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Cameron J, Kanibolotsky AL, Skabara PJ. Lest We Forget-The Importance of Heteroatom Interactions in Heterocyclic Conjugated Systems, from Synthetic Metals to Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2302259. [PMID: 37086184 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of synthetic metals is, and remains, highly influential for the development of organic semiconductor materials. Yet, with the passing of time and the rapid development of conjugated materials in recent years, the link between synthetic metals and organic semiconductors is at risk of being forgotten. This review reflects on one of the key concepts developed in synthetic metals - heteroatom interactions. The application of this strategy in recent organic semiconductor materials, small molecules and polymers, is highlighted, with analysis of X-ray crystal structures and comparisons with model systems used to determine the influence of these non-covalent short contacts. The case is made that the wide range of effective heteroatom interactions and the high performance that has been achieved in devices from organic solar cells to transistors is testament to the seeds sown by the synthetic metals research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cameron
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Kanibolotsky
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physical-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine
| | - Peter J Skabara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Thorley KJ, Nielsen CB. Conformational Analysis of Conjugated Organic Materials: What Are My Heteroatoms Really Doing? Chempluschem 2024:e202300773. [PMID: 38598306 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor small molecules and polymers often incorporate heteroatoms into their chemical structures to affect the electronic properties of the material. A particular design philosophy has been to use these heteroatoms to influence torsional potentials, since the overlap of adjacent π-orbitals is most efficient in planar systems and is critical for charge delocalization in these systems. Since these design rules became popular, the messages from the earlier works have become lost in a sea of reports of "conformational locks", where the non-covalent interactions have relatively small contributions to planarizing torsional potentials. Greater influences can be found in the stabilization by extended conjugation, consideration of steric repulsion, and the interactions involving solubilizing chains and neighboring molecules or polymer chains in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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4
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Escalona C, Estrany F, Ahumada JC, Borras N, Soto JP, Alemán C. 2,7-Linked N-methylcarbazole copolymers by combining the macromonomer approach and the oxidative electrochemical polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Synthesis and electropolymerization of a donor-acceptor-donor trimeric monomer containing 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene and dithienosilole units. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Zhang T, Guérin D, Alibart F, Troadec D, Hourlier D, Patriarche G, Yassin A, Oçafrain M, Blanchard P, Roncali J, Vuillaume D, Lmimouni K, Lenfant S. Physical mechanisms involved in the formation and operation of memory devices based on a monolayer of gold nanoparticle-polythiophene hybrid materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2718-2726. [PMID: 36132737 PMCID: PMC9417853 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the physical and chemical mechanisms occurring during the forming process and operation of an organic resistive memory device is a requisite for better performance. Various mechanisms were suggested in vertically stacked memory structures, but the analysis remains indirect and needs destructive characterization (e.g. analysis of the cross-section to access the organic layers sandwiched between electrodes). Here, we report a study on a planar, monolayer thick, hybrid nanoparticle/molecule device (10 nm gold nanoparticles embedded in an electro-generated poly(2-thienyl-3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene) layer), combining in situ physical (scanning electron microscopy, physicochemical thermogravimetry and mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) and electrical (temperature dependent current-voltage) characterization on the same device. We demonstrate that the forming process causes an increase in the gold particle size, almost 4 times larger than the starting nanoparticles, and that the organic layer undergoes a significant chemical rearrangement from an sp3 to sp2 amorphous carbon material. Temperature dependent electrical characterization of this nonvolatile memory confirms that the charge transport mechanism in the device is consistent with a trap-filled space charge limited current in the off state, with the sp2 amorphous carbon material containing many electrically active defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhang
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - D Guérin
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - F Alibart
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - D Troadec
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - D Hourlier
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - G Patriarche
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay Route de Nozay, Marcoussis F-91460 France
| | - A Yassin
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, University of Angers 2 Bd Lavoisier Angers F-49045 France
| | - M Oçafrain
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, University of Angers 2 Bd Lavoisier Angers F-49045 France
| | - P Blanchard
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, University of Angers 2 Bd Lavoisier Angers F-49045 France
| | - J Roncali
- MOLTECH-Anjou, CNRS, University of Angers 2 Bd Lavoisier Angers F-49045 France
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Center Babes, Bolyai University 11 Arany Janos str 400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - D Vuillaume
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - K Lmimouni
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - S Lenfant
- Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), CNRS, University of Lille Avenue Poincaré, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
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Rondeau D, Gimbert Y, Vékey K, Dráhos L, Turbiez M, Frère P, Roncali J. Mass spectrometry evidence for self-rigidification of π-conjugated oligomers containing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene groups using RRKM theory and internal energy calibration. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:239-250. [PMID: 31018695 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718811712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-rigidification of ionized π-conjugated systems based on two combinations of thiophene (T) and 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (E) is investigated using mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry (MIKES) of ions produced from electron impact ionization at 70 eV. The m/z 446 radical cations of the two isomers ETTE and TEET lead to detect m/z 418 and 390 daughter ions. The MIKE spectra differ only by the intensities of these fragment ions. As the m/z 418 daughter ion is produced through a same retro-Diels Alder reaction whatever the fragmenting isomer, the difference in daughter ion intensities is interpreted in term of unimolecular dissociation rate constants ( k( Eint)) ratios. Considering that the transition state (TS) of such reaction is attributed to a quinoid form, equivalent vibration modes are assumed for the TS of both dissociating ETTE and TEET radical cations. As a result, by using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory, the difference in daughter ion intensities is interpreted by considering that the fragmenting ion is more or less ordered in its ground state than at the transition state, resulting from the influence of the number of the S…O interactions in the planarization of the TEET ion toward the ETTE charged species. The comparison of this behavior in MIKES experiments is supported by the modeling of ion behavior in mass spectrometer and the calibration in internal energy of the radical cations produced in an EI source.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rondeau
- 1 Univ Rennes, CNRS IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes) UMR 6164, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
- 2 Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Cedex, France
| | - Yves Gimbert
- 3 Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, DCM (UMR 5250) BP 53, Cedex, France
| | - Károly Vékey
- 4 MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Dráhos
- 4 MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mathieu Turbiez
- 5 Université d'Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, Group Linear Conjugated Systems, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, Angers, France
| | - Pierre Frère
- 5 Université d'Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, Group Linear Conjugated Systems, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, Angers, France
| | - Jean Roncali
- 5 Université d'Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, Group Linear Conjugated Systems, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, Angers, France
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8
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Huang H, Yang L, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Organic and Polymeric Semiconductors Enhanced by Noncovalent Conformational Locks. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10291-10318. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology and Chinese Academy
of Sciences Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- College
of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology and Chinese Academy
of Sciences Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon
Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Demeter D, Melchiorre F, Biagini P, Jungsuttiwong S, Po R, Roncali J. 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene (EDTT) as terminal blocks for oligothiophene dyes for DSSCs. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Agrawal V, Shahjad, Bhardwaj D, Bhargav R, Sharma GD, Bhardwaj RK, Patra A, Chand S. Morphology and Doping Level of Electropolymerized Biselenophene-Flanked 3,4- Ethylenedioxythiophene Polymer: Effect of Solvents and Electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Tusy C, Jiang K, Peng K, Huang L, Xia J. Effect of monomers’ structure on self-acid-assisted polycondensation for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and homopolythiophene. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PEDOT and homopolythiophene were synthesized by self-acid-assisted polycondensation (SAAP) based on mono-halogen substituted thiophene derivative monomers. Our results reveal that substituted halogen (bromo or iodo) positions play an important role in SAAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuong Tusy
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Kang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Kai Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Jiangbin Xia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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12
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Scheuble M, Goll M, Ludwigs S. Branched Terthiophenes in Organic Electronics: From Small Molecules to Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:115-37. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Scheuble
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Miriam Goll
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC - Functional Polymers; Institute of Polymer Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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13
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Nita Y, Goto H. Morphology and optical properties of chiral polymer films containing hetero-atoms prepared by electrochemical polymerisation in a cholesteric liquid crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21606099.2014.911125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Link SM, Scheuble M, Goll M, Muks E, Ruff A, Hoffmann A, Richter TV, Lopez Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Ludwigs S. Electropolymerized three-dimensional randomly branched EDOT-containing copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15463-15473. [PMID: 24266499 DOI: 10.1021/la403050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential of 2,2';3,2″-terthiophene (3T) as branching units in 3D copolymers is presented with EDOT as an example comonomer. Branched EDOT/3T polythiophenes were prepared by electropolymerization, and their electrochemical and optical properties are discussed. Two different approaches were employed: (i) the direct electropolymerization of a novel branched thiophene monomer (3TE3) consisting of a 3T core that contains three outer EDOT end groups and (ii) the electrochemical copolymerization of a EDOT/3T mixture in different ratios from [1:1] to [1:10]. Cyclic voltammetric and vis spectrometric experiments show that the EDOT content within the polymer has a strong influence on the electronic properties of the material: with increasing EDOT content, the HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased. To prove copolymer formation of EDOT and 3T, chemically synthesized reference copolymers of EDOT and 3T were prepared by oxidative coupling using FeCl3, and their optical and electronic properties were compared to those of the electrodeposited films. In addition, the copolymer formation is indicated by the comparison of the electrochemical and spectroscopic results with those of the homopolymers P3T and PEDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M Link
- Institut für Polymerchemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Shomura R, Sugiyasu K, Yasuda T, Sato A, Takeuchi M. Electrochemical Generation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Charge Carriers within Isolated Planar Polythiophene. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300373n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shomura
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Photovoltaic Materials
Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
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Arias-Pardilla J, Giménez-Gómez PA, de la Peña A, Segura JL, Otero TF. Synthesis, electropolymerization and characterization of a cross-linked PEDOT derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14909e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Bolduc A, Dufresne S, Skene WG. Chemical doping of EDOT azomethine derivatives: insight into the oxidative and hydrolytic stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14248a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Khan MS, Al-Suti MK, Shah HH, Al-Humaimi S, Al-Battashi FR, Bjernemose JK, Male L, Raithby PR, Zhang N, Köhler A, Warren JE. Synthesis and characterization of platinum(II) di-ynes and poly-ynes incorporating ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) spacers in the backbone. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10174-83. [PMID: 21894334 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of trimethylsilyl-protected di-alkynes incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) linker groups Me(3)Si-C≡C-R-C≡C-SiMe(3) (R = ethylenedioxythiophene-3,4-diyl 1a, 2,2'-bis-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-5,5'-diyl 2a, 2,2',5',2''-ter-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-5,5''-diyl 3a) and the corresponding terminal di-alkynes, H-C≡C-R-C≡C-H 1b-2b has been synthesized and characterized and the single crystal X-ray structure of 1a has been determined. CuI-catalyzed dehydrohalogenation reaction between trans-[(Ph)(Et(3)P)(2)PtCl] and the terminal di-alkynes 1b-2b in (i)Pr(2)NH/CH(2)Cl(2) (2:1 mole ratio) gives the Pt(II) di-ynes trans-[(Et(3)P)(2)(Ph)Pt-C≡C-R-C≡C-Pt(Ph)(Et(3)P)(2)] 1M-2M while the dehydrohalogenation polycondensation reaction between trans-[((n)Bu(3)P)(2)PtCl(2)] and 1b-2b (1:1 mole ratio) under similar reaction conditions affords the Pt(II) poly-ynes trans-[Pt(P(n)Bu(3))(2)-C≡C-R-C≡C-](n)1P-2P. The di-ynes and poly-ynes have been characterized spectroscopically and, for 1M and 2M, by single-crystal X-ray which confirms the "rigid rod" di-yne backbone. The materials possess excellent thermal stability, are soluble in common organic solvents and readily cast into thin films. Optical absorption spectroscopic measurements reveal that the EDOT spacers create stronger donor-acceptor interactions between the platinum(II) centres and conjugated ligands along the rigid backbone of the organometallic polymers compared to the related non-fused and fused oligothiophene spacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al Khod, 123, Sultanate of Oman.
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Piron F, Leriche P, Grosu I, Roncali J. Electropolymerizable 3Dπ-conjugated architectures with ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) end-groups as precursors of electroactive conjugated networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Recent advances in the synthesis of (hetero)aryl-substituted heteroarenes via transition metal-catalysed direct (hetero)arylation of heteroarene C–H bonds with aryl halides or pseudohalides, diaryliodonium salts, and potassium aryltrifluoroborates. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Milián Medina B, Wasserberg D, Meskers SCJ, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P, Gierschner J. EDOT-Type Materials: Planar but Not Rigid. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:13282-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809632z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Milián Medina
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
| | - Dorothee Wasserberg
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
| | - Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMOL), University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain, Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, UAM, Modulo C-IX, Av. Tomás y Valiente 7, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Institute for
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23
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Myles DJT, Chahma M, Hicks RG. Synthesis and properties of end-capped bis(oligothienyl) sulfides. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, and the optical and electrochemical properties, of a series of mesitylthio (MesS-) end-capped bis(oligothienyl) sulfides are presented. The target compounds were synthesized principally by convergent protocols, whereby a series of short thiophene oligomers bearing one terminal mesitylthio (MesS-) substituent were first assembled by metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and then coupled via divalent sulfur through reactions with bis(phenylsulfonyl) sulfide. The spectroscopic and electrochemical features of the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides are qualitatively similar to those of the related mesitylthio-capped fully conjugated oligothiophenes, suggesting that the degree of electronic communication between the two oligothiophene chromophores in the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides is low. Cyclic voltammetry studies on the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides reveal that these species can be reversibly oxidized to radical cations, but the reversibility of subsequent oxidations depends on oligothienyl chain length and the presence and position of more electron-rich ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) groups. In general, the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides possess fewer than the expected number of reversible oxidations based on comparisons with their corresponding mesitylthio-capped fully conjugated oligothiophenes; excessive charge accumulation at or near the central linking sulfur atom is believed to be responsible for the irreversible behavior. Analysis of the irreversible voltammetric response of one of the bis(oligothienyl) sulfides leads to the suggestion of a decomposition mechanism for the cationic species involving carbon-sulfur bond cleavage and subsequent coupling of thiophene fragments — a finding with potential implications for the poor environmental stability of doped poly(p-phenylene sulfide), one of the prototypical conducting polymers.Key words: conjugated materials, conducting polymers, oligothiophenes, electronic communication.
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Lois S, Florès JC, Lère-Porte JP, Serein-Spirau F, Moreau JJE, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Baylère P, Tillard M, Belin C. How to Build Fully π-Conjugated Architectures with Thienylene and Phenylene Fragments. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Borghese A, Geldhof G, Antoine L. Direct C–H arylation of 3-methoxythiophene catalyzed by Pd. Application to a more efficient synthesis of π-alkoxy-oligothiophene derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Kobayashi K, Mohamed Ahmed MS, Mori A. Introduction of ethynylene and thienylene spacers into 2,5-diarylthiazole and 2,5-diarylthiophene. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Perepichka IF, Roquet S, Leriche P, Raimundo JM, Frère P, Roncali J. Electronic Properties and Reactivity of Short-Chain Oligomers of 3,4-Phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT). Chemistry 2006; 12:2960-6. [PMID: 16440391 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The dimer and trimer of 3,4-phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT) have been synthesized. Unlike the parent systems based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), these compounds are quite stable under atmospheric conditions. The electronic absorption spectra of di- and tri-PheDOT exhibit a well-resolved vibronic fine structure indicative of self-rigidification of the conjugated structure by noncovalent intramolecular sulfur-oxygen interactions. Comparison of UV-visible data for the PheDOT oligomers with those of the corresponding EDOT oligomers reveals a faster decrease of the HOMO-LUMO gap with chain length for the former. Cyclic voltammetric data show that whereas PheDOT oxidizes at a lower potential than EDOT, the PheDOT dimer and trimer exhibit much higher oxidation potentials than their EDOT-based analogues. A comparative analysis of the electropolymerization of the three PheDOT-based systems shows that although PheDOT is very difficult to polymerize, its dimer and trimer can be readily electropolymerized. This unexpected increase of reactivity with chain extension is discussed with the aid of theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Perepichka
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, CIMMA, UMR 6200 CNRS, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France.
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28
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29
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Huang CH, McClenaghan ND, Kuhn A, Hofstraat JW, Bassani DM. Enhanced Photovoltaic Response in Hydrogen-Bonded All-Organic Devices. Org Lett 2005; 7:3409-12. [PMID: 16048304 DOI: 10.1021/ol050966l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Straightforward synthetic methodologies are reported for the functionalization of oligothiophenes with hydrogen-bonding motifs. Codeposition from a solution of symmetric melamine-terminated electron-donor oligomers with a complementary barbiturate-labeled electron-acceptor fullerene resulted in homogeneous films. Incorporation into photovoltaic devices gave a 2.5-fold enhancement in light energy to electrical energy conversion when compared to analogous systems with the non-hydrogen-bonding parent C(60). [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Huang
- LCOO, CNRS UMR 5802, and LACReM, Centre de Recherche en Chimie Moléculaire, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France
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30
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Turbiez M, Frère P, Allain M, Videlot C, Ackermann J, Roncali J. Design of Organic Semiconductors: Tuning the Electronic Properties of π-Conjugated Oligothiophenes with the 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) Building Block. Chemistry 2005; 11:3742-52. [PMID: 15832400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid oligothiophenes based on a various combinations of thiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) groups have been synthesized. UV/Vis absorption spectra show that the number and relative positions of the EDOT groups considerably affect the width of the HOMO-LUMO gap and the rigidity of the conjugated system. Analysis of the crystallographic structure of two hybrid quaterthiophenes confirms that insertion of two adjacent EDOT units in the middle of the molecule leads to a self-rigidification of the conjugated systems by intramolecular SO interactions. Cyclic voltammetry data shows that the first oxidation potential of the oligomers decreases with increasing chain length and increasing number of EDOT groups for a given chain length. Electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations show that the positions of the EDOT units in the conjugated chain control the potential difference (DeltaE(p)) between the first and second oxidation steps. Moving the EDOT groups from the outer to the inner positions of the conjugated system increases DeltaE(p). Theoretical calculations confirm that this phenomenon reflects an increase of the intramolecular coulombic repulsion between positive charges in the dication. A thin-film field-effect transistor was fabricated by vacuum sublimation of a pentamer with alternating thiophene-EDOT structure, and the hole mobility was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Turbiez
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, CIMMA, UMR CNRS 6200, Université d'Angers, France
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31
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Turbiez M, Frère P, Roncali J. Oligothienylenevinylenes incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Roncali J, Blanchard P, Frère P. 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as a versatile building block for advanced functional π-conjugated systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b415481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Turbiez M, Frère P, Leriche P, Mercier N, Roncali J. Poly(3,6-dimethoxy-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene): a possible alternative to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1161-3. [PMID: 15726178 DOI: 10.1039/b414822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electropolymerization of the title compound leads to a conjugated polymer with redox potential, band gap, optical transparency in the doped state and stability similar to those of PEDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Turbiez
- Groupe Systemes Conjugues Lineaires, CIMMA CNRS UMR 6200, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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34
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Pepitone MF, Eaiprasertsak K, Hardaker SS, Gregory RV. Synthesis of bis[(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thien-2-yl]-substituted benzenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Aubert PH, Knipper M, Groenendaal L, Lutsen L, Manca J, Vanderzande D. Copolymers of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene and of Pyridine Alternated with Fluorene or Phenylene Units: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Devices. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030540r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Aubert
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
| | - Martin Knipper
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
| | - Lambertus Groenendaal
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lutsen
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
| | - Jean Manca
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, SBG/OS, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Group Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Limburg Universitair Centrum, Building D, SBG, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; and Department of Chemistry, AGFA Gevaert, RM-D, Septenstraat, B-2640 Mortsel, Belgium
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36
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New emissive fac-tricarbonylchlorobis(ligand)rhenium(I) complexes prepared from pyridine/thiophene hybrid ligands. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Roquet S, Leriche P, Perepichka I, Jousselme B, Levillain E, Frère P, Roncali J. 3,4-Phenylenedioxythiophene (PheDOT): a novel platform for the synthesis of planar substituted π–donor conjugated systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b400491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Jousselme B, Blanchard P, Levillain E, de Bettignies R, Roncali J. Electrochemical Synthesis of C60-Derivatized Poly(thiophene)s from Tailored Precursors. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034047r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Jousselme
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, IMMO, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d‘Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France, and Cellules Photovoltaïques Plastiques, ERT 15, Université d‘Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Blanchard
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, IMMO, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d‘Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France, and Cellules Photovoltaïques Plastiques, ERT 15, Université d‘Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, IMMO, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d‘Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France, and Cellules Photovoltaïques Plastiques, ERT 15, Université d‘Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Rémi de Bettignies
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, IMMO, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d‘Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France, and Cellules Photovoltaïques Plastiques, ERT 15, Université d‘Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Jean Roncali
- Groupe Systèmes Conjugués Linéaires, IMMO, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d‘Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France, and Cellules Photovoltaïques Plastiques, ERT 15, Université d‘Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers, France
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39
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Leriche P, Turbiez M, Monroche V, Frère P, Blanchard P, Skabara PJ, Roncali J. Strong π-electron donors based on a self-rigidified 2,2′-bi(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene–tetrathiafulvalene hybrid π-conjugated system. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Wagner P, Aubert PH, Lutsen L, Vanderzande D. Conjugated polymers based on new thienylene – PPV derivatives for solar cell applications. Electrochem commun 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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41
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Hutchison GR, Ratner MA, Marks TJ. Accurate Prediction of Band Gaps in Neutral Heterocyclic Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025999m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R. Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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42
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Blanchard P, Cappon A, Levillain E, Nicolas Y, Frère P, Roncali J. Thieno[3,4-b]-1,4-oxathiane: an unsymmetrical sulfur analogue of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as a building block for linear pi-conjugated systems. Org Lett 2002; 4:607-9. [PMID: 11843603 DOI: 10.1021/ol017204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An unsymmetrical analogue of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) has been synthesized by transetherification of 3,4-dimethoxythiophene. Electropolymerization leads to a stable electroactive polymer with electrochemical and electronic properties intermediate between those of the two symmetrical parent polymers poly(EDOT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene). Experimental work shows that the 2- and 5-positions possess a different reactivity, thus opening the possibility of synthesizing regioregular oligomers or polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Blanchard
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, UMR-CNRS 6501, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France.
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Raimundo JM, Blanchard P, Gallego-Planas N, Mercier N, Ledoux-Rak I, Hierle R, Roncali J. Design and synthesis of push-pull chromophores for second-order nonlinear optics derived from rigidified thiophene-based pi-conjugating spacers. J Org Chem 2002; 67:205-18. [PMID: 11777461 DOI: 10.1021/jo010713f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of push-pull chromophores built around thiophene-based pi-conjugating spacers rigidified either by covalent bonds or by noncovalent intramolecular interactions have been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) and differential scanning calorimetry. Comparison of the linear and second-order nonlinear optical properties of chromophores based on a covalently bridged dithienylethylene (DTE) spacer with those of their analogues based on open chain DTE shows that the rigidification of the spacer produces a considerable bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum together with a dramatic enhancement of the molecular quadratic hyperpolarizability (mu beta) which reaches values among the highest reported so far. A second series of NLO-phores has been derived from a 2,2'-bi(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BEDOT) pi-conjugating spacer. As indicated by X-ray and UV-vis data, rigidification of the spacer originates in that case, from noncovalent intramolecular interactions between sulfur and oxygen atoms. Again, comparison with the parent compounds based on an unsubstituted bithiophene spacer reveals a marked red shift of the absorption maximum and a large enhancement of mu beta. In an attempt to distinguish the contribution of the electronic and geometrical effects of the ethylenedioxy group, a third series of NLO-phores based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 3,4-dihexyloxythiophene spacers has been synthesized. Comparison with compounds based on unsubstituted thiophene shows that, despite a red shift of lambda(max), introduction of alkoxy groups leads to a decrease of mu beta. Theoretical calculations indicate that this effect results from a decrease of the dipole moment (mu) caused by the auxiliary electron-donor alkoxy groups on the thiophene ring. In contrast, replacement of BT by BEDOT produces an increase of mu, which associated with the noncovalent rigidification of the BT system accounts for the observed enhancement of mu beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Manuel Raimundo
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux Organiques, CNRS UMR 6501, Université d'Angers, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers Cedex, France
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44
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Raimundo JM, Blanchard P, Frère P, Mercier N, Ledoux-Rak I, Hierle R, Roncali J. Push–pull chromophores based on 2,2′-bi(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BEDOT) π-conjugating spacer. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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