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Mauerhofer C, Grumet L, Schemmer P, Leber B, Stiegler P. Combating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury with Micronutrients and Natural Compounds during Solid Organ Transplantation: Data of Clinical Trials and Lessons of Preclinical Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910675. [PMID: 34639016 PMCID: PMC8508760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extended donor criteria grafts bear a higher risk of complications such as graft dysfunction, the exceeding demand requires to extent the pool of potential donors. The risk of complications is highly associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury, a condition characterized by high loads of oxidative stress exceeding antioxidative defense mechanisms. The antioxidative properties, along with other beneficial effects like anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic or antiarrhythmic effects of several micronutrients and natural compounds, have recently emerged increasing research interest resulting in various preclinical and clinical studies. Preclinical studies reported about ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammatory status, resulting in improved graft survival. Although the majority of clinical studies confirmed these results, reporting about improved recovery and superior organ function, others failed to do so. Yet, only a limited number of micronutrients and natural compounds have been investigated in a (large) clinical trial. Despite some ambiguous clinical results and modest clinical data availability, the vast majority of convincing animal and in vitro data, along with low cost and easy availability, encourage the conductance of future clinical trials. These should implement insights gained from animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mauerhofer
- Department of Science and Product Development, pro medico HandelsGmbH, Liebenauer Tangente 6, 8041 Graz, Austria; (C.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Lukas Grumet
- Department of Science and Product Development, pro medico HandelsGmbH, Liebenauer Tangente 6, 8041 Graz, Austria; (C.M.); (L.G.)
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University, 8036 Graz, Austria; (P.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Bettina Leber
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University, 8036 Graz, Austria; (P.S.); (B.L.)
| | - Philipp Stiegler
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University, 8036 Graz, Austria; (P.S.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.)
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Akhtar M, Henderson T, Sutherland A, Vogel T, Friend P. Novel Approaches to Preventing Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury During Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:2083-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Petrat F, Boengler K, Schulz R, de Groot H. Glycine, a simple physiological compound protecting by yet puzzling mechanism(s) against ischaemia-reperfusion injury: current knowledge. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2059-72. [PMID: 22044190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia is amongst the leading causes of death. Despite this importance, there are only a few therapeutic approaches to protect from ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In experimental studies, the amino acid glycine effectively protected from IRI. In the prevention of IRI by glycine in cells and isolated perfused or cold-stored organs (tissues), direct cytoprotection plays a crucial role, most likely by prevention of the formation of pathological plasma membrane pores. Under in vivo conditions, the mechanism of protection by glycine is less clear, partly due to the physiological presence of the amino acid. Here, inhibition of the inflammatory response in the injured tissue is considered to contribute decisively to the glycine-induced reduction of IRI. However, attenuation of IRI recently achieved in experimental animals by low-dose glycine treatment regimens suggests additional/other (unknown) protective mechanisms. Despite the convincing experimental evidence and the large therapeutic width of glycine, there are only a few clinical trials on the protection from IRI by glycine with ambivalent results. Thus, both the mechanism(s) behind the protection of glycine against IRI in vivo and its true clinical potential remain to be addressed in future experimental studies/clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Petrat
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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Hoffmann K, Büchler MW, Schemmer P. Supplementation of amino acids to prevent reperfusion injury after liver surgery and transplantation – Where do we stand today? Clin Nutr 2011; 30:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
During liver resection surgery for cancer or liver transplantation, the liver is subject to ischaemia (reduction in blood flow) followed by reperfusion (restoration of blood flow), which results in liver injury [ischemia-reperfusion (IR) or IR injury]. Modulation of IR injury can be achieved in various ways. These include hypothermia, ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) (brief cycles of ischaemia followed by reperfusion of the organ before the prolonged period of ischaemia i.e. a conditioning response), ischaemic postconditioning (conditioning after the prolonged period of ischaemia but before the reperfusion), pharmacological agents to decrease IR injury, genetic modulation of IR injury, and machine perfusion (pulsatile perfusion). Hypothermia decreases the metabolic functions and the oxygen consumption of organs. Static cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution reduces IR injury and has prolonged organ storage and improved the function of transplanted grafts. There is currently no evidence for any clinical advantage in the use of alternate solutions for static cold storage. Although experimental data from animal models suggest that IPC, ischaemic postconditioning, various pharmacological agents, gene therapy, and machine perfusion decrease IR injury, none of these interventions can be recommended in clinical practice. This is because of the lack of randomized controlled trials assessing the safety and efficacy of ischaemic postconditioning, gene therapy, and machine perfusion. Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials assessing the safety and efficacy of IPC and various pharmacological agents have demonstrated biochemical or histological improvements but this has not translated to clinical benefit. Further well designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to assess the various new protective strategies in liver resection.
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den Eynden JV, Ali SS, Horwood N, Carmans S, Brône B, Hellings N, Steels P, Harvey RJ, Rigo JM. Glycine and glycine receptor signalling in non-neuronal cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2009; 2:9. [PMID: 19738917 PMCID: PMC2737430 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.009.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter acting mainly in the caudal part of the central nervous system. Besides this neurotransmitter function, glycine has cytoprotective and modulatory effects in different non-neuronal cell types. Modulatory effects were mainly described in immune cells, endothelial cells and macroglial cells, where glycine modulates proliferation, differentiation, migration and cytokine production. Activation of glycine receptors (GlyRs) causes membrane potential changes that in turn modulate calcium flux and downstream effects in these cells. Cytoprotective effects were mainly described in renal cells, hepatocytes and endothelial cells, where glycine protects cells from ischemic cell death. In these cell types, glycine has been suggested to stabilize porous defects that develop in the plasma membranes of ischemic cells, leading to leakage of macromolecules and subsequent cell death. Although there is some evidence linking these effects to the activation of GlyRs, they seem to operate in an entirely different mode from classical neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sheen Saheb Ali
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nikki Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross CampusLondon, UK
| | - Sofie Carmans
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul Steels
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jean-Michel Rigo
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Hasselt University and transnationale Universiteit LimburgDiepenbeek, Belgium
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Pradeau D, Stocco J, Chaumeil JC. [Solutions for organ preservation and other cardioplegic liquid formulations. Role of the hospital pharmacist]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2008; 66:1-18. [PMID: 18435981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is an increasing need and a well-established activity which requires maintaining the quality of the transplant from procurement through the entire, storage, transport and graft procedure. Solutions for organ preservation play a key role in this procedure, by minimizing the deleterious effects of both ischemia and reperfusion. As such, their qualitative and quantitative compositions have to be optimized and validated. The development strategy and formulations proposed for these solutions are analyzed in this review as well as the results of the clinical studies which have set up the relevant pharmacological and physicochemical criteria. The French regulatory status of these products is also discussed. A clear distinction has to be made between solutions for organ preservation which are classified as produits thérapeutiques annexes (therapeutic ancillary products) and cardioplegic liquid formulations which are considered as medicinal products and are subject to marketing approval. Finally, the roles of the hospital pharmacist in the evaluation, selection, purchase and proper use of these products are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pradeau
- Laboratoire de développement analytique et galénique, Ageps, 7, rue du Fer à Moulin, 75221 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Yamashina S, Ikejima K, Enomoto N, Takei Y, Sato N. Glycine as a therapeutic immuno-nutrient for alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 29:162S-5S. [PMID: 16344603 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000189281.82523.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Kupffer cells by gut-derived endotoxin is an important factor in ethanol hepatotoxicity. Further, it was shown that ethanol modulates both the expression and activity of several intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors in Kupffer cells and chronic ethanol treatment enhances Kupffer cell sensitivity to endotoxin. These findings suggest that inhibition of Kupffer cell activation is effective for clinical application in alcoholic hepatitis. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence suggest a possibility that glycine is useful as an immuno-modulating amino acid. It has been shown that a diet containing glycine improved survival in endotoxin shock by preventing Kupffer cell activation. Glycine most likely prevents the LPS-induced elevation of intracellular Ca concentration in Kupffer cells, thereby minimizing LPS receptor signaling and cytokine production. Indeed, glycine prevents alcohol-induced liver injury in a long-term enteral ethanol feeding rats (Tsukamoto-French) by decreasing production of TNF-alpha in the liver. Moreover, glycine is protective against apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) that is one of the initial events in the development of liver injury. On the other hand, epidemiologic data have identified chronic alcohol consumption as a significant risk factor for carcinogenesis. Interestingly, glycine inhibits growth of tumor in vivo most likely because of the inhibition of angiogenesis. It was shown that the inhibitory effect of glycine on growth and migration of endothelial cells is due to activation of a glycine-gated Cl channel. It is hypothesized that the opening of this anion channel hyperpolarizes the cell membrane, blocks influx of Ca through voltage-dependent Ca channel, thereby blunting growth factor-mediated signaling. Therefore, glycine can be used not only for treatment of alcoholic hepatitis, but also for chemoprevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis. Taken together, it is concluded that glycine is a potent therapeutic immuno-nutrient for various kinds of chronic liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease (ALD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhei Yamashina
- From the Department of Gastroenterology (SY, KI, NE, YT, NS), Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Barros-Schelotto P, Net M, Valero R, Ruiz A, Almenara R, Capdevila L, Sugrañes G, Suarez-Crivaro F, Lopez-Boado MA, Pellegrino A, Deulofeu R, Miquel R, Taurá P, Manyalich M, García-Valdecasas JC. Reduced reperfusion injury by glycine in a porcine liver transplantation model with non-heart-beating donors. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1114-7. [PMID: 12072291 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Barros-Schelotto
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Dong Z, Venkatachalam MA, Weinberg JM, Saikumar P, Patel Y. Protection of ATP-depleted cells by impermeant strychnine derivatives: implications for glycine cytoprotection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1021-8. [PMID: 11238050 PMCID: PMC1850370 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycine and structurally related amino acids with activities at chloride channel receptors in the central nervous system also have robust protective effects against cell injury by ATP depletion. The glycine receptor antagonist strychnine shares this protective activity. An essential step toward identification of the molecular targets for these compounds is to determine whether they protect cells through interactions with intracellular targets or with molecules on the outer surface of plasma membranes. Here we report cytoprotection by a cell-impermeant derivative of strychnine. A strychnine-fluorescein conjugate (SF) was synthesized, and impermeability of plasma membranes to this compound was verified by fluorescence confocal microscopy. In an injury model of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, ATP depletion led to lactate dehydrogenase release. SF prevented lactate dehydrogenase leakage without ameliorating ATP depletion. This was accompanied by preservation of cellular ultrastructure and exclusion of vital dyes. SF protection was also shown for ATP-depleted rat hepatocytes. On the other hand, when a key structural motif in the active site of strychnine was chemically blocked, the SF lost its protective effect, establishing strychnine-related specificity for SF protection. Cytoprotective effects of the cell-impermeant strychnine derivative provide compelling evidence suggesting that molecular targets on the outer surface of plasma membranes may mediate cytoprotection by strychnine and glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ikejima K, Honda H, Kitamura T, Takei Y, Sato N. Glycine prevents apoptosis of rat sinusoidal endothelial cells caused by deprivation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Hepatology 2000; 32:542-6. [PMID: 10960447 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.16605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) is one of the initial events in the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver. Glycine has been shown to diminish ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver and improve graft survival in the rat liver transplantation model. Here, we investigated the effect of glycine on apoptosis of primary cultured rat SECs induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deprivation. Isolated rat SECs were cultured in EBM-2 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and growth factors including 20 ng/mL VEGF for 3 days. SECs at 3 days of culture showed spindle-like shapes; however, cells started shrinking and detaching from dishes by VEGF deprivation. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated d-uridine triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in these conditions. Control SECs contained only a few percent of TUNEL-positive cells; however, they started increasing 4 hours after VEGF deprivation, and the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells reached about 50% at 8 hours and almost 100% at 16 hours after VEGF deprivation. Interestingly, this increase in TUNEL-positive cells after VEGF deprivation was prevented significantly when glycine (1-10 mmol/L) was added to the medium, the levels being around 60% of VEGF deprivation without glycine. Furthermore, strychnine (1 micromol/L), a glycine receptor antagonist, inhibited this effect of glycine, suggesting the possible involvement of the glycine receptor/chloride channel in the mechanism. Moreover, Bcl-2 protein levels in SECs were decreased 8 hours after VEGF deprivation, which was prevented almost completely by glycine. It is concluded that glycine prevents apoptosis of primary cultured SECs under VEGF deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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