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Wu Z, Yan Z, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Luo M, Zhou D. Review on descaling and anti-scaling technology of heat exchanger in high-salt wastewater thermal desalination. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:2081-2107. [PMID: 37906460 PMCID: wst_2023_325 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desalination evaporation of high-salt wastewater has been widely used in industry because of the proposed concept of 'zero liquid discharge'. However, due to the high content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in high-salt wastewater, the heat exchanger, as the main treatment equipment, suffers from serious scaling problems. This review presents descaling and scale inhibition technologies of high-salt wastewater. The advantages and disadvantages of various technologies are summarized and analyzed to provide theoretical support for the research of descaling and anti-scaling of heat exchangers with high-salt wastewater. In future industrial development, the synergistic application of electromagnetic water treatment technology and scale inhibitors can significantly improve the anti-scaling effect, which can reach over 95% stably. Furthermore, the addition of a physical field can also expand the application range of scale inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Zihan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co. Ltd., Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Maohui Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Fungene T, Ndlovu S, Matinde E. Scale formation in wet scrubbers and the current state of anti-scaling and softening methods for hard waters: A review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2023.2189051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thandiwe Fungene
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hydrometallurgy and Sustainable Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sehliselo Ndlovu
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hydrometallurgy and Sustainable Development, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elias Matinde
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Pyrometallurgy Division, MINTEK, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liu X, Pollner B, Paulitsch-Fuchs AH, Fuchs EC, Dyer NP, Loiskandl W, Lass-Flörl C. Investigation of the effect of sustainable magnetic treatment on the microbiological communities in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113638. [PMID: 35705130 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The drinking water scarcity is posing a threat to mankind, hence better water quality management methods are required. Magnetic water treatment, which has been reported to improve aesthetic water quality and reduce scaling problems, can be an important addition to the traditional disinfectant dependent treatment. Despite the extensive market application opportunities, the effect of magnetic fields on (microbial) drinking water communities and subsequently the biostability is still largely unexplored, although the first patent was registered already 1945. Here flow cytometry was applied to assess the effect of weak magnetic fields (≤10 G) with strong gradients (≈800 G/m) on drinking water microbial communities. Drinking water was collected from the tap and placed inside the magnetic field (treated) and 5 m away from the magnet to avoid any background interferences (control) using both a static set-up and a shaking set-up. Samples were collected during a seven-day period for flow cytometry examination. Additionally, the effects of magnetic fields on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in autoclaved tap water were examined. Based on the fluorescent intensity of the stained nucleic acid content, the microbial cells were grouped into low nucleic acid content (LNA) and high nucleic acid content (HNA). Our results show that the LNA was dominant under nutrient limited condition while the HNA dominates when nutrient is more available. Such behavior of LNA and HNA matches well with the long discussed r/K selection model where r-strategists adapted to eutrophic conditions and K-strategists adapted to oligotrophic conditions. The applied magnetic fields selectively promote the growth of LNA under nutrient rich environment, which indicates a beneficial effect on biostability enhancement. Inhibition on an HNA representative Pseudomonas aeruginosa has also been observed. Based on our laboratory observations, we conclude that magnetic field treatment can be a sustainable method for microbial community management with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Institute of Soil Physics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Pollner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Astrid H Paulitsch-Fuchs
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010, Graz, Austria; Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Biomedical Science, St. Veiterstraße 47, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Elmar C Fuchs
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Optical Sciences Group, Faculty of Science and Technology (TNW), University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Nigel P Dyer
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Coherent Water Systems, 2 Crich Avenue, DE23 6ES Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Willibald Loiskandl
- Institute of Soil Physics and Rural Water Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Scurti S, Dattilo S, Gintsburg D, Vigliotti L, Winkler A, Carroccio SC, Caretti D. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Nanodevices Based on Fe 3O 4 Coated by Megluminic Ligands for the Adsorption of Metal Anions from Water. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10775-10788. [PMID: 35382325 PMCID: PMC8973093 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The uptake ability toward arsenic(V), chromium(VI), and boron(III) ions of ad hoc functionalized magnetic nanostructured devices has been investigated. To this purpose, ligands based on meglumine have been synthesized and used to coat magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) obtained by the co-precipitation methodology. The as-prepared hybrid material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, its magnetic hysteresis properties were measured to evaluate its magnetic properties, and the adsorption kinetics and isothermal models were applied to discern between the different adsorption phenomena. Specifically, the better fitting was observed by the Langmuir isotherm model for all metal ions tested, highlighting a higher uptake in arsenic (28.2 mg/g), chromium (12.3 mg/g), and boron (23.7 mg/g) sorption values if compared with other magnetic nanostructured materials. After adsorption, an external magnetic stimulus can be used to efficiently remove nanomaterials from the water. Finally the nanomaterial can be reused up to five cycles and regenerated for another three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scurti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandro Dattilo
- Istituto
per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - David Gintsburg
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Vigliotti
- Istituto
di Scienze Marine, ISMAR-CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Winkler
- Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata, 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Carola Carroccio
- Istituto
per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR-IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Caretti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Research and Application of Supersaturated Dissolved Oxygen Technology Combined with Magnetization Technology in the Improvement of Water Quality: Taking the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China as a Pilot Project. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturated dissolved oxygen and magnetization (SDOXM) technology is a composite technology that combines supersaturated dissolved oxygen with water magnetization technologies. Compared with conventional water purification technology, the advantages introduced by such technology include obvious and efficient improvement in purified water quality without adding any chemicals, removing sludge and changing the original function of the river. In this study, taking the Middle-Route (MR) of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (SNWDPC) as a pilot project, the effects of the SDOXM composite process on microbial activity, phytoplankton community structure, and removal efficiency of the main nutritional indexes in the canal of the MR were evaluated. Aiming at static and flowing water bodies, this study was divided into two parts: static and dynamic experiments (two groups: a group with artificial aquatic plants and another group without artificial aquatic plants). The performance of the SDOXM system was assessed by monitoring the organic matter removal as well as the relative light unit (RLU) of ATP, changes in the community structure of phytoplankton, and the effects of artificial aquatic plants as a biofilm carrier on organic matter removal and microbial activity. During the study period, SDOXM technology was able to increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water and maintained the state of supersaturation for more than three days. The removal effect of organic matter from water was obvious. The community structure of phytoplankton changed from the Bacillariophyta-Cyanophyta type to the Bacillariophyta-Cyanobacteria type. Finally, the introduction of artificial aquatic plants has contributed to the improvement in water quality. Therefore, SDOXM technology can be used as a new water quality improvement technology to enhance the self-restoration ability of a river natural ecology.
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Zhao H, Huang Y, Deng S, Wang L, Peng H, Shen X, Ling D, Liu L, Liu Y. Research progress on scaling mechanism and anti-scaling technology of geothermal well system. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2033625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhao
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yahong Huang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Song Deng
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Haoping Peng
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dingkun Ling
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
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Jiang W, Xu X, Johnson D, Lin L, Wang H, Xu P. Effectiveness and mechanisms of electromagnetic field on reverse osmosis membrane scaling control during brackish groundwater desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Absalan Y, Gholizadeh M, Choi HJ. Magnetized solvents: Characteristics and various applications. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Dynamics and Physics of Integrin Activation in Tumor Cells by Nano-Sized Extracellular Ligands and Electromagnetic Fields. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2217:197-233. [PMID: 33215383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0962-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are stress-sensing proteins expressed on the surface of cells. They regulate bidirectional signal transduction during cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. Integrins link the ECM with the cytoplasm through interaction with their ligands. Biophysically, such interactions can be understood as changes in stress fields at specific integrin stress-sensing domains, such as the MIDAS and ADMIDAS domains. Stress changes between ligands and cytoskeletal structures are involved in cancer cell growth by altering signal transduction pathways dependent on integrin activation. In this chapter, previous results regarding integrin activation and tumor cell growth using nanoparticles (NPs) of different materials, sizes and shapes are placed within a framework of polarized NPs in the ECM by external electromagnetic fields, in which the synergic action between polarized NPs and electromagnetic fields activates the integrins. Small size NPs activate integrins via the polar component of the dipole force between NPs and integrin sensing stress sites, while large size NPs exercise a similar action via the radial component. A quantum electrodynamic model also accounts for ECM overstressing by electromagnetic mode trapping between coherent symmetric and antisymmetric quantum states.
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Yap ACW, Lee HS, Loo JL, Mohd NS. Electron generation in water induced by magnetic effect and its impact on dissolved oxygen concentration. SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH 2021; 31:7. [PMCID: PMC7875160 DOI: 10.1186/s42834-021-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration are important parameters in water quality surveillance and treatment. The changes of these parameters are associated with electron density in water. Several techniques including electrolysis and catalysis which require redox reactions and electron exchange are employed to improve these parameters. In recent years, studies reported that magnetic effects can impart considerable changes on the pH, ORP and DO concentration of water. However, the correlation between electron density and magnetic effects on these parameters has yet to be disclosed despite the fact that increased electron density in water could improve water’s reductive properties, heat capacity and hydrogen bonding characteristics. In this study, the magnetic effects on pH, ORP and DO concentration were investigated using different magnets arrangements and water flow rates based on reversed electric motor principle. Results showed that the improvement of pH, ORP and DO concentration from 5.40–5.42 to 5.58–5.62 (+ 3.5%), 392 to 365 mV (− 6.9%), and 7.30 to 7.71 mg L− 1 (+ 5.6%), respectively were achieved using combined variables of non-reversed polarity magnet arrangement (1000–1500 G magnetic strength) and water flow rate of 0.1–0.5 mL s− 1. Such decrement in ORP value also corresponded to 8.0 × 1013 number of electron generation in water. Furthermore, Raman analysis revealed that magnetic effect could strengthen the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of water molecules and favor formation of smaller water clusters. The findings of this study could contribute to potential applications in aquaculture, water quality control and treatment of cancer attributed to free radical induced-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Chung Wei Yap
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Hwang Sheng Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Joo Ling Loo
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Nuruol Syuhadaa Mohd
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Chebotareva RD, Nanieva AV, Remez SV. Features of Magnetic Treatment of Calcium Bicarbonate Waters. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x20050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Effect of Magnesium Ion Concentration on the Scale Inhibition of Heat Exchanger in Circulating Cooling Water under Alternating Electric Field. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of magnesium ion concentration on the formation of mineral scale in circulating cooling water under alternating electric field treatment (AEFT) by using a self-made power plant circulating cooling water simulator. In this experiment, the circulating cooling water used was artificial hard water. Three experimental groups with different magnesium ion concentrations and three corresponding control groups were studied. Scale inhibition rate, fouling resistance, calcium ion concentration, crystal phase, and crystal morphology were discussed. Results showed that 4 mmol/L magnesium chloride promoted the formation of scale on the copper tube wall, and the average scale inhibition rate was −107.86%. When the magnesium chloride concentration was 6 mmol/L, the situation was reversed, and the average scale inhibition rate reached 59.11%. The changes in calcium ion concentration supported the scale inhibition rate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos showed the change in the composition of calcium carbonate crystals. The results showed that the effect of AEFT on fouling resistance is nonlinearly related to the concentration of magnesium ions in circulating cooling water.
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Feng X, Chen Y, Lv J, Han S, Tu R, Zhou X, Jin W, Ren N. Enhanced lipid production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa through magnetic field pretreatment of wastewater and treatment of microalgae-wastewater culture solution: Magnetic field treatment modes and conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123102. [PMID: 32179399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of microalgae in municipal wastewater not only purifies the wastewater but also transforms nutrients into biomass that contains high-value lipids. In this study, conventional static bottom-magnetic field (bottom-MF) equipment and cost-effective bypass-magnetic field (bypass-MF) equipment were designed and independently coupled with a microalgae-wastewater system in different positions to evaluate the effect of magnetic field (MF) on microalgae biomass production and lipid accumulation. When the MF equipment was applied in the wastewater pretreatment unit, the bottom-MF pretreatment mode exhibited a more beneficial effect on subsequent biomass and lipid accumulation. However, when the MF equipment was applied in the microalgae-wastewater culture unit, there was no significant difference between the bottom-MF and bypass-MF modes. The results of the orthogonal experiment suggested the optimum conditions for lipid production were wastewater pretreatment by bottom-MF at 5000 Gs for 1 h, followed by microalgae-wastewater culture treatment by bypass-MF at 5000 Gs for 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochi Feng
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Yangguang Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, PR China
| | - Junhong Lv
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Songfang Han
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Renjie Tu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China.
| | - Nanqi Ren
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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Boullosa-Falces D, García S, Sanz D, Trueba A, Gomez-Solaetxe MA. CUSUM chart method for continuous monitoring of antifouling treatment of tubular heat exchangers in open-loop cooling seawater systems. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:73-85. [PMID: 31985280 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1715954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A CUSUM chart method is presented as an alternative tool for continuous monitoring of an electromagnetic field-based (EMF) antifouling (AF) treatment of a heat exchanger cooled by seawater. During an initial experimental phase, biofilm growth was allowed in a heat exchanger formed of four tubes until sufficient growth had been established. In two of the tubes, continuous EMF treatment was then applied. The heat transfer resistance and heat duty (heat transfer per unit time) results showed that biofilm adhesion was reduced by the EMF treatment. EMF treatments resulted in a 35% improvement in the heat transfer resistance values. The proposed CUSUM chart method showed that the EMF treatment increased the useful life of the heat exchanger by ∼20 days. Thus, CUSUM charts proved to be an efficient tool for continuous monitoring of an AF treatment using data collected online and can also be used to reduce operation and maintenance costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boullosa-Falces
- Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Systems Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Portugalete, Spain
| | - Sergio García
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - David Sanz
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alfredo Trueba
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gomez-Solaetxe
- Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Systems Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Portugalete, Spain
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15
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Kamali S, Arefinia R. Effect of PAAT as an Environmentally Friendly Terpolymer on the Scale Inhibition of CaCO3 in Artificial Seawater: Chemical and Electrochemical Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Kamali
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Reza Arefinia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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A Pilot Study of an Electromagnetic Field for Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Scaling During Brackish Groundwater Desalination. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) on control of membrane fouling and scaling during desalination of brackish groundwater using a pilot reverse osmosis (RO) skid. The groundwater was primarily CaSO4 type with a total dissolved solids concentration of 5850 mg/L and hardness of 2500 mg/L as CaCO3. Two EMF devices were installed in the pipeline before a cartridge filter and in the RO feed inlet to induce an electric signal of ±150 kHz to the groundwater. The effects of EMF on membrane scaling were evaluated under accelerated conditions, i.e., without pH adjustment and addition of antiscalant. Two-phase experiments were conducted: Phase 1 (376 h) with the EMF devices turned on after 150 h baseline operation; and Phase 2 (753 h) with the EMF devices turned on from the beginning of testing. The EMF significantly reduced membrane scaling and improved RO performance by 38.3% and 14.3% in terms of normalized water permeability decline rate after 150 h and 370 h operation, respectively. Membrane autopsy results indicated that the fouling layer formed under the influence of EMF was loose with a low density and was easily removed by hydraulic flushing.
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Effect of Electromagnetic Stimulation of Amaranth Seeds of Different Initial Moisture on the Germination Parameters and Photosynthetic Pigments Content. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14023. [PMID: 30232352 PMCID: PMC6145884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of stimulation with He-Ne laser light, alternating magnetic field and the combination of these factors on germination parameters of amaranth seeds and on the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in seedlings was investigated. During the stimulation the amaranth seeds had a different initial moisture content. From the germination characteristics of the seeds as the function of humidity, three maxima and one minimum value of the germination parameters (the relative germination capacity NK REL, the relative maximum germination rate SK MAX REL and the maximum germination index WK MAX) were obtained. In the majority of cases, the extremities coincided with the changes in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the seedlings. The presented research is innovative in the field of seed biology since no similar studies have been conducted before. It is difficult to interpret the results referring to the literature on this subject. The results can be explained as follows: the observed effect must be related to the stages of the water uptake by the seeds. The three stages of the water uptake associated with the seed germination process coincide with the maximum values in the germination parameters and with the change in the photosynthetic pigment content in seedlings.
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Sakdatorn V, Thavarungkul N, Srisukhumbowornchai N, Intipunya P. Improvement of rheological and physicochemical properties of longan honey by non-thermal magnetic technique. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinyoo Sakdatorn
- Division of Material Technology; School of Energy, Environment and Materials; King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi; 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Nandh Thavarungkul
- Division of Material Technology; School of Energy, Environment and Materials; King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi; 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Nakorn Srisukhumbowornchai
- Division of Material Technology; School of Energy, Environment and Materials; King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi; 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Pilairuk Intipunya
- Division of Food Science and Technology; Faculty of Agro-Industry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
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20
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Bali M, Gueddari M. The effect of magnetic treatment on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of hard waters. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1444640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bali
- Department of Water Resources, Higher Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Waters, University of Gabès, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Gueddari
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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21
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Song G, Wickramasinghe SR, Qian X. The Effects of Salt Type and Salt Concentration on the Performance of Magnetically Activated Nanofiltration Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Song
- Ralph
E Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - S. Ranil Wickramasinghe
- Ralph
E Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Xianghong Qian
- Ralph
E Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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22
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Mahmoud B, Yosra M, Nadia A. Effects of magnetic treatment on scaling power of hard waters. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Zin G, Penha FM, Rezzadori K, Silva FL, Guizoni K, Petrus JCC, Oliveira JV, Di Luccio M. Fouling control in ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin and milk by the use of permanent magnetic field. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Trueba A, Vega LM, García S, Otero FM, Madariaga E. Mitigation of marine biofouling on tubes of open rack vaporizers using electromagnetic fields. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1221-1229. [PMID: 26942546 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study quantitatively evaluates the antifouling action of the continuous physical treatment with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of seawater used as heat exchanger fluid in an open rack vaporizer (ORV) pilot plant to reduce the growth of biofouling on external rib-tube surfaces. The results demonstrate that the biofilm adhered on the treated rib-tubes was reduced by 33% in thickness and by 44% in dissolved solids regarding the biofilm adhered on the untreated control rib-tubes. The lower conductivity and Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ionic content in the effluent of the treated seawater confirmed that the EMFs accelerated the process of ionic calcium nucleation and precipitation as calcium carbonate. The precipitation of ions dissolved affected the inter-molecular interactions among extracellular polymers, thereby weakening the biofouling film matrix and reducing its adhesion capacity. The drag of small particles by the flow of seawater had an erosive action and decreased the biofouling film thickness. Consequently, the antifouling methods treatment with EMFs allowed reduce the negative effect that the biofouling have for the heat transfer equipment used in the regasification process and keep the highest techno-economic operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Trueba
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail:
| | - Luis M Vega
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail:
| | - Sergio García
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail:
| | - Félix M Otero
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail:
| | - Ernesto Madariaga
- Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction, University of Cantabria, C/ Gamazo 1, 39004 Santander, Spain E-mail:
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25
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Trueba A, García S, Otero FM, Vega LM, Madariaga E. The effect of electromagnetic fields on biofouling in a heat exchange system using seawater. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:19-26. [PMID: 25567299 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.994096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the antifouling action of a continuous physical treatment process comprising the application of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to seawater used as the refrigerant fluid in a heat exchanger-condenser to maintain the initial 'clean tube' condition. The results demonstrated that the EMFs accelerated the ionic nucleation of calcium and precipitation as calcium carbonate, which weakened the growing biofilm and reduced its adhesion capacity. Consequently, EMFs induced an erosive effect that reduced biofilm formation and fouling. This treatment allowed for the maintenance of significantly lower fouling factors in the treated tubes compared to a control group of untreated tubes, thereby leading to a higher heat transfer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Trueba
- a Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction , University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
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26
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Trueba A, García S, Otero FM. Mitigation of biofouling using electromagnetic fields in tubular heat exchangers-condensers cooled by seawater. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:95-103. [PMID: 24266611 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.847926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment is presented as an alternative physical treatment for the mitigation of biofouling adhered to the tubes of a heat exchanger-condenser cooled by seawater. During an experimental phase, a fouling biofilm was allowed to grow until experimental variables indicated that its growth had stabilised. Subsequently, EMF treatment was applied to seawater to eliminate the biofilm and to maintain the achieved cleanliness. The results showed that EMFs precipitated ions dissolved in the seawater. As a consequence of the application of EMFs, erosion altered the intermolecular bonding of extracellular polymers, causing the destruction of the biofilm matrix and its detachment from the inner surface of the heat exchanger-condenser tubes. This detachment led to the partial removal of a mature biofilm and a partial recovery of the efficiency lost in the heat transfer process by using a physical treatment that is harmless to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Trueba
- a Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction , University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
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27
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Trueba A, Otero FM, González JA, Vega LM, García S. Study of the activity of quaternary ammonium compounds in the mitigation of biofouling in heat exchangers-condensers cooled by seawater. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1139-1151. [PMID: 24067104 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.830108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of two quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (non-oxidising biocides) to reduce the growth of biofilm adhering to the tubes of a heat exchanger-condenser cooled by seawater was evaluated. Their effectiveness was compared to that of a conventional oxidising biocide (sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) under the same testing conditions. Each biocide was applied intermittently (6 h on, 6 h off) in a first shock stage (1.5 ppm over 8 days) and a second stabilising stage (0.5 ppm over 20 days). The results showed that the antifouling effectiveness of the first of the QACs (fifth generation) was comparable to that shown by the oxidising power of NaOCl. Although the reaction time was longer than that of NaOCl, both the compounds removed the biofilm, and the tube was practically restored to its clean condition. Treatment with the second of the QACs (fourth generation) allowed for the stabilisation of biofilm growth, but not for its removal. Ecotoxicology studies classified the QACs as environmentally harmless under the testing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Trueba
- a Department of Sciences & Techniques of Navigation and Ship Construction , University of Cantabria , Santander , Spain
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28
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Vardanega R, Tres MV, Mazutti MA, Treichel H, de Oliveira D, Di Luccio M, Oliveira JV. Effect of magnetic field on the ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012. [PMID: 23183845 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the effects of a static magnetic field on the permeation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a tangential ultrafiltration membrane module. Experimental tests were carried out at different pHs using a poly(sulfone) membrane with molecular weight cut off of 60 kDa under the influence of a 0.4 T neodymium-iron-boron magnetic field. Results showed an increase in the permeate flux of water after the cleaning procedures of the new and reused membranes in the presence of the magnetic field. The elusive mechanism of magnetic memory is also shown to take place for the water fluxes fully recovered after the cleaning procedures when the magnetic field was applied to the system before the permeation. When the magnetic field was applied during permeation, the water fluxes presented lower percent of recuperation after the cleaning procedures, thus suggesting that the BSA solution may have somewhat been influenced by magnetic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Vardanega
- Department of Food Engineering, URI, Campus de Erechim, Erechim, Brazil
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29
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Magnetic Water Treatment to Inhibit Calcium Carbonate Scale Deposition in the Drainage System of an Old Tunnel in Seoul, South Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drainage inlets at the Namsan #3 traffic tunnel in Seoul, South Korea were found to be clogged with calcium carbonate scale deposits. Officials were concerned the clogged drains would further stress the already deteriorating traffic tunnel and wanted to see if there were any practical and economical solutions in removing or preventing scale deposits. A tunnel drainage simulator was constructed to determine the feasibility of using magnets to inhibit scale precipitation and deposition. Test results from the simulation show 6.0 and 4.4 g of deposited calcium carbonate in pipes inclined at 2° and 5° respectively, while magnetically treated water resulted in 10.8 and 4.3 g of deposited calcium carbonate in pipes inclined at 2° and 5° respectively. Calcium carbonate scale samples from the tunnel drainage test underwent x-ray diffraction analysis and showed the magnetically treated water to precipitate more aragonite. The solubility product and crystalline structures of calcite and aragonite are able to help explain tunnel drainage test results and suggest water flow velocity to be a potentially important factor in calcium scale inhibition if magnets are used.
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30
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Duan L, Guo S, Yang J. Study on the Effect of A Magnetic Field on Pb(II) Removal Using Modified Chitosan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aces.2012.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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The influence of magnetic water treatment on CaCO3 scale formation in membrane distillation process. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Szcześ A, Chibowski E, Hołysz L, Rafalski P. Effects of Static Magnetic Field on Electrolyte Solutions under Kinetic Condition. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5449-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Szcześ
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - E. Chibowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - L. Hołysz
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - P. Rafalski
- Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, Lublin 20-290, Poland
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33
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Alimi F, Tlili M, Ben Amor M, Maurin G, Gabrielli C. Influence of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation in the presence of foreign ions. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375509010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Stuyven B, Vanbutsele G, Nuyens J, Vermant J, Martens JA. Natural suspended particle fragmentation in magnetic scale prevention device. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Saksono N, Gozan M, Bismo S, Krisanti E, Widaningrum R, Song SK. Effects of magnetic field on calcium carbonate precipitation: Ionic and particle mechanisms. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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37
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Holysz L, Szczes A, Chibowski E. Effects of a static magnetic field on water and electrolyte solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 316:996-1002. [PMID: 17897662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Water and electrolyte solutions were exposed for 5 min to a weak static magnetic field (B = 15 mT). Their conductivity and the amount of evaporated water were then measured as a function of time. Simultaneously, these quantities were determined for magnetically untreated samples, as reference systems. It was found that a magnetic field influences these two parameters and their changes depend on the thermodynamic functions of hydration of these ions. A roughly linear change in conductivity versus 'scaled' functions was obtained. On this basis it was concluded that the magnetic field causes changes in the hydration shells of the ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Holysz
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
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38
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Li J, Liu J, Yang T, Xiao C. Quantitative study of the effect of electromagnetic field on scale deposition on nanofiltration membranes via UTDR. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4595-610. [PMID: 17631375 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) as an in situ, non-invasive real-time technique has been successfully utilized to quantify membrane fouling and cleaning. This study describes an existing ultrasonic technique for quantitative study of the effect of magnetic fields on CaCO(3) scale deposition on the membrane surface during crossflow nanofiltration (NF). The fouling experiments were conducted with CaCO(3) solution containing Ca(2+) of 1.8 and 3 mmol/L. The experimental electromagnetic field (EMF) was 0.02T. A commercial NF membrane and a highly sensitive ultrasonic sensor were used in all the experiments. Results show a good relationship between the ultrasonic measurements and the development of CaCO(3) scale on the NF membrane surface. An increase in the amplitude of differential signal with operation time results from the deposition of the CaCO(3) scale layer. In addition, the movement of the differential signal in the time domain observed is associated with an increase in the thickness of the fouling layer. The UTDR technique is capable of measuring the rate of fouling layer formation under different treatment conditions, i.e. with non-magnetic field (NMF) and EMF. Scale layer of deposited CaCO(3) obtained in the experiment with NMF is denser and thicker than that with EMF. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses imply that the magnetic treatment suppresses the formation of calcite crystals and prefers vaterite and aragonite. Furthermore, the ultrasonic technique is sensitive to the different fouling rate between experiments carried out with 1.8 and 3 mmol/L CaCO(3) solutions. The thickness of the fouling layer measured by weight measurement is consistent with that obtained by UTDR in real time. The thinner and less dense scale layer is the main reason for the slower flux decline. Overall, independent measurements such as the flux-decline data, SEM analysis and weight measurement corroborate the ultrasonic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300160, PR China.
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39
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40
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Fathi A, Mohamed T, Claude G, Maurin G, Mohamed BA. Effect of a magnetic water treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:1941-50. [PMID: 16650455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper are reported experimental results on the effect of a magnetic field on the precipitation process of calcium carbonate scale from a hard water. Carbonically pure water was circulated at a constant flow rate in a magnetic field. After this treatment, calcium carbonate precipitation was induced by degassing dissolved carbonic gas. The nucleation time was identified from the variations of the pH and the Ca(2+) concentration. The ratio between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation was determined from the measurement of the mass of precipitated calcium carbonate. It is shown that the magnetic treatment increases the total amount of precipitate. This effect depends on the solution pH, the flow rate and the duration of the treatment. In addition, the magnetic treatment modifies the ratio between homogeneous/heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation is promoted by an increasing the pH of water, the flow rate as well as the residence time. The magnetic treatment enhances these effects with a maximum for a 15 min treatment time. It is shown that the presence of calcium carbonate colloid particles is not necessary. It is advanced that the main magnetic effects concern the associations of ionic species which are present in the solution and which are involved in the nucleation process of calcium carbonate precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimi Fathi
- Laboratoire de Géochimie et Physicochimie de l'Eau, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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41
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Chibowski E, Szczes A, Holysz L. Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and static magnetic field on the properties of freshly precipitated calcium carbonate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8114-22. [PMID: 16114911 DOI: 10.1021/la050575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Properties of calcium carbonate precipitated from aqueous solutions of CaCl(2) and Na(2)CO(3) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and S-S 0.1 T magnetic field (MF) were studied. The nucleation and precipitation processes of CaCO(3) were investigated by pH and zeta potential measurements at 20 +/- 1 degrees C up to 2 h after mixing the solutions. Also the amounts of calcium carbonate deposited on the glass surfaces and its structure were examined. It was found that SDS influences the kinetics of precipitation, crystallographic forms, and crystal size of CaCO(3). The SDS effects are more pronounced in MF presence. A small amount of SDS accelerates transformation of vaterite into calcite, whereas increasing surfactant concentration moderates such a transformation. On the other hand, in all the systems, MF in the presence of SDS causes a slower transformation of vaterite into calcite. These effects are reflected in pH and zeta potential changes, although there is no clear dependence between the SDS amount present during the precipitation and changes of the parameters investigated. It seems that MF effect is most significant at a defined optimal SDS concentration. The results, however, do not allow suggestion of any detailed mechanism of the field interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Chibowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
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42
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Vallée P, Lafait J, Mentré P, Monod MO, Thomas Y. Effects of pulsed low frequency electromagnetic fields on water using photoluminescence spectroscopy: Role of bubble/water interface. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:114513. [PMID: 15836235 DOI: 10.1063/1.1860553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a pulsed low frequency electromagnetic field were investigated on photoluminescence of well characterized water and prepared under controlled conditions (container, atmospheric, electromagnetic, and acoustic environments). When reference water samples were excited at 260 nm, two wide emission bands centered at 345 nm (3.6 eV) and 425 nm (2.9 eV) were observed. By contrast under 310 nm excitation, only one band appeared at 425 nm. Interestingly, electromagnetic treatment (EMT) induced, at both excitation wavelengths, a decrease (around 70%) in the 425 nm band relative photoluminescence intensity. However, no difference between reference and treated sample was observed in the 345 nm band. Other experiments, performed on outgassed samples (reference and treated), show that the emission bands (position, shape, intensity) under excitation at 260 nm and 310 nm were similar and close to the corresponding bands of the treated nonoutgassed samples. Similar effects were observed on photoluminescence excitation of water samples. Two excitation bands monitored at 425 nm were observed at 272 nm and 330 nm. After EMT and/or outgassing, a decrease (>60%) was observed in the intensity of these two bands. Altogether, these results indicate that electromagnetic treatment and/or outgassing decrease in a similar fashion the photoluminescence intensity in water samples. They also suggest that this effect is most likely indirectly attributed to the presence of gas bubbles in water. The possible role of hydrated ionic shell around the bubbles in the observed extraluminescence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vallée
- Laboratoire d'Optique des Solides (UMR CNRS 7601), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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43
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Vallée P, Lafait J, Legrand L, Mentré P, Monod MO, Thomas Y. Effects of pulsed low-frequency electromagnetic fields on water characterized by light scattering techniques: role of bubbles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2293-2299. [PMID: 15752018 DOI: 10.1021/la047916u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Well-characterized purified water was exposed for 6 h to pulsed low-frequency weak electromagnetic fields. After various time periods, nondegassed and degassed water samples were analyzed by static light scattering. Just after electromagnetic exposure (day 0), a reduction of over 20% in the maximum light scattering intensity at 488 nm wavelength in both nondegassed and degassed samples was observed. By contrast, on day 12 the difference was observed only in nondegassed water samples. The latter effect was attributed to the different geometries of the containers combined with the basic origin of the whole phenomenon due to gas bubbles present in water. By the use of dynamic light scattering, the bubble mean diameter was estimated to be around 300 nm. Our results suggest that the electromagnetic exposure acts on gas nanobubbles present in water and emphasizes the role of the gas/liquid interface. The possibility that exposure to electromagnetic fields disturbs the ionic double layer that contributes to bubble stabilization in water is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vallée
- Laboratoire d' Optique des Solides (UMR CNRS 7601), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Campus Boucicaut, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France.
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Abstract
This paper discusses the mechanism for magnetic water treatment, which has been used practically for over a century but is still not completely understood. Modified crystallization and agglomeration, which produce a less tenacious scale, retain this property for hours following treatment. It is considered to be a result of magnetically modified hydration and Lorentz force effects of magnetic devices. In treated water, as a complex solution/dispersion system, they affect the kinetics of processes at solution/solid interfaces. Which effect prevails depends on the treatment regime and water composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kozic
- Radenska d.d.Radenci, Zdravilisko naselje 14, 9252 Radenci, Slovenia
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45
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Precipitation of calcium carbonate from magnetically treated sodium carbonate solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(03)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Hołysz L, Chibowski E, Szcześ A. Influence of impurity ions and magnetic field on the properties of freshly precipitated calcium carbonate. WATER RESEARCH 2003; 37:3351-3360. [PMID: 12834728 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (MF) effects on the properties of freshly precipitated calcium carbonate have been investigated in the presence of impurity ion Mg(2+), Fe(2+), or SO4(2-). One or both solutions, CaCl2 and Na2CO3, were exposure to MF (0.5T) for 20min at 20 degrees C. Then calcium carbonate was precipitated and zeta potential, pH and light absorbance (lambda=543.3 nm) were measured. The same parameters were also determined for the reference systems in which the solutions were not MF-treated. It was found that in all the systems tested MF effects as determined by the above mentioned parameters had appeared. They depended on the kind of the impurity ion present, as well as on which solution, CaCl2, Na2CO3 or both, MF interacted. For example, if Mg(2+) ion was present in CaCl2 solution, the largest shift in the zeta potential toward higher positive values was observed if Na2CO3 was MF-treated (e.g. from 2 to 12mV) and the same was true as for the maximum in the light absorbance and the pH increase. Interestingly, if (CaCl2 + Mg(2+)) was MF-treated pH of the slurry had decreased. Moreover, a correlation between above mentioned MF effects and the entropy of hydration of the ions has also been found. This points to the changes in the hydrating water structure caused by magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Hołysz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Time dependent changes in zeta potential of freshly precipitated calcium carbonate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(03)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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