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Asadollahi K, Rajput S, de Zhang LA, Ang CS, Nie S, Williamson NA, Griffin MDW, Bathgate RAD, Scott DJ, Weikl TR, Jameson GNL, Gooley PR. Unravelling the mechanism of neurotensin recognition by neurotensin receptor 1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8155. [PMID: 38071229 PMCID: PMC10710507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The conformational ensembles of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) include inactive and active states. Spectroscopy techniques, including NMR, show that agonists, antagonists and other ligands shift the ensemble toward specific states depending on the pharmacological efficacy of the ligand. How receptors recognize ligands and the kinetic mechanism underlying this population shift is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the kinetic mechanism of neurotensin recognition by neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1) using 19F-NMR, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results indicate slow-exchanging conformational heterogeneity on the extracellular surface of ligand-bound NTS1. Numerical analysis of the kinetic data of neurotensin binding to NTS1 shows that ligand recognition follows an induced-fit mechanism, in which conformational changes occur after neurotensin binding. This approach is applicable to other GPCRs to provide insight into the kinetic regulation of ligand recognition by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sunnia Rajput
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lazarus Andrew de Zhang
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas R Weikl
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guy N L Jameson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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2
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Kim NH, Kang S, Park GH, Shim G, Kang TH, Yu YG. A robust antibody discovery platform for difficult-to-express G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4520. [PMID: 36419382 PMCID: PMC9793966 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are in the spotlight as drug targets due to the fact that multiple research results have verified the correlation between the activation of GPCRs and disease indications. This is because the GPCRs are present across the cell membranes, which interact with either extracellular ligands or other types of compartments and simultaneously mediate intracellular signaling. Despite the importance of the GPCRs as drug targets, they are too difficult to express in soluble forms. Currently, the difficulty of preparing functional GPCRs and the lack of efficient antibody screening methods are the most challenging steps in the discovery of antibodies targeting GPCRs. In this study, we developed a powerful platform that facilitates isolating GPCR-specific antibodies by obviating difficulties in GPCR preparation. The strategies include (i) conjugation of the P9 peptide, an envelope protein of Pseudomonas phi6, to the N-terminus of GPCRs to improve the expression level of the GPCRs in Escherichia coli, (ii) stabilization of the GPCRs in their active forms with amphiphilic poly-γ-glutamate (APG) to shield the seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains, and (iii) further limiting the size of the APG complex to improve the chance to isolate antibodies targeting the proteins-of-interest. Capitalizing on the above strategies, we could prepare GPCR proteins in their active forms as facile as other general-soluble antigen proteins. Furthermore, this protocol was validated to be successful in discovering three individual GPCR-specific antibodies targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, and prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hyuk Kim
- Department of ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Antibody Research InstituteKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kang
- Department of ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Antibody Research InstituteKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ga Hyeon Park
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Goeun Shim
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Antibody Research InstituteKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yeon Gyu Yu
- Department of ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Antibody Research InstituteKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical ChemistryKookmin UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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3
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Palmer RK. Why Taste Is Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 275:1-31. [PMID: 35461405 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chapter presents an argument supporting the view that taste, defined as the receptor-mediated signaling of taste cells and consequent sensory events, is proper subject matter for the field of pharmacology. The argument develops through a consideration of how the field of pharmacology itself is to be defined. Though its application toward the discovery and development of therapeutics is of obvious value, pharmacology nevertheless is a basic science committed to examining biological phenomena controlled by the selective interactions between chemicals - regardless of their sources or uses - and receptors. The basic science of pharmacology is founded on the theory of receptor occupancy, detailed here in the context of taste. The discussion then will turn to consideration of the measurement of human taste and how well the results agree with the predictions of receptor theory.
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4
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Lavington S, Watts A. Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5. [PMID: 33215301 PMCID: PMC7755959 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins which conduct a wide range of biological roles and represent significant drug targets. Most biophysical and structural studies of GPCRs have been conducted on detergent-solubilised receptors, and it is clear that detergents can have detrimental effects on GPCR function. Simultaneously, there is increasing appreciation of roles for specific lipids in modulation of GPCR function. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanodiscs and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) offer opportunities to study integral membrane proteins in lipid environments, in a form that is soluble and amenable to structural and biophysical experiments. Here, we review the application of lipid nanoparticle technologies to the study of GPCRs, assessing the relative merits and limitations of each system. We highlight how these technologies can provide superior platforms to detergents for structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs and inform on roles for protein-lipid interactions in GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lavington
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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5
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Tackie-Yarboi E, Wisner A, Horton A, Chau TQT, Reigle J, Funk AJ, McCullumsmith RE, Hall FS, Williams FE, Schiefer IT. Combining Neurobehavioral Analysis and In Vivo Photoaffinity Labeling to Understand Protein Targets of Methamphetamine in Casper Zebrafish. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2761-2773. [PMID: 32786314 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) remains one of the most widely utilized methods of determining protein targets of drugs. Although useful, the scope of this technique has been limited to in vitro applications because of the inability of UV light to penetrate whole organisms. Herein, pigment-free Casper zebrafish were employed to allow in vivo PAL. A methamphetamine-related phenethylamine PAL probe, designated here as 2, demonstrated dose-dependent effects on behavior similar to methamphetamine and permitted concentration-dependent labeling of protein binding partners. Click chemistry was used to analyze binding partners via fluoroimaging. Conjugation to a biotin permitted streptavidin pull-down and proteomic analysis to define direct binding partners of the methamphetamine probe. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the probe was chiefly bound to proteins involved in phagocytosis and mitochondrial function. Future applications of this experimental paradigm combining examination of drug-protein binding interactions alongside neurobehavioral readouts via in vivo PAL will significantly enhance our understanding of drug targets, mechanism(s) of action, and toxicity/lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Tackie-Yarboi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Alexander Wisner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Austin Horton
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Tue Q. T. Chau
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - James Reigle
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, United States
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Adam J. Funk
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Neurosciences Institute, Promedica, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Frank S. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Frederick E. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Isaac T. Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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6
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Lavington S, Watts A. Detergent-free solubilisation & purification of a G protein coupled receptor using a polymethacrylate polymer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183441. [PMID: 32810489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) at heterotrimeric G proteins, and conduct this role embedded in a lipid bilayer. Detergents are widely used to solubilise GPCRs for structural and biophysical analysis, but are poor mimics of the lipid bilayer and may be deleterious to protein function. Amphipathic polymers have emerged as promising alternatives to detergents, which maintain a lipid environment around a membrane protein during purification. Of these polymers, the polymethacrylate (PMA) polymers have potential advantages over the most popular styrene maleic acid (SMA) polymer, but to date have not been applied to purification of membrane proteins. Here we use a class A GPCR, neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), to explore detergent-free purification using PMA. By using an NTSR1-eGFP fusion protein expressed in Sf9 cells, a range of solubilisation conditions were screened, demonstrating the importance of solubilisation temperature, pH, NaCl concentration and the relative amounts of polymer and membrane sample. PMA-solubilised NTSR1 displayed compatibility with standard purification protocols and millimolar divalent cation concentrations. Moreover, the receptor in PMA discs showed stimulation of both Gq and Gi1 heterotrimers to an extent that was greater than that for the detergent-solubilised receptor. PMA therefore represents a viable alternative to SMA for membrane protein purification and has a potentially broad utility in studying GPCRs and other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lavington
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony Watts
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, UK.
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7
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Solarski M, Williams D, Mehrabian M, Wang H, Wille H, Schmitt-Ulms G. The human brain somatostatin interactome: SST binds selectively to P-type family ATPases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217392. [PMID: 31136617 PMCID: PMC6538167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic peptide that is understood to inhibit the release of hormones and neurotransmitters from a variety of cells by binding to one of five canonical G protein-coupled SST receptors (SSTR1 to SSTR5). Recently, SST was also observed to interact with the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and affect its aggregation kinetics, raising the possibility that it may bind other brain proteins. Here we report on an SST interactome analysis that made use of human brain extracts as biological source material and incorporated advanced mass spectrometry workflows for the relative quantitation of SST binding proteins. The analysis revealed SST to predominantly bind several members of the P-type family of ATPases. Subsequent validation experiments confirmed an interaction between SST and the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) and identified a tryptophan residue within SST as critical for binding. Functional analyses in three different cell lines indicated that SST might negatively modulate the K+ uptake rate of the Na+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Solarski
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Declan Williams
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Casiraghi M, Point E, Pozza A, Moncoq K, Banères JL, Catoire LJ. NMR analysis of GPCR conformational landscapes and dynamics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:69-77. [PMID: 30690069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the signal transduction mechanism mediated by the G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in eukaryote cells represents one of the main issues in modern biology. At the molecular level, various biophysical approaches have provided important insights on the functional plasticity of these complex allosteric machines. In this context, X-ray crystal structures published during the last decade represent a major breakthrough in GPCR structural biology, delivering important information on the activation process of these receptors through the description of the three-dimensional organization of their active and inactive states. In complement to crystals and cryo-electronic microscopy structures, information on the probability of existence of different GPCR conformations and the dynamic barriers separating those structural sub-states is required to better understand GPCR function. Among the panel of techniques available, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to characterize both conformational landscapes and dynamics. Here, we will outline the potential of NMR to address such biological questions, and we will illustrate the functional insights that NMR has brought in the field of GPCRs in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Casiraghi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Point
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pozza
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Karine Moncoq
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomoléćules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université; Montpellier, ENSCM, 15 av. Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent J Catoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR7099, CNRS/Université; Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France.
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9
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10
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Nji E, Chatzikyriakidou Y, Landreh M, Drew D. An engineered thermal-shift screen reveals specific lipid preferences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic membrane proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4253. [PMID: 30315156 PMCID: PMC6185904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bilayers are made up of a myriad of different lipids that regulate the functional activity, stability, and oligomerization of many membrane proteins. Despite their importance, screening the structural and functional impact of lipid–protein interactions to identify specific lipid requirements remains a major challenge. Here, we use the FSEC-TS assay to show cardiolipin-dependent stabilization of the dimeric sodium/proton antiporter NhaA, demonstrating its ability to detect specific protein-lipid interactions. Based on the principle of FSEC-TS, we then engineer a simple thermal-shift assay (GFP-TS), which facilitates the high-throughput screening of lipid- and ligand- interactions with membrane proteins. By comparing the thermostability of medically relevant eukaryotic membrane proteins and a selection of bacterial counterparts, we reveal that eukaryotic proteins appear to have evolved to be more dependent to the presence of specific lipids. Membrane bilayers are made up of a myriad of different lipids that affect membrane proteins, but identifying those specific lipid requirements remains a challenge. Here authors present an engineered thermal-shift screen which reveals specific lipid preferences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nji
- Centre for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yurie Chatzikyriakidou
- Centre for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Landreh
- SciLifeLab and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Drew
- Centre for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Li Y, Shivnaraine RV, Huang F, Wells JW, Gradinaru CC. Ligand-Induced Coupling between Oligomers of the M 2 Receptor and the G i1 Protein in Live Cells. Biophys J 2018; 115:881-895. [PMID: 30131171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty over the mechanism of signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relates in part to questions regarding their supramolecular structure. GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins are known to couple as monomers under various conditions. Many GPCRs form oligomers under many of the same conditions, however, and the biological role of those complexes is unclear. We have used dual-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to identify oligomers of the M2 muscarinic receptor and of Gi1 in purified preparations and live Chinese hamster ovary cells. Measurements on differently tagged receptors (i.e., eGFP-M2 and mCherry-M2) and G proteins (i.e., eGFP-Gαi1β1γ2 and mCherry-Gαi1β1γ2) detected significant cross-correlations between the two fluorophores in each case, both in detergent micelles and in live cells, indicating that both the receptor and Gi1 can exist as homo-oligomers. Oligomerization of differently tagged Gi1 decreased upon the activation of co-expressed wild-type M2 receptor by an agonist. Measurements on a tagged M2 receptor (M2-mCherry) and eGFP-Gαi1β1γ2 co-expressed in live cells detected cross-correlations only in the presence of an agonist, which therefore promoted coupling of the receptor and the G protein. The effect of the agonist was retained when a fluorophore-tagged receptor lacking the orthosteric site (i.e., M2(D103A)-mCherry) was co-expressed with the wild-type receptor and eGFP-Gαi1β1γ2, indicating that the ligand acted via an oligomeric receptor. Our results point to a model in which an agonist promotes transient coupling of otherwise independent oligomers of the M2 receptor on the one hand and of Gi1 on the other and that an activated complex leads to a reduction in the oligomeric size of the G protein. They suggest that GPCR-mediated signaling proceeds, at least in part, via oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Li
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rabindra V Shivnaraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James W Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudiu C Gradinaru
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical & Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Marino J, Walser R, Poms M, Zerbe O. Understanding GPCR Recognition and Folding from NMR Studies of Fragments. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9858-9870. [PMID: 29732143 PMCID: PMC5935241 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotranslational protein folding is a vectorial process, and for membrane proteins, N-terminal helical segments are the first that become available for membrane insertion. While structures of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in various states have been determined, the details of their folding pathways are largely unknown. The seven transmembrane (TM) helices of GPCRs often contain polar residues within the hydrophobic core, and some of the helices in isolation are predicted to be only marginally stable in a membrane environment. Here we review our efforts to describe how marginally hydrophobic TM helices of GPCRs integrate into the membrane in the absence of all compensating interhelical contacts, ideally capturing early biogenesis events. To this end, we use truncated GPCRs, here referred to as fragments. We present data from the human Y4 and the yeast Ste2p receptors in detergent micelles derived from solution NMR techniques. We find that the secondary structure in the fragments is similar to corresponding parts of the entire receptors. However, uncompensated polar or charged residues destabilize the helices, and prevent proper integration into the lipid bilayer, in agreement with the biophysical scales from Wimley and White for the partitioning of amino acids into the membrane-interior. We observe that the stability and integration of single TM helices is improved by adding neighboring helices. We describe a topology study, in which all possible forms of the Y4 receptor were made so that the entire receptor is truncated from the N-terminus by one TM helix at a time. We discover that proteins with an increasing number of helices assume a more defined topology. In a parallel study, we focused on the role of extracellular loops in ligand recognition. We demonstrate that transferring all loops of the human Y1 receptor onto the E. coli outer membrane protein OmpA in a suitable topology results in a chimeric receptor that displays, albeit reduced, affinity and specificity for the cognate ligand. Our data indicate that not all TM helices will spontaneously insert into the helix, and we suggest that at least for some GPCRs, N-terminal segments might remain associated with the translocon until their interacting partners are biosynthesized. Cotranslational protein folding is a vectorial process, and for membrane proteins, N-terminal helical segments are the first that become available for membrane insertion. Here fragments corresponding to these segments are investigated by NMR.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Walser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Bhattacharya A, Brea RJ, Devaraj NK. De novo vesicle formation and growth: an integrative approach to artificial cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7912-7922. [PMID: 29619165 PMCID: PMC5858084 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of synthetic membranes provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the structure and function of living cells.
The assembly of artificial cells provides a novel strategy to reconstruct life's functions and shed light on how life emerged on Earth and possibly elsewhere. A major challenge to the development of artificial cells is the establishment of simple methodologies to mimic native membrane generation. An ambitious strategy is the bottom-up approach, which aims to systematically control the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. This perspective will cover recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of minimal lipid architectures that can faithfully reconstruct the structure and function of living cells. Specifically, we will overview work related to the de novo formation and growth of biomimetic membranes. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems and bring new insights into the origin of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA .
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14
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Brea RJ, Cole CM, Lyda BR, Ye L, Prosser RS, Sunahara RK, Devaraj NK. In Situ Reconstitution of the Adenosine A 2A Receptor in Spontaneously Formed Synthetic Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3607-3610. [PMID: 28263576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell transmembrane receptors play a key role in the detection of environmental stimuli and control of intracellular communication. G protein-coupled receptors constitute the largest transmembrane protein family involved in cell signaling. However, current methods for their functional reconstitution in biomimetic membranes remain both challenging and limited in scope. Herein, we describe the spontaneous reconstitution of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) during the de novo formation of synthetic liposomes via native chemical ligation. The approach takes advantage of a nonenzymatic and chemoselective method to rapidly generate A2AR embedded phospholiposomes from receptor solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside analogs. In situ lipid synthesis for protein reconstitution technology proceeds in the absence of dialysis and/or detergent absorbents, and A2AR assimilation into synthetic liposomes can be visualized by microscopy and probed by radio-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christian M Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Brent R Lyda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Libin Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Katayama Y, Suzuki T, Ebisawa T, Ohtsuka J, Wang S, Natsume R, Lo YH, Senda T, Nagamine T, Hull JJ, Matsumoto S, Nagasawa H, Nagata K, Tanokura M. A class-A GPCR solubilized under high hydrostatic pressure retains its ligand binding ability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2145-2151. [PMID: 27342372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the solubilization of a class-A G protein-coupled receptor, the silkmoth pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide receptor (PBANR), was investigated. PBANR was expressed in expresSF+ insect cells as a C-terminal fusion protein with EGFP. The membrane fraction was subjected to HHP treatment (200MPa) at room temperature for 1-16h in the presence of 0-2.0% (w/v) n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM). The solubilization yield of PBANR-EGFP in the presence of 0.6% (w/v) DDM increased to ~1.5-fold after 1h HHP treatment. Fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography demonstrated that the PBANR-EGFP ligand binding ability was retained after HHP-mediated solubilization. The PBANR-EGFP solubilized with 1.0% DDM under HHP at room temperature for 6h retained ligand binding ability, whereas solubilization in the absence of HHP treatment resulted in denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Katayama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ebisawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Ohtsuka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shipeng Wang
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryo Natsume
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju Asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Yu-Hua Lo
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagamine
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Shogo Matsumoto
- Molecular Entomology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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16
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Homogeneous time-resolved G protein-coupled receptor–ligand binding assay based on fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2016; 502:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Shirzad-Wasei N, DeGrip WJ. Heterologous expression of melanopsin: Present, problems and prospects. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Logez C, Damian M, Legros C, Dupré C, Guéry M, Mary S, Wagner R, M’Kadmi C, Nosjean O, Fould B, Marie J, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Ferry G, Boutin JA, Banères JL. Detergent-free Isolation of Functional G Protein-Coupled Receptors into Nanometric Lipid Particles. Biochemistry 2015; 55:38-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Logez
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Marjorie Damian
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Legros
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Clémence Dupré
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mélody Guéry
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Mary
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Wagner
- CNRS
UMR7242, Institut de Recherche de l’ESBS, Biotechnologie et
Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard
Sébastien Brant, 67412 Ilkirch cedex, France
| | - Céline M’Kadmi
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Nosjean
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Benjamin Fould
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jacky Marie
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Pole
d’expertise Biotechnologie, Chimie, Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125, chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, 15 Avenue C. Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier, France
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19
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Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Handel TM. Production of Chemokine/Chemokine Receptor Complexes for Structural Biophysical Studies. Methods Enzymol 2015; 570:233-60. [PMID: 26921949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods for expression and purification of seven-transmembrane receptors has led to an increase in structural and biophysical data and greatly improved the understanding of receptor structure and function. For chemokine receptors, this has been highlighted by the determination of crystal structures of CXCR4 and CCR5 in complex with small-molecule antagonists, followed recently by two receptor/chemokine complexes; CXCR4 in complex with vMIP-II and US28 in complex with the CX3CL1. However, these studies cover only a few of the many chemokines and chemokine receptors and production of stable receptor/chemokine complexes remains a challenging task. Here, we present a method for producing purified complexes between chemokine receptors and chemokines by coexpression in Sf9 cells. Using the complex between atypical chemokine receptor 3 and its native chemokine CXCL12 as an example, we describe the virus production, protein expression, and purification process as well as reconstitution into different membrane mimics. This method provides an efficient way of producing pure receptor/chemokine complexes and has been used to successfully produce receptor/chemokine complexes for CXC as well as CC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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20
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Saarenpää T, Jaakola VP, Goldman A. Baculovirus-mediated expression of GPCRs in insect cells. Methods Enzymol 2015; 556:185-218. [PMID: 25857783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of seven transmembrane proteins that influence a considerable number of cellular events. For this reason, they are one of the most studied receptor types for their pharmacological and structural properties. Solving the structure of several GPCR receptor types has been possible using almost all expression systems, including Escherichia coli, yeast, mammalian, and insect cells. So far, however, most of the GPCR structures solved have been done using the baculovirus insect cell expression system. The reason for this is mainly due to cost-effectiveness, posttranslational modification efficiency, and overall effortless maintenance. The system has evolved so much that variables starting from vector type, purification tags, cell line, and growth conditions can be varied and optimized countless ways to suit the needs of new constructs. Here, we present the array of techniques that enable the rapid and efficient optimization of expression steps for maximal protein quality and quantity, including our emendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Saarenpää
- Department of Biochemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Adrian Goldman
- Department of Biochemistry, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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21
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Schonenbach NS, Hussain S, O'Malley MA. Structure and function of G protein‐coupled receptor oligomers: implications for drug discovery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:408-27. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Schonenbach
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Sunyia Hussain
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Michelle A. O'Malley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
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22
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Chu R, Reczek D, Brondyk W. Capture-stabilize approach for membrane protein SPR assays. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7360. [PMID: 25484112 PMCID: PMC5154539 DOI: 10.1038/srep07360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the binding kinetics of antibodies to intact membrane proteins by surface plasmon resonance has been challenging largely because of the inherent difficulties in capturing membrane proteins on chip surfaces while retaining their native conformation. Here we describe a method in which His-tagged CXCR5, a GPCR, was purified and captured on a Biacore chip surface via the affinity tag. The captured receptor protein was then stabilized on the chip surface by limited cross-linking. The resulting chip surface retained ligand binding activity and was used for monoclonal antibody kinetics assays by a standard Biacore kinetics assay method with a simple low pH regeneration step. We demonstrate the advantages of this whole receptor assay when compared to available peptide-based binding assays. We further extended the application of the capture-stabilize approach to virus-like particles and demonstrated its utility analyzing antibodies against CD52, a GPI-anchored protein, in its native membrane environment. The results are the first demonstration of chemically stabilized chip surfaces for membrane protein SPR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyin Chu
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - David Reczek
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - William Brondyk
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
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23
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Marino J, Hohl M, Seeger MA, Zerbe O, Geertsma ER. Bicistronic mRNAs to enhance membrane protein overexpression. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:943-954. [PMID: 25451035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional overexpression of membrane proteins is essential for their structural and functional characterization. However, functional overexpression is often difficult to achieve, and frequently either no expression or expression as misfolded aggregates is observed. We present an approach for improving the functional overexpression of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli using transcriptional fusions. The method involves the use of a small additional RNA sequence upstream to the RNA sequence of the target membrane protein and results in the production of a bicistronic mRNA. In contrast to the common approach of translational fusions to enhance protein expression, transcriptional fusions do not require protease treatment and subsequent removal of the fusion protein. Using this strategy, we observed improvements in the quantity and/or the quality of the produced material for several membrane proteins to levels compatible with structural studies. Our analysis revealed that translation of the upstream RNA sequence was not essential for increased expression. Rather, the sequence itself had a large impact on protein yields, suggesting that alternative folding of the transcript was responsible for the observed effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hohl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus A Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Geertsma
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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24
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Clémençon B, Lüscher BP, Fine M, Baumann MU, Surbek DV, Bonny O, Hediger MA. Expression, purification, and structural insights for the human uric acid transporter, GLUT9, using the Xenopus laevis oocytes system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108852. [PMID: 25286413 PMCID: PMC4186817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The urate transporter, GLUT9, is responsible for the basolateral transport of urate in the proximal tubule of human kidneys and in the placenta, playing a central role in uric acid homeostasis. GLUT9 shares the least homology with other members of the glucose transporter family, especially with the glucose transporting members GLUT1-4 and is the only member of the GLUT family to transport urate. The recently published high-resolution structure of XylE, a bacterial D-xylose transporting homologue, yields new insights into the structural foundation of this GLUT family of proteins. While this represents a huge milestone, it is unclear if human GLUT9 can benefit from this advancement through subsequent structural based targeting and mutagenesis. Little progress has been made toward understanding the mechanism of GLUT9 since its discovery in 2000. Before work can begin on resolving the mechanisms of urate transport we must determine methods to express, purify and analyze hGLUT9 using a model system adept in expressing human membrane proteins. Here, we describe the surface expression, purification and isolation of monomeric protein, and functional analysis of recombinant hGLUT9 using the Xenopus laevis oocyte system. In addition, we generated a new homology-based high-resolution model of hGLUT9 from the XylE crystal structure and utilized our purified protein to generate a low-resolution single particle reconstruction. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the functional protein extracted from the Xenopus system fits well with the homology-based model allowing us to generate the predicted urate-binding pocket and pave a path for subsequent mutagenesis and structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clémençon
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBMM), and NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BC); (MAH)
| | - Benjamin P. Lüscher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fine
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBMM), and NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc U. Baumann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel V. Surbek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A. Hediger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBMM), and NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BC); (MAH)
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25
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Marsden CJ, Eckersley S, Hebditch M, Kvist AJ, Milner R, Mitchell D, Warwicker J, Marley AE. The Use of Antibodies in Small-Molecule Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:829-38. [PMID: 24695620 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114527770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are powerful research tools that can be used in many areas of biology to probe, measure, and perturb various biological structures. Successful drug discovery is dependent on the correct identification of a target implicated in disease, coupled with the successful selection, optimization, and development of a candidate drug. Because of their specific binding characteristics, with regard to specificity, affinity, and avidity, coupled with their amenability to protein engineering, antibodies have become a key tool in drug discovery, enabling the quantification, localization, and modulation of proteins of interest. This review summarizes the application of antibodies and other protein affinity reagents as specific research tools within the drug discovery process.
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26
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Vaidehi N, Bhattacharya S, Larsen AB. Structure and dynamics of G-protein coupled receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 796:37-54. [PMID: 24158800 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7423-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven helical transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. They also form the largest superfamily of drug targets. Hence detailed studies of the three dimensional structure and dynamics are critical to understanding the functional role of GPCRs in signal transduction pathways, and for drug design. In this chapter we compare the features of the crystal structures of various biogenic amine receptors, such as β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors, dopamine D3 receptor, M2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This analysis revealed that conserved residues are located facing the inside of the transmembrane domain in these GPCRs improving the efficiency of packing of these structures. The NMR structure of the chemokine receptor CXCR1 without any ligand bound, shows significant dynamics of the transmembrane domain, especially the helical kink angle on the transmembrane helix6. The activation mechanism of the β2-adrenergic receptor has been studied using multiscale computational methods. The results of these studies showed that the receptor without any ligand bound, samples conformations that resemble some of the structural characteristics of the active state of the receptor. Ligand binding stabilizes some of the conformations already sampled by the apo receptor. This was later observed in the NMR study of the dynamics of human β2-adrenergic receptor. The dynamic nature of GPCRs leads to a challenge in obtaining purified receptors for biophysical studies. Deriving thermostable mutants of GPCRs has been a successful strategy to reduce the conformational heterogeneity and stabilize the receptors. This has lead to several crystal structures of GPCRs. However, the cause of how these mutations lead to thermostability is not clear. Computational studies are beginning to shed some insight into the possible structural basis for the thermostability. Molecular Dynamics simulations studying the conformational ensemble of thermostable mutants have shown that the stability could arise from both enthalpic and entropic factors. There are regions of high stress in the wild type GPCR that gets relieved upon mutation conferring thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Vaidehi
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500, E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA,
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27
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Xu B, Varasteh Z, Orlova A, Andersson K, Larhammar D, Björkelund H. Detecting ligand interactions with G protein-coupled receptors in real-time on living cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:820-4. [PMID: 24211197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large group of receptors of great biological and clinical relevance. Despite this, the tools for a detailed analysis of ligand-GPCR interactions are limited. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate how ligand binding to GPCRs can be followed in real-time on living cells. This was conducted using two model systems, the radiolabeled porcine peptide YY (pPYY) interacting with transfected human Y2 receptor (hY2R) and the bombesin antagonist RM26 binding to the naturally expressed gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). By following the interaction over time, the affinity and kinetic properties such as association and dissociation rate were obtained. Additionally, data were analyzed using the Interaction Map method, which can evaluate a real-time binding curve and present the number of parallel interactions contributing to the curve. It was found that pPYY binds very slowly with an estimated time to equilibrium of approximately 12h. This may be problematic in standard end-point assays where equilibrium is required. The RM26 binding showed signs of heterogeneity, observed as two parallel interactions with unique kinetic properties. In conclusion, measuring binding in real-time using living cells opens up for a better understanding of ligand interactions with GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 2, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Large scale expression and purification of mouse melanopsin-L in the baculovirus expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 91:134-46. [PMID: 23921072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin is the mammalian photopigment that primarily mediates non-visual photoregulated physiology. So far, this photopigment is poorly characterized with respect to structure and function. Here, we report large-scale production and purification of the intact long isoform of mouse melanopsin (melanopsin-L) using the baculovirus/insect cell expression system. Exploiting the baculoviral GP67 signal peptide, we obtained expression levels that varied between 10-30pmol/10(6)cells, equivalent to 2-5mg/L. This could be further enhanced using DMSO as a chemical chaperone. LC-MS analysis confirmed that full-length melanopsin-L was expressed and demonstrated that the majority of the expressed protein was N-glycosylated at Asn(30) and Asn(34). Other posttranslational modifications were not yet detected. Purification was achieved exploiting a C-terminal deca-histag, realizing a purification factor of several hundred-fold. The final recovery of purified melanopsin-L averaged 2.5% of the starting material. This was mainly due to low extraction yields, probably since most of the protein was present as the apoprotein. The spectral data we obtained agree with an absorbance maximum in the 460-500nm wavelength region and a significant red-shift upon illumination. This is the first report on expression and purification of full length melanopsin-L at a scale that can easily be further amplified.
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Tillotson BJ, Cho YK, Shusta EV. Cells and cell lysates: a direct approach for engineering antibodies against membrane proteins using yeast surface display. Methods 2013; 60:27-37. [PMID: 22449570 PMCID: PMC3405166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins (MPs) are often desirable targets for antibody engineering. However, the majority of antibody engineering platforms depend implicitly on aqueous solubility of the target antigen which is often problematic for MPs. Recombinant, soluble forms of MPs have been successfully employed as antigen sources for antibody engineering, but heterologous expression and purification of soluble MP fragments remains a challenging and time-consuming process. Here we present a more direct approach to aid in the engineering of antibodies to MPs. By combining yeast surface display technology directly with whole cells or detergent-solubilized whole-cell lysates, antibody libraries can be screened against MP antigens in their near-native conformations. We also describe how the platform can be adapted for antibody characterization and antigen identification. This collection of compatible methods serves as a basis for antibody engineering against MPs and it is predicted that these methods will mature in parallel with developments in membrane protein biochemistry and solubilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Tillotson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yong Ku Cho
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706
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Mitra N, Liu Y, Liu J, Serebryany E, Mooney V, DeVree BT, Sunahara RK, Yan ECY. Calcium-dependent ligand binding and G-protein signaling of family B GPCR parathyroid hormone 1 receptor purified in nanodiscs. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:617-25. [PMID: 23237450 DOI: 10.1021/cb300466n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GPCRs mediate intracellular signaling upon external stimuli, making them ideal drug targets. However, little is known about their activation mechanisms due to the difficulty in purification. Here, we introduce a method to purify GPCRs in nanodiscs, which incorporates GPCRs into lipid bilayers immediately after membrane solubilization, followed by single-step purification. Using this approach, we purified a family B GPCR, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis and is a drug target for osteoporosis. We demonstrated that the purified PTH1R in nanodiscs can bind to PTH(1-34) and activate G protein. We also observed that Ca(2+) is a weak agonist of PTH1R, and Ca(2+) in millimolar concentration can switch PTH(1-34) from an inverse agonist to an agonist. Hence, our results show that nanodiscs are a viable vehicle for GPCR purification, enabling studies of GPCRs under precise experimental conditions without interference from other cellular or membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Eugene Serebryany
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Victoria Mooney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Brian T. DeVree
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Roger K. Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109, United States
| | - Elsa C. Y. Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
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Skieterska K, Duchou J, Lintermans B, Van Craenenbroeck K. Detection of G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimerization by Coimmunoprecipitation. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 117:323-40. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-408143-7.00017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Ebersbach H, Geisse S. Antigen generation and display in therapeutic antibody drug discovery -- a neglected but critical player. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1433-43. [PMID: 23139179 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease intervention by targeting a critical pathway molecule through a blocking antibody or interference by therapeutic proteins is currently en vogue. Generation of blocking antibodies or therapeutic proteins inevitably requires the production of recombinant proteins or cell-based immunogens. Thus, one could call the antigen molecule the neglected player in antibody drug discovery. The variety of methods available for making recombinant proteins or recombinant cell lines that present the target on the cell surface is extensive. These need to be addressed in conjunction with biochemical and biophysical quality criteria and the experimental application intended. Fundamentally, successful production and isolation of monoclonal antibodies requires optimized antigen preparation and presentation to the immune host. This review summarizes the most important aspects of antigen generation and display, enabling logical decision making to give rise to potent high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Ebersbach
- NBC/NT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Banères JL, Mouillac B. [Handling G-protein-coupled receptors: expression, purification and in vitro stabilization]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:837-44. [PMID: 23067414 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20122810011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different classes of integral membrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) constitute the largest family. They are involved in most essential physiological functions and particularly play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and sensory signal transduction. They represent targets for approximately 30% of currently marketed drugs. In order to better understand their functioning, define their tridimensional structure and develop novel selective and efficient therapeutic compounds, it is crucial to purify these proteins for a full characterization. However, this biochemical step is not trivial since GPCR are present in membranes at very low levels and they require detergents to be extracted from their natural lipid environment and be handled as functional proteins. No universal strategy for GPCR production, purification and stabilization is currently available; each single GPCR possesses a unique set of physicochemical characteristics, preference for some detergents upon solubilization and specific conditions for purification. During the last decade, major breakthroughs regarding overexpression, purification and above all GPCR stabilization, thanks to amphipols and nanodiscs, opened very exciting perspectives for structural and dynamic investigations of these membrane proteins. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the different aspects of GPCR handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des biomolécules Max Mousseron, faculté de pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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Stabilization of functional recombinant cannabinoid receptor CB(2) in detergent micelles and lipid bilayers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46290. [PMID: 23056277 PMCID: PMC3463599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is among the most challenging tasks for modern membrane biology. For studies by high resolution analytical methods, these integral membrane receptors have to be expressed in large quantities, solubilized from cell membranes and purified in detergent micelles, which may result in a severe destabilization and a loss of function. Here, we report insights into differential effects of detergents, lipids and cannabinoid ligands on stability of the recombinant cannabinoid receptor CB2, and provide guidelines for preparation and handling of the fully functional receptor suitable for a wide array of downstream applications. While we previously described the expression in Escherichia coli, purification and liposome-reconstitution of multi-milligram quantities of CB2, here we report an efficient stabilization of the recombinant receptor in micelles - crucial for functional and structural characterization. The effects of detergents, lipids and specific ligands on structural stability of CB2 were assessed by studying activation of G proteins by the purified receptor reconstituted into liposomes. Functional structure of the ligand binding pocket of the receptor was confirmed by binding of 2H-labeled ligand measured by solid-state NMR. We demonstrate that a concerted action of an anionic cholesterol derivative, cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) and high affinity cannabinoid ligands CP-55,940 or SR-144,528 are required for efficient stabilization of the functional fold of CB2 in dodecyl maltoside (DDM)/CHAPS detergent solutions. Similar to CHS, the negatively charged phospholipids with the serine headgroup (PS) exerted significant stabilizing effects in micelles while uncharged phospholipids were not effective. The purified CB2 reconstituted into lipid bilayers retained functionality for up to several weeks enabling high resolution structural studies of this GPCR at physiologically relevant conditions.
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Salon JA, Lodowski DT, Palczewski K. The significance of G protein-coupled receptor crystallography for drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 63:901-37. [PMID: 21969326 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial as molecular sensors for many vital physiological processes, seven-transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of proteins targeted by drug discovery. Together with structures of the prototypical GPCR rhodopsin, solved structures of other liganded GPCRs promise to provide insights into the structural basis of the superfamily's biochemical functions and assist in the development of new therapeutic modalities and drugs. One of the greatest technical and theoretical challenges to elucidating and exploiting structure-function relationships in these systems is the emerging concept of GPCR conformational flexibility and its cause-effect relationship for receptor-receptor and receptor-effector interactions. Such conformational changes can be subtle and triggered by relatively small binding energy effects, leading to full or partial efficacy in the activation or inactivation of the receptor system at large. Pharmacological dogma generally dictates that these changes manifest themselves through kinetic modulation of the receptor's G protein partners. Atomic resolution information derived from increasingly available receptor structures provides an entrée to the understanding of these events and practically applying it to drug design. Supported by structure-activity relationship information arising from empirical screening, a unified structural model of GPCR activation/inactivation promises to both accelerate drug discovery in this field and improve our fundamental understanding of structure-based drug design in general. This review discusses fundamental problems that persist in drug design and GPCR structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Salon
- Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Szymanski DW, Papanastasiou M, Melchior K, Zvonok N, Mercier RW, Janero DR, Thakur GA, Cha S, Wu B, Karger B, Makriyannis A. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics of human cannabinoid receptor 2: covalent cysteine 6.47(257)-ligand interaction affording megagonist receptor activation. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4789-98. [PMID: 21861534 DOI: 10.1021/pr2005583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lack of experimental characterization of the structures and ligand-binding motifs of therapeutic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) hampers rational drug discovery. The human cannabinoid receptor 2 (hCB2R) is a class-A GPCR and promising therapeutic target for small-molecule cannabinergic agonists as medicines. Prior mutational and modeling data constitute provisional evidence that AM-841, a high-affinity classical cannabinoid, interacts with cysteine C6.47(257) in hCB2R transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) to afford improved hCB2R selectivity and unprecedented agonist potency. We now apply bottom-up mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics to define directly the hCB2R-AM-841 interaction at the amino-acid level. Recombinant hCB2R, overexpressed as an N-terminal FLAG-tagged/C-terminal 6His-tagged protein (FLAG-hCB2R-6His) with a baculovirus system, was solubilized and purified by immunochromatography as functional receptor. A multiplex multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-MS method was developed that allowed us to observe unambiguously all seven discrete TMH peptides in the tryptic digest of purified FLAG-hCB2R-6His and demonstrate that AM-841 modifies hCB2R TMH6 exclusively. High-resolution mass spectra of the TMH6 tryptic peptide obtained by Q-TOF MS/MS analysis demonstrated that AM-841 covalently and selectively modifies hCB2R at TMH6 cysteine C6.47(257). These data demonstrate how integration of MS-based proteomics into a ligand-assisted protein structure (LAPS) experimental paradigm can offer guidance to structure-enabled GPCR agonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Szymanski
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, United States
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Solution- and solid-state NMR studies of GPCRs and their ligands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1462-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fan Y, Shi L, Ladizhansky V, Brown LS. Uniform isotope labeling of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein in yeast enables high-resolution solid-state NMR studies in the lipid environment. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2011; 49:151-161. [PMID: 21246256 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-011-9473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of isotope-labeled multi-spanning eukaryotic membrane proteins for structural NMR studies is often challenging. On the one hand, difficulties with achieving proper folding, membrane insertion, and native-like post-translational modifications frequently disqualify bacterial expression systems. On the other hand, eukaryotic cell cultures can be prohibitively expensive. One of the viable alternatives, successfully used for producing proteins for solution NMR studies, is yeast expression systems, particularly Pichia pastoris. We report on successful implementation and optimization of isotope labeling protocols, previously used for soluble secreted proteins, to produce homogeneous samples of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein, rhodopsin from Leptosphaeria maculans. Even in shake-flask cultures, yields exceeded 5 mg of purified uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled protein per liter of culture. The protein was stable (at least several weeks at 5°C) and functionally active upon reconstitution into lipid membranes at high protein-to-lipid ratio required for solid-state NMR. The samples gave high-resolution (13)C and (15)N solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectra, amenable to a detailed structural analysis. We believe that similar protocols can be adopted for challenging mammalian targets, which often resist characterization by other structural methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Structure and dynamics of cholesterol-containing polyunsaturated lipid membranes studied by neutron diffraction and NMR. J Membr Biol 2010; 239:63-71. [PMID: 21161517 PMCID: PMC3030944 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct and quantitative analysis of the internal structure and dynamics of a polyunsaturated lipid bilayer composed of 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0-22:6n3-PC) containing 29 mol% cholesterol was carried out by neutron diffraction, 2H-NMR and 13C-MAS NMR. Scattering length distribution functions of cholesterol segments as well as of the sn-1 and sn-2 hydrocarbon chains of 18:0-22:6n3-PC were obtained by conducting experiments with specifically deuterated cholesterol and lipids. Cholesterol orients parallel to the phospholipids, with the A-ring near the lipid glycerol and the terminal methyl groups 3 Å away from the bilayer center. Previously, we reported that the density of polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) chains was higher near the lipid–water interface. Addition of cholesterol partially redistributes DHA density from near the lipid–water interface to the center of the hydrocarbon region. Cholesterol raises chain-order parameters of both stearic acid and DHA chains. The fractional order increase for stearic acid methylene carbons C8–C18 is larger, reflecting the redistribution of DHA chain density toward the bilayer center. The correlation times of DHA chain isomerization are short and mostly unperturbed by the presence of cholesterol. The uneven distribution of saturated and polyunsaturated chain densities and the cholesterol-induced balancing of chain distributions may have important implications for the function and integrity of membrane receptors, such as rhodopsin.
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Hutchings CJ, Koglin M, Marshall FH. Therapeutic antibodies directed at G protein-coupled receptors. MAbs 2010; 2:594-606. [PMID: 20864805 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important classes of targets for small molecule drug discovery, but many current GPCRs of interest are proving intractable to small molecule discovery and may be better approached with bio-therapeutics. GPCRs are implicated in a wide variety of diseases where antibody therapeutics are currently used. These include inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease, as well as metabolic disease and cancer. Raising antibodies to GPCRs has been difficult due to problems in obtaining suitable antigen because GPCRs are often expressed at low levels in cells and are very unstable when purified. A number of new developments in over-expressing receptors, as well as formulating stable pure protein, are contributing to the growing interest in targeting GPCRs with antibodies. This review discusses the opportunities for targeting GPCRs with antibodies using these approaches and describes the therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical development.
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Smolarek D, Hattab C, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Cochet S, Gutiérrez C, de Brevern AG, Udomsangpetch R, Picot J, Grodecka M, Wasniowska K, Muyldermans S, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Czerwinski M, Bertrand O. A recombinant dromedary antibody fragment (VHH or nanobody) directed against human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3371-87. [PMID: 20458517 PMCID: PMC2966875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fy blood group antigens are carried by the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), a red cells receptor for Plasmodium vivax broadly implicated in human health and diseases. Recombinant VHHs, or nanobodies, the smallest intact antigen binding fragment derivative from the heavy chain-only antibodies present in camelids, were prepared from a dromedary immunized against DARC N-terminal extracellular domain and selected for DARC binding. A described VHH, CA52, does recognize native DARC on cells. It inhibits P. vivax invasion of erythrocytes and displaces interleukin-8 bound to DARC. The targeted epitope overlaps the well-defined DARC Fy6 epitope. K (D) of CA52-DARC equilibrium is sub-nanomolar, hence ideal to develop diagnostic or therapeutic compounds. Immunocapture by immobilized CA52 yielded highly purified DARC from engineered K562 cells. This first report on a VHH with specificity for a red blood cell protein exemplifies VHHs' potentialities to target, to purify, and to modulate the function of cellular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Smolarek
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claude Hattab
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Cochet
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Alexandre G. de Brevern
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Julien Picot
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Grodecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera Wasniowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Colin
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- INSERM, UMR_S 665, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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White JF, Grisshammer R. Stability of the neurotensin receptor NTS1 free in detergent solution and immobilized to affinity resin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12579. [PMID: 20830205 PMCID: PMC2935352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purification of recombinant membrane receptors is commonly achieved by use of an affinity tag followed by an additional chromatography step if required. This second step may exploit specific receptor properties such as ligand binding. However, the effects of multiple purification steps on protein yield and integrity are often poorly documented. We have previously reported a robust two-step purification procedure for the recombinant rat neurotensin receptor NTS1 to give milligram quantities of functional receptor protein. First, histidine-tagged receptors are enriched by immobilized metal affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA resin. Second, remaining contaminants in the Ni-NTA column eluate are removed by use of a subsequent neurotensin column yielding pure NTS1. Whilst the neurotensin column eluate contained functional receptor protein, we observed in the neurotensin column flow-through misfolded NTS1. METHODS AND FINDINGS To investigate the origin of the misfolded receptors, we estimated the amount of functional and misfolded NTS1 at each purification step by radio-ligand binding, densitometry of Coomassie stained SDS-gels, and protein content determination. First, we observed that correctly folded NTS1 suffers damage by exposure to detergent and various buffer compositions as seen by the loss of [(3)H]neurotensin binding over time. Second, exposure to the neurotensin affinity resin generated additional misfolded receptor protein. CONCLUSION Our data point towards two ways by which misfolded NTS1 may be generated: Damage by exposure to buffer components and by close contact of the receptor to the neurotensin affinity resin. Because NTS1 in detergent solution is stabilized by neurotensin, we speculate that the occurrence of aggregated receptor after contact with the neurotensin resin is the consequence of perturbations in the detergent belt surrounding the NTS1 transmembrane core. Both effects reduce the yield of functional receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim F. White
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Grisshammer
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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