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Liu Y, He R. Fasting induces a high level of 3-nitrotyrosine in the brain of rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 472:204-9. [PMID: 20149840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the relationship between hyperglycemia (using diabetic animal model) and plasma nitrotyrosine level has been studied, the effect of hypoglycemia on nitrotyrosine level in the brain has not been addressed. Here, we evaluated nitration of protein, the colocalization of nitration with alpha-synuclein, activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide content using fasting and diabetic animal models. The results showed that signals of alpha-synuclein were widely distributed in most parts of the pallium, midbrain, hippocampus and cerebellum, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. Most signals of the 3-nitrotyrosine were colocalized with those of alpha-synuclein in the midbrain of fasting rats. The level of proteins containing 3-nitrotyrosine was significantly increased in the brain of fasting rats in Western blotting, especially in the midbrain, compared with control rats. In addition, the 3-nitrotyrosine signals increased in hippocampus of diabetic rats. Immunoprecipitation showed that alpha-synuclein was nitrated in the fasting rats. The iNOS activity and nitric oxide levels were significantly increased in both fasting and diabetic animals. The enhanced 3-nitrotyrosine level in the brain of fasting rats suggests that nitration of protein including alpha-synuclein in the midbrain is more affected by hypoglycemia in fasting than hyperglycemia in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Uppu RM, Nossaman BD, Greco AJ, Fokin A, Murthy SN, Fonseca VA, Kadowitz PJ. Cardiovascular effects of peroxynitrite. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:933-7. [PMID: 17645643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Peroxynitrite (PN) is formed in biological systems from the reaction of nitric oxide (*NO) with superoxide (O2(-)*) and both exist as free radicals. By itself, PN is not a free radical, but it can generate nitrogen dioxide (*NO2) and carbonate radical (CO3(-)*) upon reaction with CO2. 2. The reaction of CO2 constitutes a major pathway for the disposition of PN produced in vivo and this is based on the rapid reaction of PN anion with CO2 and the availability of CO2 in both intra- and extracellular fluids. The free radicals *NO2 and CO3(-)*, in combination with *NO, generated from nitric oxide synthase, can bring about oxidation of critical biological targets resulting in tissue injury. However, the reactions of *NO2, CO3(-)* and *NO with carbohydrates, protein and non-protein thiols, phenols, indoles and uric acid could result in the formation of a number of nitration and nitrosation products in the vasculature. These products serve as long-acting *NO donors and, therefore, contribute to vasorelaxant properties, protective effects on the heart, inhibition of leucocyte-endothelial cell interactions and reduction of reperfusion injury. 3. Herein, we review the chemistry of PN, the observations that the effects of PN could be mediated by formation of an *NO donor-like substance and review the physiological and beneficial effects of PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao M Uppu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and the Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Horiguchi T, Uryu K, Giasson BI, Ischiropoulos H, LightFoot R, Bellmann C, Richter-Landsberg C, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Nitration of tau protein is linked to neurodegeneration in tauopathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1021-31. [PMID: 12937143 PMCID: PMC1868254 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrative injury is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS), but no direct evidence links this type of injury to the formation of neurofibrillary tau lesions. To address this, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb), n847, which recognizes nitrated tau and alpha-synuclein. n847 detected nitrated tau in the insoluble fraction of AD, corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and Pick's disease (PiD) brains by Western blots. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that n847 labeled neurons in the hippocampus and neocortex of AD and DS brains. Double-label immunofluorescence with n847 and an anti-tau antibody revealed partial co-localization of tau and n847 positive tangles, while n847 immunofluorescence and Thioflavin-S double-staining showed that a subset of n847-labeled neurons were Thioflavin-S-positive. In addition, immuno-electron microscopy revealed that tau-positive filaments in tangle-bearing neurons were also labeled by n847 and IHC of other tauopathies showed that some of glial and neuronal tau pathologies in CBD, progressive supranuclear palsy, PiD, and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 also were n847-positive. Finally, nitrated and Thioflavin-S-positive tau aggregates were generated in a oligodendrocytic cell line after treatment with peroxynitrite. Taken together, these findings imply that nitrative injury is directly linked to the formation of filamentous tau inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Horiguchi
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kunihiro Uryu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Richard LightFoot
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christine Bellmann
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Richter-Landsberg
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,*Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,†Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Department of Biology,‡Molecular Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Zhou LZ, Johnson AP, Rando TA. NF kappa B and AP-1 mediate transcriptional responses to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:1405-16. [PMID: 11728812 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to induce cellular defense mechanisms in response to environmental challenges is a fundamental property of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. We have previously shown that oxidative challenges lead to an increase in antioxidant enzymes, particularly glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), in mouse skeletal muscle. The focus of the current studies is the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms responsible for these increases. Sequence analysis of the mouse GPx and CAT genes revealed putative binding motifs for NF kappa B and AP-1, transcriptional regulators that are activated in response to oxidative stress in various tissues. To test whether NF kappa B or AP-1 might be mediating the induction of GPx and CAT in muscle cells subjected to oxidative stress, we first characterized their activation by pro-oxidants. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that oxidative stress led to increases in the DNA binding of NF kappa B in differentiated muscle cells. The NF kappa B complexes included a p50/p65 heterodimer, a p50 homodimer, and a p50/RelB heterodimer. AP-1 was also activated, but with slower kinetics than that of NF kappa B. The major component of the AP-1 complexes was a heterodimer composed of c-jun/fos. To test for redox regulation of NF kappa B- or AP-1-dependent transcriptional activation, muscle cells expressing either kappa B/luciferase or TRE/luciferase reporter constructs were subjected to oxidative stress. Pro-oxidant treatment resulted in increased luciferase activity in cells expressing either construct. To test whether NF kappa B mediates oxidant-induced increases of GPx and CAT expression, we transfected cells with either a transdominant inhibitor (I kappa B alpha) or a dominant-negative inhibitor (Delta SP) of NF kappa B. Both inhibitors blocked the induction of antioxidant gene expression by more than 50%. In summary, our results suggest that NF kappa B and AP-1 are important mediators of redox-responsive gene expression in skeletal muscle, and that at least NF kappa B is actively involved in the upregulation of the GPx and CAT in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Duda JE, Giasson BI, Chen Q, Gur TL, Hurtig HI, Stern MB, Gollomp SM, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Widespread nitration of pathological inclusions in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1439-45. [PMID: 11073803 PMCID: PMC1885725 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species may play a mechanistic role in neurodegenerative diseases by posttranslationally altering normal brain proteins. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that an anti-3-nitrotyrosine polyclonal antibody stains all of the major hallmark lesions of synucleinopathies including Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and neuraxonal spheroids in dementia with Lewy bodies, the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease, and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1, as well as glial and neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. This antibody predominantly recognized nitrated alpha-synuclein when compared to other in vitro nitrated constituents of these pathological lesions, such as neurofilament subunits and microtubules. Collectively, these findings imply that alpha-synuclein is nitrated in pathological lesions. The widespread presence of nitrated alpha-synuclein in diverse intracellular inclusions suggests that oxidation/nitration is involved in the onset and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Duda
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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