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Chen Y, Qiang R, Zhang Y, Cao W, Wu L, Jiang P, Ai J, Ma X, Dong Y, Gao X, Li H, Lu L, Zhang S, Chai R. The Expression and Roles of the Super Elongation Complex in Mouse Cochlear Lgr5+ Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:735723. [PMID: 34658793 PMCID: PMC8519586 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.735723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The super elongation complex (SEC) has been reported to play a key role in the proliferation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. However, the expression pattern and function of the SEC in the inner ear has not been investigated. Here, we studied the inner ear expression pattern of three key SEC components, AFF1, AFF4, and ELL3, and found that these three proteins are all expressed in both cochlear hair cells (HCs)and supporting cells (SCs). We also cultured Lgr5+ inner ear progenitors in vitro for sphere-forming assays and differentiation assays in the presence of the SEC inhibitor flavopiridol. We found that flavopiridol treatment decreased the proliferation ability of Lgr5+ progenitors, while the differentiation ability of Lgr5+ progenitors was not affected. Our results suggest that the SEC might play important roles in regulating inner ear progenitors and thus regulating HC regeneration. Therefore, it will be very meaningful to further investigate the detailed roles of the SEC signaling pathway in the inner ear in vivo in order to develop effective treatments for sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiying Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Leilei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingru Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhang R, Wu H, Lian Z. Bioinformatics analysis of evolutionary characteristics and biochemical structure of FGF5 Gene in sheep. Gene 2019; 702:123-132. [PMID: 30926307 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 5 regulates the development and periodicity of hair follicles, which can affect hair traits. Loss-of-function mutations associated with long-hair phenotypes have been described in several mammalian species. Sheep is an important economic animal, however, the evolution characterizations and biological mechanism of oFGF5 (Ovis aries FGF5) gene are still poorly understood. In this study, oFGF5 gene was obtained by resequencing the whole genome of three Dorper sheep and RACE of two Kazakh sheep FGF5. We proposed FGF5 was phylogenetically related to FGF4 family and oFGF5 clearly orthologed to goat FGF5. Six loci were found from the positive selection results of FGF5 and half of them located on signal peptide. The basically similar rates of function-altering substitutions in sheep and goat lineage and the rest of the mammalian lineage of 365 SNPs indicated that the FGF5 gene was quite conservative during evolution. Homology modeling of the oFGF5 suggested that it has a highly conserved FGF superfamily domain containing 10 β-strands. Furthermore, the protein-protein docking analysis revealed that oFGF5 have the potential to form heterodimers with oFGFR1, the predicted interaction interface of FGF5-FGFR1 heterodimer was formed mainly by residues from FGF superfamily domain. Our observations suggested the evolutionary and structural biology features of oFGF5 might be relevant to its function about hair follicle development and modulating hair growth, and we confirmed our speculation by using the FGF5 gene editing sheep produced by CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hongping Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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3
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Hu R, Fan ZY, Wang BY, Deng SL, Zhang XS, Zhang JL, Han HB, Lian ZX. RAPID COMMUNICATION: Generation of FGF5 knockout sheep via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2019-2024. [PMID: 28727005 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep are an important source of fiber production. Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is a dominant inhibitor of length of the anagen phase of the hair cycle. Knockout or silencing of the gene results in a wooly coat in mice, donkeys, dogs, and rabbits. In sheep breeding, wool length is one of the most important wool quality traits. However, traditional breeding cannot accurately and efficiently mediate an advanced genotype into the sheep genome. In this study, we generated 3 knockout sheep via the 1-step clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. Sequencing analysis confirmed that mutations in the gene existed in all germ lines of 3 founders: besides the intact sequence, 3 kinds of deletions in the gene (including 5, 13, and 33 bp) were detected. The changes in the primary and senior structure of the FGF5 protein due to the 3 deletions in founders suggested that the FGF5 protein was dysfunctional. In addition, the expression level of intact mRNA in heterozygous individuals decreased compared with the wild types ( < 0.01). Functionally, we discovered that wool length in founders was significantly longer than in wild types ( < 0.05). Collectively, the knockout sheep with the longer wool length phenotype will provide an efficient way for fast genetic improvement of sheep breeding and promote the development of wool industry.
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Taura A, Taura K, Koyama Y, Yamamoto N, Nakagawa T, Ito J, Ryan AF. Hair cell stereociliary bundle regeneration by espin gene transduction after aminoglycoside damage and hair cell induction by Notch inhibition. Gene Ther 2016; 23:415-23. [PMID: 26886463 PMCID: PMC4860107 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Once inner ear hair cells (HCs) are damaged by drugs, noise or aging, their apical structures including the stereociliary arrays are frequently the first cellular feature to be lost. Although this can be followed by progressive loss of HC somata, a significant number of HC bodies often remain even after stereociliary loss. However, in the absence of stereocilia they are nonfunctional. HCs can sometimes be regenerated by Atoh1 transduction or Notch inhibition, but they also may lack stereociliary bundles. It is therefore important to develop methods for the regeneration of stereocilia, in order to achieve HC functional recovery. Espin is an actin-bundling protein known to participate in sterociliary elongation during development. We evaluated stereociliary array regeneration in damaged vestibular sensory epithelia in tissue culture, using viral vector transduction of two espin isoforms. Utricular HCs were damaged with aminoglycosides. The utricles were then treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor, followed by espin or control transduction and histochemistry. Although γ-secretase inhibition increased the number of HCs, few had stereociliary arrays. In contrast, 46 h after espin1 transduction, a significant increase in hair-bundle-like structures was observed. These were confirmed to be immature stereociliary arrays by scanning electron microscopy. Increased uptake of FM1-43 uptake provided evidence of stereociliary function. Espin4 transduction had no effect. The results demonstrate that espin1 gene therapy can restore stereocilia on damaged or regenerated HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Taura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Koyama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A F Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Divison of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
The inability of mammals to regenerate auditory hair cells creates a pressing need to understand the means of enhancing hair cell survival following insult or injury. Hair cells are easily damaged by noise exposure, by ototoxic medications and as a consequence of aging processes, all of which lead to progressive and permanent hearing impairment as hair cells are lost. Significant efforts have been invested in designing strategies to prevent this damage from occurring since permanent hearing loss has a profound impact on communication and quality of life for patients. In this mini-review, we discuss recent progress in the use of antioxidants, anti-inflammatories and apoptosis inhibitors to enhance hair cell survival. We conclude by clarifying the distinction between protection and rescue strategies and by highlighting important areas of future research.
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Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals. Nature 2013; 502:228-31. [PMID: 24005325 PMCID: PMC3836225 DOI: 10.1038/nature12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolution is typically thought to proceed through divergence of genes, proteins and ultimately phenotypes. However, similar traits might also evolve convergently in unrelated taxa owing to similar selection pressures. Adaptive phenotypic convergence is widespread in nature, and recent results from several genes have suggested that this phenomenon is powerful enough to also drive recurrent evolution at the sequence level. Where homoplasious substitutions do occur these have long been considered the result of neutral processes. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adaptive convergent sequence evolution can be detected in vertebrates using statistical methods that model parallel evolution, although the extent to which sequence convergence between genera occurs across genomes is unknown. Here we analyse genomic sequence data in mammals that have independently evolved echolocation and show that convergence is not a rare process restricted to several loci but is instead widespread, continuously distributed and commonly driven by natural selection acting on a small number of sites per locus. Systematic analyses of convergent sequence evolution in 805,053 amino acids within 2,326 orthologous coding gene sequences compared across 22 mammals (including four newly sequenced bat genomes) revealed signatures consistent with convergence in nearly 200 loci. Strong and significant support for convergence among bats and the bottlenose dolphin was seen in numerous genes linked to hearing or deafness, consistent with an involvement in echolocation. Unexpectedly, we also found convergence in many genes linked to vision: the convergent signal of many sensory genes was robustly correlated with the strength of natural selection. This first attempt to detect genome-wide convergent sequence evolution across divergent taxa reveals the phenomenon to be much more pervasive than previously recognized.
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Abstract
Sensory hair cells of the inner ear are responsible for translating auditory or vestibular stimuli into electrical energy that can be perceived by the nervous system. Although hair cells are exquisitely mechanically sensitive, they can be easily damaged by excessive stimulation by ototoxic drugs and by the effects of aging. In mammals, auditory hair cells are never replaced, such that cumulative damage to the ear causes progressive and permanent deafness. In contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates are capable of replacing lost hair cells, which has led to efforts to understand the molecular and cellular basis of regenerative responses in different vertebrate species. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the limits to hair cell regeneration in mammals and discuss the obstacles that currently exist for therapeutic approaches to hair cell replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 295, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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[Effects of FGF5 gene on fibre traits on Inner Mongolian cashmere goats]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:175-9. [PMID: 19273426 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two pairs primers were designed base on the known sequence for amplification of FGF5 gene in the Inner Mongolian cashmere goats herd. It was found that a restrict fragment length polymorphism within the exon 1 of FGF5 gene from the second pair of primers using PCR-SSCP and PCR-RFLP. PCR products after recovered and purified, were sequenced that randomly selected from different genotypes. It was revealed a synonymous single base mutation (C-->T) for the AB genotype. The allele A was found to be predominant in Inner Mongolian cashmere goats and the allele and genotype frequencies in our sample coincident with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. When analyzed for the association with fibre traits, this FGF5 SNP was found to have significant effect on cashmere fibre stretched length (P<0.01) and cashmere rate(P<0.05), but have slightly effect on others fibre traits (P>0.05). Cashmere fibre stretched length (P<0.01) and cashmere rate (P<0.05) in individuals of genotype AB was significantly higher than that in individuals of genotype AA.
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Drögemüller C, Rüfenacht S, Wichert B, Leeb T. Mutations within the FGF5 gene are associated with hair length in cats. Anim Genet 2007; 38:218-21. [PMID: 17433015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hair length variability in mice and dogs is caused by mutations within the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) gene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feline FGF5 orthologue as a functional candidate gene for the long hair phenotype in cats, which is recessive to short hair. We amplified the feline FGF5 cDNA and characterised two alternatively spliced transcripts by RT-PCR. Comparative cDNA and genomic DNA sequencing of long- and short-haired cats revealed four non-synonymous polymorphisms in the FGF5 coding sequence. A missense mutation (AM412646:c.194C>A) was found in the homozygous state in 25 long-haired Somali, Persian, Maine Coon, Ragdoll and crossbred cats. Fifty-five short-haired cats had zero or one copy of this allele. Additionally, we found perfect co-segregation of the c.194C>A mutation within two independent pedigrees segregating for hair length. A second FGF5 exon 1 missense mutation (AM412646:c.182T>A) was found exclusively in long-haired Norwegian Forest cats. The c.182T>A mutation probably represents a second FGF5 mutation responsible for long hair in cats. In addition to the c.194C>A mutation, a frameshift mutation (AM412646:c.474delT) was found with a high frequency in the long-haired Maine Coon breed. Finally, a missense mutation (AM412646:c.475A>C) was also associated with the long-haired phenotype in some breeds. However, as one short-haired cat was homozygous for this polymorphism, it is unlikely that it has a functional role in the determination of hair length.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the inner ear contain mechanosensory hair cells and non-sensory supporting cells. Both classes of cell are heterogeneous, with phenotypes varying both between and within epithelia. The specification of individual cells as distinct types of hair cell or supporting cell is regulated through intra- and extracellular signalling pathways that have been poorly understood. However, new methodologies have resulted in significant steps forward in our understanding of the molecular pathways that direct cells towards these cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kelley
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Dr., Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Mantela J, Jiang Z, Ylikoski J, Fritzsch B, Zacksenhaus E, Pirvola U. The retinoblastoma gene pathway regulates the postmitotic state of hair cells of the mouse inner ear. Development 2005; 132:2377-88. [PMID: 15843406 PMCID: PMC1242168 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precursors of cochlear and vestibular hair cells of the inner ear exit the cell cycle at midgestation. Hair cells are mitotically quiescent during late-embryonic differentiation stages and postnatally. We show here that the retinoblastoma gene Rb and the encoded protein pRb are expressed in differentiating and mature hair cells. In addition to Rb, the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21 is expressed in developing hair cells, suggesting that p21 is an upstream effector of pRb activity. p21 apparently cooperates with other CKIs, as p21-null mice exhibited an unaltered inner ear phenotype. By contrast, Rb inactivation led to aberrant hair cell proliferation, as analysed at birth in a loss-of-function/transgenic mouse model. Supernumerary hair cells expressed various cell type-specific differentiation markers, including components of stereocilia. The extent of alterations in stereociliary bundle morphology ranged from near-normal to severe disorganization. Apoptosis contributed to the mutant phenotype, but did not compensate for the production of supernumerary hair cells, resulting in hyperplastic sensory epithelia. The Rb-null-mediated proliferation led to a distinct pathological phenotype, including multinucleated and enlarged hair cells, and infiltration of hair cells into the mesenchyme. Our findings demonstrate that the pRb pathway is required for hair cell quiescence and that manipulation of the cell cycle machinery disrupts the coordinated development within the inner ear sensory epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mantela
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G-2M1, Canada
| | - Jukka Ylikoski
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Creighton University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G-2M1, Canada
| | - Ulla Pirvola
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- *Author for correspondence (e-mail:
)
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