used in the study were: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (STAI-Y); North American Adult Reading Test (NAART); Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory Test, Russell revision (LM); Buschke Selective Reminding Test (SRT); Rey Visual Design Learning Test (RVDLT); Booklet Category Test, Victoria revision (BCT); Rosen Target Detection Test (RTD); Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Digit Symbol Subtest (DSy); Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Digit Span Subtest (DSpan). RESULTS At baseline, women with PHPT had significantly higher symptom scores for depression and anxiety than controls and worse performance on tests of verbal memory (LM and SRT) and nonverbal abstraction (BCT). Depressive symptoms, nonverbal abstraction, and some aspects of verbal memory (LM) improved after parathyroidectomy to the extent that scores in these domains were no longer different from controls. Baseline differences and postoperative improvement in cognitive measures were independent of anxiety and depressive symptoms and were not linearly associated with serum levels of calcium or PTH. CONCLUSIONS Mild PHPT is associated with cognitive features affecting verbal memory and nonverbal abstraction that improve after parathyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella D Walker
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Silverberg SJ, Lewiecki EM, Mosekilde L, Peacock M, Rubin MR. Presentation of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:351-65. [PMID: 19193910 PMCID: PMC5393372 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the Third International Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in May 2008, recent data on the disease were reviewed. We present the results of a literature review on issues arising from the clinical presentation and natural history of PHPT. METHODS Questions were developed by the International Task Force on PHPT. A comprehensive literature search for relevant studies was reviewed, and the questions of the International Task Force were addressed by the Consensus Panel. CONCLUSIONS 1) Data on the extent and nature of cardiovascular involvement in those with mild disease are too limited to provide a complete picture. 2) Patients with mild PHPT have neuropsychological complaints. Although some symptoms may improve with surgery, available data remain inconsistent on their precise nature and reversibility. 3) Surgery leads to long-term gains in spine, hip, and radius bone mineral density (BMD). Because some patients have early disease progression and others lose BMD after 8-10 yr, regular monitoring (serum calcium and three-site BMD) is essential in those followed without surgery. Patients may present with normocalcemic PHPT (normal serum calcium with elevated PTH concentrations; no secondary cause for hyperparathyroidism). Data on the incidence and natural history of this phenotype are limited. 4) In the absence of kidney stones, data do not support the use of marked hypercalciuria (>10 mmol/d or 400 mg/d) as an indication for surgery for patients. 5) Patients with bone density T-score -2.5 or less at the lumbar spine, hip, or distal one third radius should have surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonni J Silverberg
- Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, PH 8W-864, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Adler JT, Sippel RS, Schaefer S, Chen H. Preserving function and quality of life after thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:1069-75. [PMID: 19012855 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disease has been recognised for thousands of years, but surgical treatment of endocrine disorders has only been widely used in the past century. Surgery is an effective treatment for hyperfunctioning glands and benign and malignant tumours. Advances in surgical technique have led to the development of short and safe operations with a high cure rate, and recent studies have not only assessed the success of the operations but also have focused on how these diseases affect patient-reported quality of life before and after surgery. In this Review, we summarise current approaches to surgical treatment of thyroid and parathyroid disease, focusing on how these approaches both preserve function and improve quality of life after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Adler
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Pasieka's parathyroid symptoms scores correlate with SF-36 scores in patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2008; 32:807-14. [PMID: 18324348 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is expected to trigger an improvement in the quality of life. This has been demonstrated previously by using the SF-36 questionnaire, whose interpretation is difficult in routine clinical practice. As an alternative, the 13-item questionnaire developed by Pasieka et al. can be used to assess the severity of symptoms on a visual analogue from which a parathyroid assessment of symptoms score (PAS) can be calculated. The purpose of this study was to correlate results of these two assessment tools. METHODS Prospective case-series study recruiting consecutive unselected patients who underwent successful parathyroidectomy for PHPT. SF-36(v2) and Pasieka's questionnaires were collected before parathyroidectomy and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS Between November 2005 and December 2006, 101 patients were diagnosed with PHPT (30 men; aged 18-89 years). Preoperative PAS ranged 0-1040 and did not correlate with the severity of hypercalcemia (2.91+/-0.25; range, 2.56-3.4 mmol/l). Scores from the SF-36 questionnaire were under the 50th percentile for the normal population in three domains (vitality, emotional role, and physical role). Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy was performed in 69 patients and bilateral cervical exploration in 32 patients. All were found to have a single parathyroid adenoma and were normocalcemic at 3-12 months after parathyroidectomy. At follow-up, there was a significant reduction of PAS from 460+/-257 preoperatively to 254+/-234 at 3 months postoperatively (n=72), to 245+/-215 at 6 months (n=50), and 249+/-212 at 12 months (n=63) (p<0.05, Student's t-test). There was a significant and persistent improvement in five domains of SF-36 questionnaire: bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning and mental health. Overall analysis of 244 assessments using both questionnaires demonstrated a negative correlation between increasing PAS and decreasing mental component scores and physical component scores of the SF-36 assessment (r2=0.372 and 0.301, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Pasieka's parathyroid assessment of symptom scores (PAS) correlate with SF-36 questionnaire scores. Because PAS allows easier and faster analysis, we advocate that Pasieka's questionnaire should be integrated into the assessment of patients with PHPT as a reliable tool to identify symptomatic changes that correlate with improved quality of life.
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Abstract
Long-term follow-up is initially considered appropriate for the majority of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) having small increases in calcium levels (< 2.8 mmol/l) and lacking the 'classical' symptoms of PHPT. The supportive reasoning is that many such patients never progress to more severe biochemical or clinical disease. There are, however, arguments in favour of early surgical treatment of such patients but adequately powered studies have not been carried out in this subgroup of patients to asses the impact of PHPT on their quality of life, cardiovascular risk and bone density. Progressive loss in bone mineral density and an increased risk of bone fracture become increasingly significant in an ageing population. Left ventricular hypertrophy, an increased risk of arrhythmia and/or myocardial infarction in addition to changes in atherogenic lipid profile and impaired glucose tolerance may translate into an increased risk of premature death in this group of patients. Changes in the quality of life identified using standardized questionnaires are sometimes recognized by patients only in retrospect (i.e. after resolution of symptoms following successful parathyroidectomy). In addition, many series fail to assess and record accurately such symptoms. Multicentre cohort studies of patients with asymptomatic PHPT randomized to immediate or delayed surgical treatment could address some of the debated issues highlighted in this review. Until such studies are set up, most surgeons would consider that parathyroid surgery should represent the first choice of treatment for all patients, but many physicians would favour a long-term follow-up. Nevertheless, the threshold for referral for surgical treatment has been lowered since the introduction of scan-directed minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which enables the experienced parathyroid surgeon to successfully treat patients with PHPT with a minimum of complications as a day-case operation. In the context of improved surgical treatment, we need more data on the benefits or otherwise in so-called asymptomatic patients with a thorough assessment of their bone quality, cardiovascular risk and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Mihai
- Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Parathyroid. Surgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The Spectrum of Clinical Benefits Following Parathyroidectomy for Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-007-0001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Weber T, Keller M, Hense I, Pietsch A, Hinz U, Schilling T, Nawroth P, Klar E, Büchler MW. Effect of parathyroidectomy on quality of life and neuropsychological symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2007; 31:1202-9. [PMID: 17460812 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological symptoms are found in a certain number of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Preoperative and postoperative quality of life, anxiety, and depression are measured to analyze the impact of parathyroidectomy on these symptoms. In this prospective study, 66 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT and were evaluated pre- and postoperatively with two validated psychometric instruments (HADS, PHQ-9). Health-related quality of life was measured with a 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12). Preoperatively, the median physical component score (SF-12) of 43.0 and mental component score of 43.5 were lower than those of the general population (52.8 and 54.2 points, respectively). One year postoperatively the mental component score increased to 48.6 (p = 0.011), whereas the physical functioning scale scored 45.3 and therefore did not change significantly (p = 0.585). Preoperatively, symptoms of depression were found in 23.4% of the patients, and 15.6% of the patients displayed symptoms of anxiety (HADS). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in patients with preoperative serum calcium levels > 11.2 mg/dl (2.8 mmol/L) (p = 0.015). Twelve months postoperatively, the overall proportion of patients with anxiety and depression decreased to 7.8% and 15.7%, respectively (p = NS). The severity of depression as measured with the PHQ-9 declined postoperatively as well. In this study, preoperative neuropsychological symptoms were related to the serum calcium levels. Postoperative health-related quality of life improved significantly. Among patients with preoperative symptoms of depression and anxiety, both symptoms were alleviated significantly at the 12-month follow-up. Therefore, surgery for PHPT seems to be effective in reducing neuropsychological morbidity associated with PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ambrogini E, Cetani F, Cianferotti L, Vignali E, Banti C, Viccica G, Oppo A, Miccoli P, Berti P, Bilezikian JP, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. Surgery or surveillance for mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3114-21. [PMID: 17535997 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is unclear whether patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) do better with parathyroidectomy (PTx) as compared with conservative medical management. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the beneficial effect of PTx vs. conservative management in patients with mild asymptomatic PHPT. DESIGN We conducted a prospective, randomized study. SETTING The study took place at a referral center. PATIENTS We studied 50 patients who did not meet any guidelines for parathyroid surgery as recommended by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Asymptomatic PHPT. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to PTx or no PTx and were evaluated at 6 months and at 1 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We compared changes (percentage of basal) of lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) between the two groups at 1 yr. RESULTS The change in BMD at lumbar spine was greater after PTx (+4.16 +/- 1.13 for PTx vs. -1.12 +/- 0.71 for no PTx; P = 0.0002). The change in BMD at the total hip was also significantly greater in the PTx group (+2.61 +/- 0.71 for PTx vs. -1.88 +/- 0.60 for no PTx; P = 0.0001). There was no difference in BMD after 1 yr between both groups at the one-third radius site. In comparison with those who did not undergo surgery, the PTx subjects, after 1 yr, showed significant differences in four quality of life measures as determined by the 36-item short form health survey scale: bodily pain (P = 0.001), general health (P = 0.008), vitality (P = 0.003), and mental health (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild asymptomatic PHPT, successful PTx is followed by an improvement in BMD and quality of life. Most patients followed without surgery did not show evidence of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrogini
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Mittendorf EA, Wefel JS, Meyers CA, Doherty D, Shapiro SE, Lee JE, Evans DB, Perrier ND. Improvement of Sleep Disturbance and Neurocognitive Function after Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Pract 2007; 13:338-44. [PMID: 17669708 DOI: 10.4158/ep.13.4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of the nontraditional symptoms of sleep disturbance and impaired cognitive functioning in patients with primary hyper-parathyroidism (PHPT) and to assess changes in such patients after parathyroidectomy. METHODS In this study, we used formal neurocognitive assessment of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT. The Brief Sleep Disturbance Inventory assessed sleep disturbance, and Stroop tests evaluated for cognitive impairment. Study patients underwent preoperative and postoperative neurocognitive testing. RESULTS Fifty-five patients underwent neurocognitive evaluation; the 43 women and 12 men had a mean age of 63 years. Sleep disturbance was assessed in all 55 patients, whereas evaluation for cognitive impairment was performed in 47. Sleep disturbance was identified preoperatively in 24 (44%) of the 55 patients. This disorder affected 17 (31%) of 55 patients postoperatively (P<0.01). Impaired executive functioning was found at baseline in 6 (13%) of 47 patients and decreased to 1 (2%) of 47 post-operatively (P<0.01), whereas impaired cognitive processing speed was detected in 12 (26%) of 47 patients at baseline and decreased to 3 (6%) of 47 after parathyroidectomy (P<0.01). Eight patients did not meet the National Institutes of Health consensus statement criteria for parathyroidectomy; 4 of these patients had preoperative impairment of sleep or cognitive functioning, 3 of whom showed improvement postoperatively. CONCLUSION Sleep disturbance and neurocognitive impairment occur in patients with PHPT, and these disorders improve after parathyroidectomy. Further objective evaluation of nontraditional symptoms in patients diagnosed as having PHPT is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Caillard C, Sebag F, Mathonnet M, Gibelin H, Brunaud L, Loudot C, Kraimps JL, Hamy A, Bresler L, Charbonnel B, Leborgne J, Henry JF, Nguyen JM, Mirallié E. Prospective evaluation of quality of life (SF-36v2) and nonspecific symptoms before and after cure of primary hyperparathyroidism (1-year follow-up). Surgery 2007; 141:153-9; discussion 159-60. [PMID: 17263969 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a minority of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) present with the "classic" symptoms. Most patients have numerous nonspecific symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' quality of life and nonspecific symptoms before and after cure for pHPT. METHODS This prospective, multicentric study, which took place from May 2003 to September 2004, included 100 patients. Six academic departments of Endocrine Surgery in France participated in the study: the University of Angers, Limoges, Nancy, Nantes, Marseille, and Poitiers. Only cured patients were included. All patients were given preoperative and postoperative questionnaires (the SF-36v2 Health Survey) at 3, 6, and 12 months to evaluate quality of life and nonspecific symptoms. RESULTS Preoperatively, the main nonspecific symptoms included the following: anxiety (89%); muscular, bone, or join pain (87%); abdominal distention (82%); forgetfulness (81%); headaches (81%); and mood swings (79%). Quality of life was significantly improved at 3 and 6 months (P < .05). At 1 year postoperatively, statistically significant improvement (P < .05) persisted in all 8 domains of the SF-36v2. At 1 year after parathyroidectomy, 5 symptoms remained significantly improved: appetite loss, weight loss, thirst, headache, and nausea. CONCLUSIONS Operative cure of primary hyperparathyroidism significantly improves quality of life and nonspecific symptoms for at least 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Caillard
- Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, CHU Nantes, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clinical guidelines for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism have been established by the 2002 NIH workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. The panel called for further study of the ill-defined psychiatric and cognitive changes often seen in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The present paper provides a rigorous, updated review of the most recent advances and studies that have measured health-related quality of life, neurocognitive and psychiatric changes, as well as neurophysiologic imaging in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy. RECENT FINDINGS In studies conducted pre and postparathyroidectomy, six recent articles have described improvements in health-related quality of life. Five studies included evaluations with validated psychiatric and cognitive tests in prospective case-control trials, and showed varied improvements in depression, memory and concentration after parathyroidectomy. Two studies evaluated in a preliminary fashion the brains of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with functional imaging studies, showing regional cerebral blood flow changes and prefrontal cortical activation with sleep improvement in postsurgical patients. SUMMARY The studies described in this paper underline the benefits of surgical treatment on nontraditional symptoms in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and open the door to the continued study of the endocrine effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanziana Roman
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Triponez F, Mirallié E, Brunaud L. [How should we manage a patient with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism?]. ANNALES DE CHIRURGIE 2006; 131:451-4. [PMID: 16930527 DOI: 10.1016/j.anchir.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Triponez
- Service de chirurgie thoracique et endocrinienne, hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, 24, rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Genève 14, Suisse
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Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. The diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:494-503. [PMID: 16957763 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classical primary hyperparathyroidism--a disease of 'bones, stones, and psychic groans'--is a rarity in the US, although it is still seen in some parts of the world. Today, most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are asymptomatic. This change in clinical profile is not merely because of improved detection techniques, and patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who lack symptoms, if left untreated, rarely develop the 'classical' features that were common previously. Indeed, currently available data suggest that there is, today, a disorder with different, yet characteristic, effects on the end-organs of the hyperparathyroid process. In this review, the features of the skeletal, renal, neuropsychologic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal manifestations of 'asymptomatic' primary hyperparathyroidism will be discussed. The considerable body of data that has emerged since the recognition of the new clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism has allowed a reconsideration of standards of care for this disease. These data were reviewed and incorporated into new clinical guidelines at the 2002 NIH workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. These recommendations highlight both what is known about the disease, and important areas that need investigation. Continued interest in the skeletal, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease, and therapeutic trials of medical approaches for its management, will further refine our current understanding, and could lead to additional modifications in the approach to patients with this common endocrine disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonni J Silverberg
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Edwards ME, Rotramel A, Beyer T, Gaffud MJ, Djuricin G, Loviscek K, Solorzano CC, Prinz RA. Improvement in the health-related quality-of-life symptoms of hyperparathyroidism is durable on long-term follow-up. Surgery 2006; 140:655-63; discussion 653-4. [PMID: 17011914 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective symptoms such as decreased energy, chronic fatigue, and depression are associated with hyperparathyroidism. Studies have shown that these symptoms are improved during short-term follow-up after parathyroidectomy. This study evaluates the durability of this subjective improvement in quality-of-life symptoms in a large population of patients with follow-up greater than 1 year after operation. METHODS Between 2002 and 2005, 258 patients underwent parathyroidectomy, 100 (81 females and 19 males) of whom were available for this study. The patients were evaluated with a survey based on the Health Outcomes Institute Health Status Questionnaire. Some answers were quantified on a 1 to 6 scale, while others consisted of "yes" or "no" responses. Patients completed a questionnaire prior to parathyroidectomy and postoperatively at 1 month, 3 to 6 months, and 1 to 2 years or greater intervals. Statistical analysis was used to detect changes attributable to parathyroidectomy. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS At 1-month follow-up, patients' perceptions of their overall health, energy level, and mood significantly improved. At 6-month follow-up, significant improvements in muscle strength, health, endurance, and relief of anxiety were documented. At the interval of 1 to 2 years, overall health, energy level, endurance, and relief of anxiety were improved. There was no significant decrement in the quality of life in these patients after parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSIONS Parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism is associated with significant lasting improvement in subjective symptoms. The potential durable improvement in these quality-of-life symptoms is a valid indication for parathyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Edwards
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill, USA
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Dotzenrath CME, Kaetsch AK, Pfingsten H, Cupisti K, Weyerbrock N, Vossough A, Verde PE, Ohmann C. Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Changes after Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2006; 30:680-5. [PMID: 16680584 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment are mental manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). The aim of our study was to determine if surgical treatment results in a long-lasting full recovery from these symptoms. METHODS In a prospective case-control study with matching pairs, mental changes were examined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively in 30 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and 30 patients with nontoxic nodular goiter using the Hamilton depression score and four cognitive tests: DEM Tect, MWT (multiple word test), ZVT, and Benton test. RESULTS Patients with pHPT demonstrated significantly more cognitive changes (P < 0.0001) with significant improvement 6 months postoperatively (P < 0.0001). Patients with pHPT presented more psychopathologic symptoms than patients of the control group (P = NS), and there was a tendency towards recovery in the pHPT group postoperatively. There was no correlation between biochemistry and psychopathologic or cognitive changes in the pHPT group. CONCLUSIONS Patients with pHPT often present with neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment. A successful parathyroid operation improves cognitive disorders in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M E Dotzenrath
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius-Kliniken, Vogelsangstrasse 106, 42109, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Kouvaraki MA, Greer M, Sharma S, Beery D, Armand R, Lee JE, Evans DB, Perrier ND. Indications for operative intervention in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Practice patterns of endocrine surgery. Surgery 2006; 139:527-34. [PMID: 16627063 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, many patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are diagnosed when they are considered to be "asymptomatic." The need for parathyroidectomy in these patients has been questioned. A consensus statement drafted after the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2002 Workshop on Asymptomatic PHPT provided guidelines for management of such patients but has been criticized for being too conservative. The purpose of this survey was to determine the impact of these guidelines on practice patterns of endocrine surgeons. METHODS Members of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES) were surveyed to determine whether previously published consensus guidelines for management of asymptomatic patients with PHPT are used to base the decision of whether to offer parathyroidectomy and to ascertain what parameters are considered indicators to proceed with operative intervention. AAES members were asked about the management of patients with asymptomatic PHPT, specialty characteristics, and demographics. RESULTS Of 257 AAES members, 96 (37%) responded to the survey. Although the majority of the respondents were aware of and followed the NIH consensus conference guidelines, the majority of surgeons (80%) would operate on a patient with PHPT who did not meet these criteria but had other nonspecific symptoms. Surgeons favored operative intervention when preoperative localization studies were positive, even if the criteria of the NIH guidelines were not fulfilled. Most of the responders who would operate on all patients with PHPT, regardless of objective parameters, were surgeons with a high-volume practice (>30 parathyroidectomies per year). The presence of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes did not alter the decision to operate on asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS Endocrine surgeons do not base the decision to intervene operatively in patients with PHPT solely on objective criteria. Most high-volume, experienced endocrine surgeons believe that subjective complaints warrant operative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Kouvaraki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-1402, USA
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