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Rodríguez-Salazar J, Almeida-Juarez AG, Ornelas-Ocampo K, Millán-López S, Raga-Carbajal E, Rodríguez-Mejía JL, Muriel-Millán LF, Godoy-Lozano EE, Rivera-Gómez N, Rudiño-Piñera E, Pardo-López L. Characterization of a Novel Functional Trimeric Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase From a Pseudomonas stutzeri Isolated From the Gulf of Mexico. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1100. [PMID: 32582076 PMCID: PMC7287156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol 1,2 dioxygenases (C12DOs) have been studied for its ability to cleavage the benzene ring of catechol, the main intermediate in the degradation of aromatic compounds derived from aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. Here we report the genome sequence of the marine bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri GOM2, isolated from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, and the biochemical characterization of its C12DO (PsC12DO). The catA gene, encoding PsC12DO of 312 amino acid residues, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Many C12DOs have been described as dimeric enzymes including those present in Pseudomonas species. The purified PsC12DO enzyme was found as an active trimer, with a molecular mass of 107 kDa. Increasing NaCl concentration in the enzyme reaction gradually reduced activity; in high salt concentrations (0.7 M NaCl) quaternary structural analysis determined that the enzyme changes to a dimeric arrangement and causes a 51% decrease in specific activity on catechol substrate. In comparison with other C12DOs, our enzyme showed a broad range of action for PsC12DO in solutions with pH values ranging from neutral to alkaline (70%). The enzyme is still active after incubation at 50°C for 30 min and in low temperatures to long term storage after 6 weeks at 4°C (61%). EDTA or Ca2+ inhibitors cause no drastic changes on residual activity; nevertheless, the activity of the enzyme was affected by metal ions Fe3+, Zn2+ and was completely inhibited by Hg2+. Under optimal conditions the k cat and K m values were 16.13 s-1 and 13.2 μM, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the characterization of a marine C12DOs from P. stutzeri isolated from the Gulf of Mexico that is active in a trimeric state. We consider that our enzyme has important features to be used in environments in presence of EDTA, metals and salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liliana Pardo-López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Kosheleva IA, Sazonova OI, Izmalkova TY, Boronin AM. Occurrence of the SAL+ phenotype in soil pseudomonads. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Lal R, Lal S, Shivaji S, Pemberton JM. Use of Microbes for Detoxification of Pesticides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/07388558509150778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Singh BK, Kuhad RC, Singh A, Tripathi KK, Ghosh PK. Microbial degradation of the pesticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane). ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 47:269-98. [PMID: 12876800 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(00)47007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India
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Cain RB, Mitchell JA. Enhanced Degradation of the Fungicide Vinclozolin: Isolation and Characterisation of a Responsible Organism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199609)48:1<13::aid-ps446>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Microorganisms are able to degrade a large variety of compounds, including pesticides under laboratory conditions. However, methods have yet to be developed to decontaminate the environment from residues of pesticides. Pesticidal degradative genes in microbes have been found to be located on plasmids, transposons, and/or on chromosomes. Recent studies have provided clues to the evolution of degradative pathways and the organization of catabolic genes, thus making it much easier to develop genetically engineered microbes for the purpose of decontamination. Genetic manipulation offers a way of engineering microorganisms to deal with a pollutant, including pesticides that may be present in the contaminated sites. The simplest approach is to extend the degradative capabilities of existing metabolic pathways within an organism either by introducing additional enzymes from other organisms or by modifying the specificity of the catabolic genes already present. Continuous efforts are required in this direction, and at present several bacteria capable of degrading pesticides have been isolated from the natural environment. Catabolic genes responsible for the degradation of several xenobiotics, including pesticides, have been identified, isolated, and cloned into various other organisms such as Streptomyces, algae, fungi, etc. In addition, recombinant DNA studies have made it possible to develop DNA probes that are being used to identify microbes from diverse environmental communities with an unique ability to degrade pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Agrochemicals and Pest Management, USIC (old) University of Delhi
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Deo PG, Karanth NG, Karanth NG. Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil and food environment. Crit Rev Microbiol 1994; 20:57-78. [PMID: 7514416 DOI: 10.3109/10408419409113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in the environment is well documented. One early introduced insecticide, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), popularly called BHC, was used in large quantities all over the world until recently. In India, even today, technical grade HCH is being used extensively. Theoretically, HCH has eight possible stereoisomers of which four (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) predominate in the technical product. These isomers significantly differ between themselves with respect to their persistence and toxicity toward insects, birds, mammals, and other nontarget organisms. The relative proportion of HCH isomers is, therefore, crucial from a toxicology standpoint. This problem assumes importance in light of reports that the HCH isomers undergo interconversion in soil, water, animals, plants, insects, etc. The persistence of HCH can be attributed in part to the interconversion of HCH isomers, which also restrict their solubility. In the present review, biotransformation of HCH isomers, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and their degradation pathways have been described. In addition, emphasis is given to the interconversion of HCH isomers, including interconversion mechanisms, as this area has not received adequate coverage in earlier reviews on HCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Deo
- Department of Infestation Control and Protectants, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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9
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Salleh MA, Pemberton JM. Cloning of a DNA region of aPseudomonas plasmid that codes for detoxification of the herbicide paraquat. Curr Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Chapalamadugu S, Chaudhry GR. Microbiological and biotechnological aspects of metabolism of carbamates and organophosphates. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1992; 12:357-89. [PMID: 1423649 DOI: 10.3109/07388559209114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several carbamate and organophosphate compounds are used to control a wide variety of insect pests, weeds, and disease-transmitting vectors. These chemicals were introduced to replace the recalcitrant and hazardous chlorinated pesticides. Although newly introduced pesticides were considered to be biodegradable, some of them are highly toxic and their residues are found in certain environments. In addition, degradation of some of the carbamates generates metabolites that are also toxic. In general, hydrolysis of the carbamate and organophosphates yields less toxic metabolites compared with the metabolites produced from oxidation. Although microorganisms capable of degrading many of these pesticides have been isolated, knowledge about the biochemical pathways and respective genes involved in the degradation is sparse. Recently, a great deal of interest in the mechanisms of biodegradation of carbamate and organophosphate compounds has been shown because (1) an efficient mineralization of the pesticides used for insect control could eliminate the problems of environmental pollution, (2) a balance between degradation and efficacy of pesticides could result in safer application and effective insect control, and (3) knowledge about the mechanisms of biodegradation could help to deal with situations leading to the generation of toxic metabolites and bioremediation of polluted environments. In addition, advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology offer great potential to exploit the degradative properties of microorganisms in order to develop bioremediation strategies and novel applications such as development of economic plants tolerant to herbicides. In this review, recent advances in the biochemical and genetic aspects of microbial degradation of carbamate and organophosphates are discussed and areas in need of further investigation identified.
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Abstract
In this review we discuss the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by microorganisms, emphasizing the physiological, biochemical, and genetic basis of the biodegradation of aliphatic, aromatic, and polycyclic compounds. Many environmentally important xenobiotics are halogenated, especially chlorinated. These compounds are manufactured and used as pesticides, plasticizers, paint and printing-ink components, adhesives, flame retardants, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids, refrigerants, solvents, additives for cutting oils, and textile auxiliaries. The hazardous chemicals enter the environment through production, commercial application, and waste. As a result of bioaccumulation in the food chain and groundwater contamination, they pose public health problems because many of them are toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Although synthetic chemicals are usually recalcitrant to biodegradation, microorganisms have evolved an extensive range of enzymes, pathways, and control mechanisms that are responsible for catabolism of a wide variety of such compounds. Thus, such biological degradation can be exploited to alleviate environmental pollution problems. The pathways by which a given compound is degraded are determined by the physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of a particular environment. By understanding the genetic basis of catabolism of xenobiotics, it is possible to improve the efficacy of naturally occurring microorganisms or construct new microorganisms capable of degrading pollutants in soil and aquatic environments more efficiently. Recently a number of genes whose enzyme products have a broader substrate specificity for the degradation of aromatic compounds have been cloned and attempts have been made to construct gene cassettes or synthetic operons comprising these degradative genes. Such gene cassettes or operons can be transferred into suitable microbial hosts for extending and custom designing the pathways for rapid degradation of recalcitrant compounds. Recent developments in designing recombinant microorganisms and hybrid metabolic pathways are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Chaudhry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
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Balajee S, Mahadevan A. Dissimilation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Azotobacter chroococcum. Xenobiotica 1990; 20:607-17. [PMID: 2219955 DOI: 10.3109/00498259009046876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. A strain of Azotobacter chroococcum which could use 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as sole carbon source was isolated. 2. The strain metabolized 2,4-D via p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, p-chlorophenol and 4-chlorocatechol; the last metabolite was cleaved by catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. 3. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balajee
- Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras, India
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de Smet MJ, Friedman MB, Gunsalus IC. Plasmid control of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida phenotypes and of linalool and p-cymene oxidation. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:5155-61. [PMID: 2504698 PMCID: PMC210330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.9.5155-5161.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Pseudomonas strains (PpG777 and PaG158) were derived from the parent isolate Pseudomonas incognita (putida). Strain PpG777 resembles the parental culture in growth on linalool as a source of carbon and slight growth on p-cymene, whereas PaG158 grows well on p-cymene, but not on linalool or other terpenes tested, and has a P. aeruginosa phenotype. Curing studies indicate that linalool metabolism is controlled by an extrachromosomal element whose loss forms a stable strain PaG158 with the p-cymene growth and P. aeruginosa phenotype characters. The plasmid can be transferred by PpG777 to both P. putida and P. aeruginosa strains. Surprisingly, the latter assume the P. putida phenotype. We conclude that the genetic potential to oxidize p-cymene is inherent in PpG777 but expression is repressed. Similarly, this observation implies that support of linalool oxidation effectively conceals the P. aeruginosa character.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J de Smet
- La Jolla Biological Laboratories, Salk Institute, San Diego, California 92138
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Ruzzi M, Zennaro E. pEG plasmid involved in styrene degradation: molecular dimorphism and integration of a segment into the chromosome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chaudhry GR, Huang GH. Isolation and characterization of a new plasmid from a Flavobacterium sp. which carries the genes for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3897-902. [PMID: 2842290 PMCID: PMC211387 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.9.3897-3902.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A Flavobacterium sp. (strain 50001), capable of degrading 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetate, and 2-chlorobenzoate and imparting resistance to mercury, harbored a degradative plasmid, pRC10. Cured strains of the Flavobacterium sp. lost the plasmid as well as the ability to degrade these chlorinated compounds. Comparison of this plasmid with the well-characterized 2,4-D-degradative plasmid pJP4 from Alcaligenes eutrophus showed regions of homology between the two plasmids. Restriction fragments of plasmid pRC10 which shared homology with the regions conferring 2,4-D-degradative genes (tfd) of plasmid pJP4 were cloned into a broad-host-range plasmid and studied in Pseudomonas putida. From the results obtained, the cloned DNA fragment expressed the genes for 2,4-D monooxygenase (tfdA) and 2,4-dichlorophenol hydroxylase (tfdB). In spite of the similarity in function, the size (45 kilobases) and restriction pattern of plasmid pRC10 were considerably different from those of pJP4 (80 kilobases). This may be due to the difference in the microbial background during evolution of the two plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Chaudhry
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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16
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Kunze I, Loechel D, Günther E. Broad spectrum and narrow spectrum mercury resistance encoded by different plasmids of aPseudomonas putidastrain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Harayama S, Rekik M, Wasserfallen A, Bairoch A. Evolutionary relationships between catabolic pathways for aromatics: conservation of gene order and nucleotide sequences of catechol oxidation genes of pWW0 and NAH7 plasmids. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1987; 210:241-7. [PMID: 3481421 DOI: 10.1007/bf00325689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TOL plasmid pWW0 and plasmid NAH7 encode catabolic enzymes required for oxidative degradation of toluene and naphthalene, respectively. The gene order of the catabolic operon of NAH7 for salicylate oxidation was determined to be: promoter--nahG (the structural gene for salicylate hydroxylase)--nahH (catechol 2.3-dioxygenase)--nahI (hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase)--nahN (hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase)--nahL (2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase). This order is identical to that of the isofunctional genes of TOL plasmid pWW0. The complete nucleotide sequence of nahH was determined and compared with that of xylE, the isofunctional gene of TOL plasmid pWW0. There were 20% and 16% differences in their nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. The homology between the NAH7 and TOL pWW0 plasmids ends upstream of the Shine-Dalgarno sequences of nahH and xylE, but the homology continues downstream of these genes. This observation suggested that genes for the catechol oxidative enzymes of NAH7 and TOL pWW0 were derived from a common ancestral sequence which was transferred as a discrete segment of DNA between plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harayama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Don RH, Pemberton JM. Genetic and physical map of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degradative plasmid pJP4. J Bacteriol 1985; 161:466-8. [PMID: 3968031 PMCID: PMC214900 DOI: 10.1128/jb.161.1.466-468.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid pJP4 is an 80-kilobase, IncP1, broad-host-range conjugative plasmid of Alcaligenes eutrophus encoding resistance to mercuric chloride and phenyl mercury acetate and degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3-chlorobenzoate. By the use of cloning, transposon mutagenesis, and restriction endonuclease analysis, a biophysical and genetic map of pJP4 was generated.
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