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Ravindranath MH, El Hilali F, Amato-Menker CJ, El Hilali H, Selvan SR, Filippone EJ. Role of HLA-I Structural Variants and the Polyreactive Antibodies They Generate in Immune Homeostasis. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030058. [PMID: 36134954 PMCID: PMC9495617 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface HLA-I molecules consisting of β2-microglobulin (β2m) associated heavy chains (HCs), referred to as Face-1, primarily present peptides to CD8+ T-cells. HCs consist of three α-domains, with selected amino acid sequences shared by all alleles of all six isoforms. The cell-surface HLA undergoes changes upon activation by pathological conditions with the expression of β2m-free HCs (Face-2) resulting in exposure of β2m-masked sequences shared by almost all alleles and the generation of HLA-polyreactive antibodies (Abs) against them. Face-2 may homodimerize or heterodimerize with the same (Face-3) or different alleles (Face-4) preventing exposure of shared epitopes. Non-allo immunized males naturally carry HLA-polyreactive Abs. The therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) purified from plasma of thousands of donors contains HLA-polyreactive Abs, admixed with non-HLA Abs. Purified HLA-polyreactive monoclonal Abs (TFL-006/007) generated in mice after immunizing with Face-2 are documented to be immunoregulatory by suppressing or activating different human lymphocytes, much better than IVIg. Our objectives are (a) to elucidate the complexity of the HLA-I structural variants, and their Abs that bind to both shared and uncommon epitopes on different variants, and (b) to examine the roles of those Abs against HLA-variants in maintaining immune homeostasis. These may enable the development of personalized therapeutic strategies for various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mepur H. Ravindranath
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Emeritus Research Scientist, Terasaki Foundation Laboratory, Santa Monica, CA 90064, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatiha El Hilali
- Medico-Surgical, Biomedicine and Infectiology Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Laayoune & Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Carly J. Amato-Menker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Hajar El Hilali
- Medico-Surgical, Biomedicine and Infectiology Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Laayoune & Agadir, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Senthamil R. Selvan
- Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices, OHT 7: Office of In Vitro Diagnostics, Office of Product Evaluation and Quality, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Edward J. Filippone
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19145, USA
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Shi QS, Li DH, Wu CY, Liu DZ, Hu J, Cui YL, Zhao N, Chen L, Askar M. Effects of serum from mismatched patients with solid organ transplantation on the activation of microvascular cultures isolated from adipose tissues. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101462. [PMID: 34508853 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregating the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I antigens on the endothelial membrane has been known to elicit an activation, an underlying mechanism of chronic rejection in organ transplant recipients. The current study aims at examining the endothelial responses using HLA typed microvascular cultures from human adipose tissues upon exposure to the serum that contain corresponding antibodies collected from mismatched transplant recipients. METHODS We have successfully cultured 30 microvascular cultures and typed their HLAs. They are functionally competent to respond to inflammatory TNF-α stimulation and the aggregating monoclonal antibody against HLA Class I. The post-transplantation serum was collected either from the recipients with pathologically diagnosed chronic rejection or from the recipients without rejection. We determined their activation either by double-staining the endothelial cells in crude cultures with flow cytometry or by quantifying cytokine releases in purified endothelial cells using ELISA. RESULTS Under our current protocol, adipose tissue cultures are functionally intact in regard to its responses to TNF-alpha and anti-HLA Class I antibody. We observed that the post-transplantation serum with rejection contained the pathogenic antibodies and led to proinflammatory activation, as demonstrated by not only increased CD54+/CD31+ and CD106+/CD31+ cell counts but also inflammatory cytokine releases including MCP-1, IL-8 and RANTES. CONCLUSION This methodological study provides the feasibility of examining the pathogenicity of the alloantibodies in mis-transplant serum. Potentially, the endothelial activation elicited as a result of exposure can be used as an alternative readout for chronic rejection. SIGNIFICANCE We prototype an ex vivo model that enables us to examine whether allogenic antibodies from the recipient can functionally activate microvascular endothelial cells from the donor adipose tissues. This system can be further developed as crossmatch using cellular responses as readouts for chronic rejection for post-transplant surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sebastian Shi
- Minnie & Max T. Voelcker Laboratory, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, S1515 Room, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, China; Minnie & Max T. Voelcker Laboratory LLC, 1120 Piedmont Lane, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Dai-Hong Li
- Transplant Unit, Department of Blood Bank, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Central Texas Baylor Scott & White Health, 2401 South 31st Street, Temple, TX 76508, United States of America.
| | - Da-Zhen Liu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, 154 Anshan Street, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yun-Long Cui
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Minnie & Max T. Voelcker Laboratory, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, S1515 Room, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tianjin, China; Minnie & Max T. Voelcker Laboratory LLC, 1120 Piedmont Lane, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Transplant Unit, Department of Blood Bank, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Minnie & Max T. Voelcker Laboratory LLC, 1120 Piedmont Lane, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Medhat Askar
- Transplant Immunology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3500 Gaston Ave, 4th Floor of the Y Wing, RM# L-0470, Dallas, TX 75246, United States of America.
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Mechanisms of human smooth muscle cell proliferation and transplant vasculopathy induced by HLA class I antibodies: In vitro and in vivo studies. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1253-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zachary AA, Montgomery RA, Jordan SC, Reinsmoen NL, Claas FHJ, Reed EF. 14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop: Report on understanding antibodies in transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:160-73. [PMID: 17445194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A session of the 14 International Histocompatibility Workshop brought together experts representing the major clinical protocols, clinical research, and basic research dealing with overcoming the barrier of alloantibody in transplantation and in understanding the mechanisms by which those antibodies exert their effect on a transplanted organ. This report is an integration of the presentations of those scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zachary
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2222, USA.
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Jindra PT, Zhang X, Mulder A, Claas F, Veale J, Jin YP, Reed EF. Anti-HLA Antibodies Can Induce Endothelial Cell Survival or Proliferation Depending on their Concentration. Transplantation 2006; 82:S33-5. [PMID: 16829793 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000231447.34240.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients exhibiting a humoral immune response to the transplanted organ are at increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection and development of transplant vasculopathy. Historically, antibodies were thought to elicit transplant rejection through complement mediated damage of the endothelium of the graft. More recently, studies from our laboratory and others have shown that antibody ligation of class I molecules on the surface of endothelial cells transduces signals resulting in functional changes including expression of cell survival proteins and cell proliferation. The intracellular events initiated by antibody ligation are dependent upon the degree of molecular aggregation and influenced by the concentration of the antibody and level of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression. Herein we describe our recent findings on the effect of molecular aggregation on the class I signaling pathway in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Jindra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cai J, Terasaki PI. Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies for Monitoring Transplant Patients. Surg Today 2005; 35:605-12. [PMID: 16034537 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-005-3015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection has dramatically decreased since the clinical introduction of crossmatch technology. However, the role of HLA antibody in acute and chronic rejection remains unclear. In this article, we cite publications to show the correlation between HLA antibody and allograft rejection. Potential pathological mechanisms of antibody-mediated rejection are also proposed and the rationale of commonly used HLA antibody detection techniques are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are further discussed in detail. We conclude that owing to the recent availability of improved antibody detection methods, a causal relationship between HLA antibodies and allograft rejection is now considered to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Cai
- Terasaki Foundation Laboratory, 11570 West Olympic Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
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Jin YP, Jindra PT, Gong KW, Lepin EJ, Reed EF. Anti-HLA class I antibodies activate endothelial cells and promote chronic rejection. Transplantation 2005; 79:S19-21. [PMID: 15699739 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000153293.39132.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplant recipients exhibiting a humoral immune response to the allograft demonstrate lower graft survival and increased risk for the development of chronic rejection and transplant arteriosclerosis. Our studies suggest that anti-HLA class I antibodies (Ab) play an important role in controlling endothelial cell (EC) function by binding to class I molecules on the surface of the EC and transducing intracellular signals. Anti-HLA Ab exhibit two primary effector functions: stimulation of cell proliferation and up-regulation of cell survival genes. Importantly, the intracellular events initiated by class I ligation appear to be influenced by the concentration of the Ab. High-titered anti-HLA Ab stimulate cell proliferation whereas low-titered Ab activate the PI3K/Akt pathway and promote expression of cell survival proteins including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Anti-HLA class I Ab may contribute to the process of chronic allograft rejection by promoting EC survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Jin
- Immunogenetics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Jin YP, Fishbein MC, Said JW, Jindra PT, Rajalingam R, Rozengurt E, Reed EF. Anti-HLA class I antibody-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression in endothelial cells. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:291-302. [PMID: 15120184 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (Ab) have long been implicated in the process of acute and chronic allograft rejection, yet their mechanism(s) of action is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether ligation of HLA class I molecules by anti-HLA Ab on the surface of human endothelial cells (EC) activates the PI3 Kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and downstream target proteins of the cell death apparatus. We report that Ab ligation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of EC triggers phosphorylation of Akt, PI3K, and recruitment of PI3K and Akt into a signaling unit with focal adhesion kinase. Signaling through class I also stimulated phosphorylation of Bad and upregulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Pretreatment of EC with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin blocked class I-mediated expression of Bcl-2, but not Bcl-xL, suggesting a role for the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in regulation of class I-induced Bcl-2 expression. The intracellular events initiated by class I ligation were influenced by the concentration of the anti-HLA Ab with the lowest tested concentrations of Ab stimulating the highest level of Akt phosphorylation, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 expression. Consistent with the in vitro experiments, analysis of biopsy samples from heart transplant recipients with evidence of Ab-mediated rejection exhibited increased Bcl-2 expression on the vascular endothelium. These results suggest that exposure of the graft endothelium to low concentrations of anti-HLA Ab may promote cell survival by transducing signals resulting in upregulation of cell survival genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cai J, Terasaki PI. Incidence and role of antibody in graft injury: How can it best be monitored? Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jin YP, Singh RP, Du ZY, Rajasekaran AK, Rozengurt E, Reed EF. Ligation of HLA class I molecules on endothelial cells induces phosphorylation of Src, paxillin, and focal adhesion kinase in an actin-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5415-23. [PMID: 12023334 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of chronic rejection is the major limitation to long-term allograft survival. HLA class I Ags have been implicated to play a role in this process because ligation of class I molecules by anti-HLA Abs stimulates smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation. In this study, we show that ligation of HLA class I molecules on the surface of human aortic endothelial cells stimulates phosphorylation of Src, focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin. Signaling through class I stimulated Src phosphorylation and mediated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) translocation to the nucleus. In contrast, Src kinase activity was not involved in class I-mediated transfer of FGFR from cytoplasmic stores to the cell surface. Inhibition of Src protein kinase activity blocked HLA class I-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase. Furthermore, HLA class I-mediated phosphorylation of the focal adhesion proteins and FGFR expression was inhibited by cytochalasin D and latrunculin A, suggesting a role for the actin cytoskeleton in the signaling process. These findings indicate that anti-HLA Abs have the capacity to transduce activation signals in endothelial cells that may promote the development of chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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