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Michael F, Mirambo MM, Misinzo G, Minzi O, Beyanga M, Mujuni D, Kalabamu FS, Nyanda EN, Mwanyika-Sando M, Ndiyo D, Kasonogo R, Ismail A, Bahati A, Hassan F, Kaale E, Chai JJ, Kinyunyi P, Kyesi F, Tinuga F, Mongi D, Salehe A, Muhindi B, Mdachi J, Magodi R, Mwenesi M, Nyaki H, Katembo B, Tenga K, Kasya M, Mwengee W, Mshana SE. Trends of measles in Tanzania: A 5-year review of case-based surveillance data, 2018-2022. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 139:176-182. [PMID: 38122965 PMCID: PMC10784152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tanzania observed a gradual increase in the number of measles cases since 2019 with a large outbreak recorded during 2022. This study describes the trend of measles in Tanzania over a 5-year period from 2018-2022. METHODS This was a descriptive study conducted using routine measles case-based surveillance system including 195 councils of the United Republic of Tanzania. RESULTS Between 2018 and 2022 there were 12,253 measles cases reported. Out of 10,691 (87.25%) samples tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 903 (8.4%) were measles immunoglobulin M positive. The highest number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases was in 2022 (64.8%), followed by 2020 (13.8%), and 2019 (13.5%). Out of 1279 unvaccinated cases, 213 (16.7%) were laboratory-confirmed measles cases compared to 77/723 (10.6%) who were partially vaccinated and 71/1121 (6.3%) who were fully vaccinated (P < 0.001). Children aged between 1-4 years constituted the most confirmed measles cases after laboratory testing, followed by those aged 5-9 years. There was a notable increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases in children <1 year and 10-14 years during 2022 compared to previous years. The vaccination coverage of the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) was maintained >90% since 2013 while MCV2 increased gradually reaching 88% in 2022. CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of susceptible children to measles due to suboptimal measles vaccination coverage over the years has resulted in an increase in the number of laboratory-confirmed measles cases in Tanzania with more cases recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening surveillance, routine immunization, and targeted strategies are key to achieving the immunity levels required to interrupt measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Michael
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Mariam M Mirambo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- OR Tambo Africa Research Chair for Viral Epidemics, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Omary Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Medard Beyanga
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Delphinus Mujuni
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Florence S Kalabamu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Elias N Nyanda
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Daniel Ndiyo
- Directorate of Regulatory Services, Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Richard Kasonogo
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abbas Ismail
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Andrew Bahati
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Farida Hassan
- Health System, Impact Evaluation and Policy, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Eliangiringa Kaale
- Pharm R&D Lab and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John J Chai
- District Court of Kwimba, Judiciary of Tanzania, Ngudu, Tanzania
| | - Pricillah Kinyunyi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Kyesi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Florian Tinuga
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Dhamira Mongi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Abdul Salehe
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Mnazimmoja, Zanzibar
| | - Bonaventura Muhindi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mdachi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Richard Magodi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Mwendwa Mwenesi
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Honest Nyaki
- Immunization and Vaccine Development Program, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Betina Katembo
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Tenga
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Magdalena Kasya
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Stephen E Mshana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
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Zhang J, Pritchard E, Hu X, Valentin T, Panilaitis B, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. Stabilization of vaccines and antibiotics in silk and eliminating the cold chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11981-6. [PMID: 22778443 PMCID: PMC3409735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206210109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive biological compounds, such as vaccines and antibiotics, traditionally require a time-dependent "cold chain" to maximize therapeutic activity. This flawed process results in billions of dollars worth of viable drug loss during shipping and storage, and severely limits distribution to developing nations with limited infrastructure. To address these major limitations, we demonstrate self-standing silk protein biomaterial matrices capable of stabilizing labile vaccines and antibiotics, even at temperatures up to 60 °C over more than 6 months. Initial insight into the mechanistic basis for these findings is provided. Importantly, these findings suggest a transformative approach to the cold chain to revolutionize the way many labile therapeutic drugs are stored and utilized throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeney Zhang
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
- Tufts University, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Eleanor Pritchard
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
| | - Xiao Hu
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
| | - Thomas Valentin
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
| | - Bruce Panilaitis
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
| | | | - David L. Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA 02155; and
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de Rizzo E, Pereira CA, Fang FL, Takata CS, Tenório EC, Pral MM, Mendes IF, Gallina NM. [Photosensitivity and stability of freeze-dried and/or reconstituted measles vaccines (Biken CAM-70 strain)]. Rev Saude Publica 1990; 24:51-9. [PMID: 2218376 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101990000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different lots of measles vaccines produced with the Biken CAM-70 virus strain were requested from the central cold store of the Public Health Department of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, and assays on photosensitivity at 2-8 degrees C, and on stability at 28, 36.5 and 45 degrees C were carried out to find out for how long these vaccines would maintain their minimum potency, established as being 3.70 log10 or 5000 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per human dose. The analysis of the adjusted straight regression lines indicated that, with the passage of time, the potency of lyophilized or reconstituted vaccines, as well as of vaccines exposed to or protected from light decreased. Light-exposed vaccines, however, became less potent than vaccines protected from the light. None of the vaccine lots studied, reconstituted and stored at 2-8 degrees C, exhibited homogeneity as to sensitivity to light. When freeze-dried vaccines had their photosensitivity studied at 2-8 degrees C, lots 1 and 2 presented greater thermal degradation when exposed to light than when protected from it. However, in both instances, it was found that potency fell below that taken as minimum for the Biken CAM-70 virus strain. At all other temperatures considered, even when protected from light, lots 1 and 2 did not retain the minimum potency. Lot 3 kept the expected stability for 60 days at 2-8 degrees C when protected from light and for 40 days when unprotected, but its thermal degradation at other temperatures was more intense (28 degrees C: 5 days; 36.5 degrees C: 2 days; 45 degrees C: 0.5 day).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Rizzo
- Seção de Cultura de Tecidos e Controle, Virologia do Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
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