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Effectiveness of different cleaning measures on the bonding of resin cement to saliva-contaminated or blood-contaminated zirconia. J Dent 2022; 120:104084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tilakchand M, Hegde S, Naik B. Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste versus conventionally used intracanal antibiotic pastes and irrigating solutions against a 3-week-old biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:436-440. [PMID: 33911349 PMCID: PMC8066661 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_304_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracanal medicaments have been used during endodontic regenerative procedures to eradicate endodontic pathogens. Aims The aim of our study was (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste over the regularly used calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2), double antibiotic paste (DAP), and modified triple antibiotic paste (M-TAP) and (2) to check the antimicrobial efficacy of irrigating solutions, Chlorhexidine (CHX), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against a 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm. Materials and Methods A total of 112 human extracted teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis for a period of 21 days. A novel antibiotic-steroid paste, Ca (OH) 2, DAP, M-TAP, and a placebo were placed inside the canal, sealed, and incubated in an aerobic environment at 37°C. For irrigating solutions, each prepared sample was immersed in 1 ml of sterile saline for 1 min, followed by irrigating and immersion with 1.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 5 min. An antimicrobial assessment was performed at the end of 2 days and 7 days, with seven teeth from each group, for each time interval. Dentin debris collected was transferred to the respective medium for culture. After 24 h, colonies were counted using classical bacterial counting technique as colony-forming units. Results Statistical analysis revealed that the novel antibiotic-steroid paste showed a statistically insignificant difference when compared to DAP, which had the highest antimicrobial properties. Conclusion This novel functional paste has antimicrobial efficacy comparable with that of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Tilakchand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Sannidhi Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Ndiaye D, Diongue K, Bane K, Niang S, Ndiaye D, Touré B. Recherche de levures dans les primo-infections endodontiques et étude de leur sensibilité à une désinfection à l’hypochlorite de sodium à 2,5 %. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:111-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ndiaye D, Diongue K, Bane K, Seck A, Niang SO, Lèye Benoist F, Ndiaye D, Touré B. [Efficacy of sodium hydroxide at 2.5 %, chlorhexidine gluconate at 0.5 % and calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans]. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:317-322. [PMID: 27198757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic flora is dominated in the apical part of the channels by strict anaerobic and some facultative anaerobic bacteria but also by Candida yeasts, especially Candida albicans species that are involved in the maintenance and persistence of endodontic infections. Their elimination of the canal system in practice by chemo-mechanical methods of disinfection is not always guaranteed. Thus, this in vitro study was performed to determine the sensitivity of C. albicans with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) dosed at 2.5 %, the chlorhexidine digluconate 0.5 % and calcium hydroxide used in inter-session medication. METHODS The diffusion method was used initially to test the sensitivity of C. albicans strains with the above products. Then a dilution technique has allowed us to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of these active products on C. albicans. RESULTS Strains from infected pulp teeth of patients showed a sensitivity of C. albicans to sodium hypochlorite to a minimum inhibitory concentration less than 70μg/mL and 30μg/mL for chlorhexidine. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a sensitivity of C. albicans to sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ndiaye
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - K Diongue
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie, CHU Le Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - K Bane
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Seck
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - S O Niang
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - F Lèye Benoist
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie, CHU Le Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - B Touré
- Département d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta Diop-Dakar BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
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Martin DE, De Almeida JFA, Henry MA, Khaing ZZ, Schmidt CE, Teixeira FB, Diogenes A. Concentration-dependent Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on Stem Cells of Apical Papilla Survival and Differentiation. J Endod 2014; 40:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jungbluth H, Peters C, Peters O, Sener B, Zehnder M. Physicochemical and Pulp Tissue Dissolution Properties of Some Household Bleach Brands Compared with a Dental Sodium Hypochlorite Solution. J Endod 2012; 38:372-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Onay EO, Alikaya C, Seker E. Evaluation of antifungal efficacy of erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser against Candida albicans. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S73-8. [PMID: 20666577 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the ability of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at different energy settings to eliminate Candida albicans, either with or without 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment. METHODS In total, 90 extracted human single-rooted teeth were shaped by using a crown-down technique with HERO Shaper rotary instruments and irrigated with 1 mL of 2.5% NaOCl between each instrument. The specimens were autoclaved and incubated with a suspension of C. albicans (ATCC 90028). Then the specimens were divided into six treatment groups (n = 15 per group): group 1, NaOCl + 1-W laser; group 2, 1-W laser; group 3, NaOCl + 0.75-W laser; group 4, 0.75-W laser, group 5, NaOCl; and group 6, no treatment. Aliquots of the experimental teeth were transferred onto Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates with paper points, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted as a measure of antifungal activity. One root from each group, which was not submitted to the sampling procedure, was fixed in glutaraldehyde, split into two halves, and evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Dunnett t test. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05. RESULTS All the treatment groups resulted in a significant reduction of C. albicans, but no sterilization, and all the groups were significantly different from each other (p < 0.0001). Group 1 (NaOCl and 1-W laser combination) exhibited the greatest reduction, whereas group 5 (NaOCl) resulted in a minimal reduction in CFUs of C. albicans. The SEM observations were in accordance with the microbiologic analysis. CONCLUSIONS The 5.25% NaOCl and 1-W laser treatment combination may be a valuable cleaning tool for root canals infected with C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Olga Onay
- Department of Endodontics, Baskent University, School of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ferreira A, Astolfi Ferreira C, Chacón J, Revolledo L, Gross R, Cotrim E. In vitro virucidal and bactericidal activities of Aviclor (a formulation of sodium dichloroisocyanurate) against pathogens of poultry origin. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mercade M, Duran-Sindreu F, Kuttler S, Roig M, Durany N. Antimicrobial efficacy of 4.2% sodium hypochlorite adjusted to pH 12, 7.5, and 6.5 in infected human root canals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 107:295-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al-Nazhan S, Al-Obaida M. Effectiveness of a 2% chlorhexidine solution mixed with calcium hydroxide againstCandida albicans. AUST ENDOD J 2008; 34:133-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2007.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Waltimo TMT, Sen BH, Meurman JH, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo MPP. Yeasts in apical periodontitis. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 14:128-37. [PMID: 12764075 DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological reports of apical periodontitis have revealed that yeasts can be isolated from approximately 5-20% of infected root canals. They occur either in pure cultures or together with bacteria. Almost all isolated yeasts belong to the genus Candida, and the predominant species is C. albicans. Pheno- and genotypic profiles of C. albicans isolates show heterogeneity comparable with those of isolates from other oral sites. C. albicans expresses several virulence factors that are capable of infecting the dentin-pulp complex, including dentinal tubules. This causes, consequentially, an inflammatory response around the root apex, which suggests a pathogenic role for this organism in apical periodontitis. Yeasts are particularly associated with persistent root canal infections that do not respond favorably to conservative root canal therapy. This may be due to the resistance of all oral Candida species against a commonly used topical medicament, calcium hydroxide. However, other antimicrobial agents may offer alternative therapeutic approaches and improve the treatment of these persistent cases of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M T Waltimo
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Ferguson JW, Hatton JF, Gillespie MJ. Effectiveness of intracanal irrigants and medications against the yeast Candida albicans. J Endod 2002; 28:68-71. [PMID: 11833690 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200202000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of the yeast Candida albicans to various intracanal irrigants and medications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine digluconate, and aqueous calcium hydroxide that is required to kill a standardized inoculum of C. albicans was determined. Growth of the yeast was measured by optical density. Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine digluconate were effective anticandidal agents with MICs of <10 microgram/ml, 234 microgram/ml, and <0.63 microgram/ml, respectively. Aqueous calcium hydroxide had no activity. A standardized inoculum of C. albicans cells was also placed in direct contact with either calcium hydroxide paste or camphorated para-monochlorophenol (CPMC), and candidal growth was assessed by colony counts on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Calcium hydroxide paste and CPMC, when maintained in direct contact with C. albicans, were effective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ferguson
- Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, MO, USA
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Heling I, Rotstein I, Dinur T, Szwec-Levine Y, Steinberg D. Bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite and sodium dichloroisocyanurate solutions in vitro. J Endod 2001; 27:278-80. [PMID: 11485267 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200104000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) were evaluated and compared in vitro. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of NaOCl and NaDCC were tested for Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus salivarius, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The cytotoxic effect was assessed by using human fibroblast tissue culture. Survival rate was assessed by a protein determination method. Results showed that the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration values of NaOCl and NaDCC for the tested bacteria were in a similar range. NaDCC in concentrations higher than 0.02%, and NaOCl in concentrations higher than 0.01% were lethal to fibroblasts. In conclusion it seems that both agents were very effective in killing bacteria, and their cytotoxicity to fibroblasts in tissue culture was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Heling
- Department of Endodontics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Microorganisms are recognized as the etiological agent for the majority of pulpal and periradicular disease. Although bacteria have been the most studied, fungi have also been associated with infected root canals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contents of infected root canals and aspirates of cellulitis/abscesses of endodontic origin for the presence of Candida albicans using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR primers specific for the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of C. albicans were used to survey 24 samples taken from infected root canals and 19 aspirates from periradicular infections of endodontic origins. The presence of C. albicans was detected in 5 of 24 (21%) samples taken from root canals, but none was detected in the periradicular aspirates. The results indicate that PCR is an extremely sensitive molecular method that may be used to identify C. albicans directly in samples from infections of endodontic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Baumgartner
- Department of Endodontology, Oregon Health Sciences University School of Dentistry, Portland 97201, USA
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Sen BH, Akdeniz BG, Denizci AA. The effect of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid on Candida albicans. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2000; 90:651-5. [PMID: 11077392 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2000.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on Candida albicans, comparing it with that of various disinfectants and common antifungal agents. STUDY DESIGN Two clinical oral isolates and 1 standard strain of C albicans were included in this study. Main contents of the test solutions were sodium hypochlorite, EDTA, chlorhexidine, hexetidine, benzalkonium chloride, povidone-iodine, nystatin, and ketoconazole. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal effects of the solutions. Zones of inhibition were recorded and the results were analyzed statistically by using a 2-way analysis of variance. RESULTS EDTA demonstrated the highest antifungal activity in comparison with routine antifungal drugs and all other solutions (P <.0001). Oral cavity isolate was more resistant to the test solutions (P <.0001). CONCLUSION The selection of irrigating and disinfecting solution in root canals of patients with a particularly high incidence of oral candidiasis gains extreme importance. EDTA may be strongly recommended during endodontic therapy of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Sen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Saunders WP, Chestnutt IG, Saunders EM. Factors influencing the diagnosis and management of teeth with pulpal and periradicular disease by general dental practitioners. Part 2. Br Dent J 1999; 187:548-54. [PMID: 10630043 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4800328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify techniques commonly used in the management of periradicular disease by general dental practitioners and to ascertain views on continuing professional education in endodontics. DESIGN Data was collected via a postal questionnaire distributed to 617 general dental practitioners in Scotland (33% of practitioners registered with the Dental Practice Board). RESULTS 417 (69%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Only 24.9% of respondents used rubber dam routinely. The majority of respondents used hand instruments for preparation with either sodium hypochlorite or local anaesthetic being used most frequently for irrigation. The mean time for treatment of a single rooted tooth was 71 minutes. The demand for continuing education courses was high with 340 and 197 respondents requesting endodontic and rubber dam courses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Traditional methods for preparing the root canal using hand instruments were favoured by most dentists. The major disincentive to the use of rotary instruments and new techniques for obturating with thermally softened gutta-percha was expense. The importance of rubber dam isolation requires reiteration and more continuing education courses are required to update clinical skills.
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Amaecha BT, Higham SM, Edgar WM. Effect of sterilisation methods on the structural integrity of artificial enamel caries for intra-oral cariogenicity tests. J Dent 1999; 27:313-6. [PMID: 10193110 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(98)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel blocks bearing artificial caries are used in intra-oral appliances for cariogenicity tests. These blocks are often sterilised to prevent the possibility of cross-infection via this route. This study therefore aimed to determine the effect of sterilisation methods on the structural integrity of artificial enamel caries used for intra-oral cariogenicity tests. Four experimental groups were devised. Ten bovine incisors were used in each group. Artificial caries was produced in each tooth which was subsequently cut into two halves. One half of each tooth was reserved as control while the other was sterilised. The four groups were subjected to respective sterilisation methods: gamma irradiation (approximately equal to 25 KGy), steam autoclaving (121 degrees C for 15 min), sodium hypochlorite (12% w/v for 24 h) and povidone-iodine (7.5% w/v for 24 h). The control and sterilised specimens in each group were examined for microbial growth after incubation in nutrient broth for up to 7 days at 37 degrees C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Mineral loss and lesion depth were quantified from microradiographs of sections from control and sterilised specimens using transverse microradiography. Data were analysed statistically by paired Student's t-test. Microbial growth was observed only in control specimens. Gamma irradiation and NaOCL caused cream discolouration and bleaching of the enamel surface, respectively. Autoclaving, sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine resulted in further demineralisation of the lesions. The four sterilisation methods were all effective sterilants for artificial caries. However, gamma irradiation appears the most acceptable method considering the more adverse effects of the other methods with regards to cariogenicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Amaecha
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, UK.
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Sen BH, Safavi KE, Spångberg LS. Antifungal effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine in root canals. J Endod 1999; 25:235-8. [PMID: 10425946 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(99)80149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of 0.12% chlorhexidine, 1% NaOCl, and 5% NaOCl. Root sections were enlarged and the smear layer was removed in half of the specimens. The specimens were fixed in the wells of tissue culture plates. Each root canal was dispensed with an inoculum of Candida albicans. After 10 days, the root sections were treated with 3 ml of either disinfectant solution for 1 min, 5 min, 30 min, and 1 h. Then, root sections were incubated in test tubes having Sabouraud's Dextrose Broth at 37 degrees C for 24 h. In the presence of the smear layer, antifungal activity was observed only in 1-h treatment groups for all solutions. However, in the absence of the smear layer, 5% NaOCl alone started to show antifungal activity after 30 min. The antimicrobial effectiveness of irrigating solutions should be re-evaluated, particularly in patients predisposed to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Sen
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Turkey
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Siqueira JF, Batista MM, Fraga RC, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod 1998; 24:414-6. [PMID: 9693585 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(98)80023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial effect of endodontic irrigants was evaluated against four black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes and four facultative anaerobic bacteria by means of the agar diffusion test. All solutions used were inhibitory against all bacterial strains tested. A 4% NaOCl solution provided the largest average zone of bacterial inhibition of this study that was significantly superior when compared with the other solutions, except 2.5% NaOCl (p < 0.05). Based on the averages of the diameters of the zones of bacterial growth inhibition, the antibacterial effects of the solutions could be ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: 4% NaOCl; 2.5% NaOCl; 2% chlorhexidine; 0.2% chlorhexidine, EDTA, and citric acid; and 0.5% NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Siqueira
- Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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