The effect of oscillation depolymerization on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-dependent platelet aggregation samples: A cross-over study

INTRODUCTION

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-dependent platelet aggregation (PA) can cause medical errors. Currently, there is no reliable method for completely solving this problem. This study aims to solve this problem that has plagued clinical practice for many years by using oscillation method.

METHODS

Sixty-one EDTA-PA samples were collected, divided, and disaggregated using the oscillation method at various times and speeds. The samples were analyzed using routine blood tests and blood smears.

RESULTS

Platelet counts (PLT) were increased significantly after oscillation. PLT in the 3000 rpm for 0.5 min group was significantly higher than that in the 500 rpm for 0.5 min group (p < 0. 01). After 3000 rpm oscillation, the PLT gradually increased with time, while compared with the 10-min group, the PLT in the 13-min group showed no significant differences. The effective disaggregation rates in the EDTA-PA samples using the oscillation method and sodium citrate anticoagulant were 96.72% and 65.57%, respectively. There were no significant changes in white blood cell (WBC) or red blood cell (RBC) counts or morphology after the use of the oscillation method.

CONCLUSION

The oscillation method effectively depolymerized EDTA-PA without adverse effects on WBC and RBC. The implementation of this technique promises to resolve the issue of EDTA-PA.

The effect of the anti-coagulant EDTA on the deposition and adhesion of whole blood deposits on non-porous substrates

An investigation into whether the addition of a commonly used anti-coagulant agent like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has an impact on the adhesion potential of blood to non-porous substrates was conducted. Two non-porous substrates (aluminum and polypropylene) exhibiting six different surface roughness categories (R1-R6) were used as test substrates upon which either whole blood or blood treated with EDTA was deposited. Samples were exposed to different drying periods (24 hours, 48 hours, and 1 week) before undergoing a tapping agitation experiment in order to evaluate the adhesion to the surface. Clear differences in adhesion potential were observed between whole blood and blood treated with EDTA. Blood treated with EDTA displayed a stronger adhesion strength to aluminum after a drying time of 24 h pre-agitation, while whole blood presented with a stronger adhesion strength at the drying time of 48 h and 1 week. Both EDTA-treated and EDTA-untreated blood was shown to dislodge less easily on polypropylene with the only difference observed on smooth surfaces (0.51-1.50 μm surface roughness). Thus, when conducting transfer studies using smooth hydrophobic substrates like polypropylene or considering the likelihood of transfer given specific case scenarios, differences in adhesion strength of blood due to hydrophobic substrate characteristics and a decreased surface area need to be considered. Overall, whole blood displayed a better adhesion strength to aluminum, emphasizing that indirect transfer probability experiments using EDTA blood on substrates like aluminum should take an increased dislodgment tendency into account in their transfer estimations.

Do Nanoparticles of Calcium Disodium EDTA Minimize the Toxic Effects of Cadmium in Female Rats?

The present study aims to investigate the ability of CaNa2EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) macroparticles and nanoparticles to treat cadmium-induced toxicity in female rats and to compare their efficacies. Forty rats were divided into 4 equal groups: control, cadmium, cadmium + CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and Cd + CaNa2EDTA nanoparticles. Cadmium was added to the drinking water in a concentration of 30 ppm for 10 weeks. CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and nanoparticles (50 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected during the last 4 weeks of the exposure period. Every two weeks, blood and urine samples were collected for determination of urea, creatinine, metallothionein and cadmium concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the skeleton of rats was examined by X-ray and tissue samples from the kidney and femur bone were collected and subjected to histopathological examination. Exposure to cadmium increased the concentrations of urea and creatinine in the serum and the concentrations of metallothionein and cadmium in serum and urine of rats. A decrease in bone mineralization by X-ray examination in addition to various histopathological alterations in the kidney and femur bone of Cd-intoxicated rats were also observed. Treatment with both CaNa2EDTA macroparticles and nanoparticles ameliorated the toxic effects induced by cadmium on the kidney and bone. However, CaNa2EDTA nanoparticles showed a superior efficacy compared to the macroparticles and therefore can be used as an effective chelating antidote for treatment of cadmium toxicity.

Extraction of high quality and high yield RNA from frozen EDTA blood

Peripheral blood RNA profiling, which can reveal systemic changes in gene expression and immune responses to disease onset and progression, is a powerful tool for diagnosis and biomarker discovery. This technique usually requires high quality RNA, which is only obtainable from fresh blood, or frozen blood that has been collected in special RNA-stabilisation systems. The current study aimed to develop a novel protocol to extract high quality RNA from frozen blood that had been collected in the conventional EDTA tubes. We determined that thawing EDTA blood in the presence of cell lysis/RNA stabilisation buffers (Paxgene or Nucleospin) significantly improved RNA quality (RIN) from below 5 to above 7, which to date has not been shown possible. The EDTA-Nucleospin protocol resulted in 5 times higher yield than the EDTA-Paxgene-PreAnalytix method. The average RIN and mRNA expression levels of five different genes including 18 s, ACTB, MCP1, TNFa and TXNIP using this protocol were also indifferent to those from Paxgene blood, suggesting similar RNA quality and blood transcriptome. Moreover, the protocol allows DNA to be extracted simultaneously. In conclusion, we have developed a practical and efficient protocol to extract high quality, high yield RNA from frozen EDTA blood.

Alkylated EDTA potentiates antibacterial photodynamic activity of protoporphyrin

Antibiotic resistance has garnered significant attention due to the scarcity of new antibiotics in development. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated photodynamic therapy shows promise as a novel antibacterial strategy, serving as an alternative to antibiotics. However, the poor solubility of PpIX and its tendency to aggregate greatly hinder its photodynamic efficacy. In this study, we demonstrate that alkylated EDTA derivatives (aEDTA), particularly C14-EDTA, can enhance the solubility of PpIX by facilitating its dispersion in aqueous solutions. The combination of C14-EDTA and PpIX exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) when exposed to LED light irradiation. Furthermore, this combination effectively eradicates S. aureus biofilms, which are known to be strongly resistant to antibiotics, and demonstrates high therapeutic efficacy in an animal model of infected ulcers. Mechanistic studies reveal that C14-EDTA can disrupt PpIX crystallization, increase bacterial membrane permeability and sequester divalent cations, thereby improving the accumulation of PpIX in bacteria. This, in turn, enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the antibacterial photodynamic activity. Overall, this effective strategy holds great promise in combating antibiotic-resistant strains.

Understanding boron toxicity in aquatic plants (Salvinia natans and Lemna minor) in the presence and absence of EDTA

Even though boron is a widely used element in various industries and a contributor to water pollution worldwide, few studies have examined the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants. EDTA is used to maintain aquatic plants cultures, however it is possible to modify the toxicity of metals. The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of boron in aquatic plants and explore the impact of EDTA presence on the resulting toxic responses. Floating watermoss Salvinia natans and duckweed Lemna minor were exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L for 7 days and 1 to 60 mg/L for 3 days, respectively. Growth and photosynthetic activity parameters were investigated in the presence and absence of EDTA. Growth inhibitions in both aquatic plants were observed in a concentration-dependent manner, irrespective of the presence or absence of EDTA. For instance, based on the specific growth rate (leaves coverage), EC10 values for S. natans were calculated as 12.7 (9.9-15.3) mg/L and 8.0 (5.8-10.3) mg/L with and without EDTA, respectively. In the case of L. minor, EC10 values were calculated as 1.3 (0.8-1.89) mg/L and 2.0 (0.4-4.3) mg/L with EDTA without EDTA, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the photosynthetic capacity, however there was no change in the increase of boron concentration. Generally, negligible effects of EDTA to the toxicity of boron were observed in the present study. By comparing toxicity results based on the presence and absence of EDTA, which is an essential element in the test medium, the results of this study are expected to be utilized for the ecological risk assessment of boron in aquatic ecosystems.

Effect of final irrigation protocols with chitosan nanoparticle and genipin on dentine against collagenase degradation: An ex-vivo study

AIM

Endodontic irrigants may affect the mechanical and chemical properties of dentine. This study evaluated the effects of various final irrigation protocols including the use of chitosan nanoparticle (CSnp) and cross-linking with genipin on the (1) mechanical and (2) chemical properties of dentine against enzymatic degradation.

METHODOLOGY

CSnp was synthesized and characterized considering physiochemical parameters and stability. The root canals of 90 single-rooted teeth were prepared and irrigated with NaOCl. Dentine discs were obtained and divided into groups according to the following irrigation protocols: Group NaOCl+EDTA, Group NaOCl+CSnp, Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp, Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin, Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin and Group distilled water. (1) Mechanical changes were determined by microhardness analysis using Vickers-tester. (2) Chemical changes were determined by evaluating molecular and elemental compositions of dentine using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, respectively. All analyses were repeated after the discs were kept in collagenase for 24 h. Data were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction for microhardness analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests for FTIR and SEM/EDS analyses (p = .05).

RESULTS

(1) Collagenase application did not have a negative effect on microhardness only in Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin when compared with the post-irrigation values (p > .05). Post-collagenase microhardness of Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp and Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin was similar to the initial microhardness (p > .05). (2) After collagenase, Amide III/PO 4 3 - ratio presented no change in Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp, Group NaOCl+CSnp+Genipin and Group NaOCl+EDTA+CSnp+Genipin (p > .05), while decreased in other groups (p < .05). Collagenase did not affectCO 3 2 - /PO 4 3 - ratio in the groups (p > .05). There were no changes in the groups in terms of elemental level before and after collagenase application (p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

CSnp and genipin positively affected the microhardness and molecular composition of dentine. This effect was more pronounced when CSnp was used after EDTA.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid activated by laser and ultrasonic energy on surface morphology and chemical composition of intracanal dentin

The aim of the study was to evaluate the structural and chemical changes in intracanal dentin after root canal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) using additional activation with a novel Er:YAG Shock Wave-Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming (SWEEPS), ultrasonic irrigation (UI), and Nd:YAG irradiation. Root canals of extracted human premolars were instrumented with distilled water and distributed into groups according to the irrigation protocol used: Group 1: conventional needle irrigation (CI) with 3% NaOCl; group 2: CI with 15% EDTA; and group 3: CI with NaOCl+EDTA. In group 4, root canals were irrigated with NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl using the following techniques: CI (group 4A), SWEEPS (group 4B), UI (group 4C). In group 4D, root canals were finally irradiated with Nd:YAG laser. After the irrigation, the intracanal dentin sample was collected and analyzed using spectroscope with a Fourier transformation of infrared spectrum in Attenuated total reflection technique (FTIR-ATR) to calculate apatite/collagen ratio. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to determine its chemical composition. FTIR-ATR showed no significant difference in the phosphate/amid I ratio between the control and the experimental groups (p > 0.05). SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P (p < 0.05) value compared to CI and control group, and canal wall erosion. SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P value and significant canal wall erosion. However, no difference in phosphate/amide ratio was reported among groups. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: SWEEPS and UI of NaOCl+EDTA+NaOCl caused the most pronounced decrease of Ca and P values and significant canal wall erosion. There was no difference in phosphate/amide ratio among the irrigation protocols.

Rational design of EDTA-incorporated nanoflowers as novel and effective endodontic disinfection against biofilms

The ethylenediaminetetradiacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most commonly used irrigation solutions. Although EDTA has a very low antimicrobial property, it is used to remove inorganic part of smear layer in areas of root canal system. Herein, we developed EDTA-incorporated nanoflowers (EDTA NFs), for the first time, as novel and effective irrigation solution with quite high antimicrobial property to provide complete disinfection in root canal system. We both systematically elucidated the formation of the EDTA NFs with various techniques, and their catalytic and antimicrobial activities in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were documented through intrinsic EDTA property and peroxidase-like activities.

Effects of endodontic irrigation solutions on structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of coronal dentin: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to assess structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of coronal dentin after endodontic irrigation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Reporting followed the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Records filtered by language and published up to November 4, 2022 were independently screened by two researchers. Studies evaluating structural, chemical, or mechanical properties of human permanent coronal dentin after irrigation within the scope of nonsurgical root canal treatment were included. Data were extracted regarding study type, sample description and size, experimental groups, outcome, evaluation method, and main findings.

RESULTS

From the initial 1916 studies, and by adding 2 cross-references, 11 in vitro studies were included. Seven studies provide ultrastructural and/or chemical characterization, and six assessed microhardness and/or flexural strength. One percent to 8% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 1%-17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were the most commonly tested solutions, with contact times of 2-240 min (NaOCl) and 1-1440 min (EDTA) being evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the literature is consensual regarding the inevitable impact of NaOCl and chelating agents on coronal dentin, with both deproteinizing and decalcifying effects being concentration- and time-dependent. The alteration of mechanical parameters further confirmed the surface and subsurface ultrastructural and chemical changes.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Endodontic treatment success highly depends on restorative sealing. Understanding the result of exposing coronal dentin, the main substrate for bonding, to irrigants' action is crucial. The deproteinizing and decalcifying effects of NaOCl and chelating agents are both concentration- and time-dependent, causing surface and subsurface ultrastructural, chemical, and mechanical alterations.

Evaluation of the effect of graphene oxide-based nanocomposites on smear layer by a scanning electron microscope: Laboratory investigation

This study is to examine the effect of graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based nanocomposites (GO_EDTA, GO_CHIT) on the smear layer by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sixty human single-rooted anterior teeth were used. Samples were randomly categorised into six groups. Distilled water in group 1, 17% EDTA in group 2, chitosan (CHIT) solution in group 3, GO solution in group 4, GO_EDTA solution in group 5 and GO_CHIT in group 6 were used as irrigation solutions. Photomicrographs were acquired from the coronal, middle and apical parts of the samples by SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups (p < 0.003). Adding GO to CHIT and EDTA did not affect removing the smear layer in all segments (p < 0.003). Incorporating GO into EDTA and CHIT solutions did not change their interaction with the smear layer.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and dual-rinse irrigation on dentin adhesion using an etch-and-rinse or self-etch approach

The aim was to investigate the influence of endodontic irrigation solutions and protocols on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using an etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) adhesive approach. Eighty extracted human molars were ground to dentin. After pretreating for 27 min (21 min-3 min-3 min) with five different endodontic irrigation protocols (Group 1: NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl; Group 2: NaOCl-NaOCl-EDTA; Group 3: NaOCl-NaCl-NaOCl; Group 4: Dual Rinse-Dual Rinse-Dual Rinse; Group 5: NaCl-NaCl-NaCl), an ER (Optibond FL, Kerr) or a SE (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) adhesive system was applied. After light-curing, composite build-ups were made and cut into dentin-composite sticks. μTBS and failure modes were analyzed. Nonparametric statistical analyses (α = 0.05) were performed for comparison of the five groups within each type of adhesive as well as between the two adhesive systems used. The use of an ER instead of a SE adhesive system resulted in significantly higher μTBS for all irrigation protocols except for group 1 (NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl) and 2 (NaOCl-NaOCl-EDTA). A statistical difference between the five different endodontic irrigation protocols was only found within the SE adhesive group, where group 1 (NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl) achieved highest values. The use of an ER adhesive system cancels out the effect of the endodontic irrigation solution. The highest μTBS was achieved when using a NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl-irrigation protocol in combination with Clearfil SE Bond, which shows that the selection of the endodontic irrigation should match the corresponding SE adhesive system.

COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID AND LITHIUM HEPARIN ON HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN BLANDING'S TURTLES (EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII), PAINTED TURTLES (CHRYSEMYS PICTA), AND COMMON SNAPPING TURTLES (CHELYDRA SERPENTINA)

Hematology is a routine component of clinical management in veterinary patients. Anticoagulant choice can profoundly influence morphologic assessment of erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and their subsequent quantification. Previous chelonian studies suggest that lithium heparin (LH) is a superior anticoagulant due to hemolysis resulting from dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (dEDTA) in some species. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of dEDTA and LH on hematologic values in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii, n = 35), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta, n = 34), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina, n = 36). We collected samples from free-ranging turtles and immediately divided whole blood into LH and dEDTA tubes. Packed cell volume, total solids, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell counts, and differential leukocyte counts were determined. Hemolysis was observed macro- and microscopically in dEDTA samples from painted turtles and common snapping turtles. Packed cell volume and heterophil:lymphocyte was lower and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was higher in LH samples from painted turtles (p, 0.05). In snapping turtles, the PCV, number of monocytes, and number of eosinophils was lower in LH samples (p, 0.05). In Blanding's turtles, the number of eosinophils and basophils was higher in LH samples, while heterophil counts were lower (p, 0.05). Anticoagulant choice created constant and proportional bias for multiple analytes in a species-dependent fashion. LH is the recommended anticoagulant for hematology in painted turtles and common snapping turtles. Either LH or dEDTA may be used in Blanding's turtles, though anticoagulant-specific reference intervals may be necessary.

Multianticoagulant Pseudothrombocytopenia in a Patient with Primary Carcinoma of the Liver with Hypersplenism

BACKGROUND

Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) is a relatively rare phenomenon in vitro, the mechanism is not completely clear, and there is no unified solution for it. How to identify and solve PTCP accurately is a challenge for laboratory personnel.

METHODS

According to the patient's clinical manifestations, thrombocytopenia caused by hypersplenism was excluded. PTCP was confirmed by platelet volume histograms, scattergrams and platelet clumps on the blood smears. Commonly used alternative anticoagulants such as sodium citrate or heparin were used for platelet counting. The corrective effect of the platelet count was not good, so non-anticoagulant blood was collected and tested immediately, and blood smears were used to count platelets manually.

RESULTS

The PTCP of the patient could not be solved using sodium citrate and heparin anticoagulation. By collecting non-anticoagulant blood and testing immediately, the platelet count returned to normal (180 x 109/L), which is consistent with the results of manual counting on the patient's blood smears (175 x 109/L).

CONCLUSIONS

When PTCP is confirmed, commonly used alternative anticoagulants can be used. If these do not work, non-anticoagulant blood can be collected and tested immediately, and blood smears can be used to count platelets manually.

Effect of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid and EDTA-2Na against mixed infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

BACKGROUND

The increasing abundance of drug-resistant bacteria is a global threat. Photodynamic therapy is an entirely new, non-invasive method for treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. We previously described the bactericidal effect of photodynamic therapy on infections caused by a single type of bacterium. We showed that gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria could be killed with 5-aminolevulic acid and 410 nm light, respectively. However, clinically, mixed infections are common and difficult to treat.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the bactericidal effects of photodynamic therapy on mixed infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS

We compared bacterial growth with and without photodynamic therapy in vitro. Then, in vivo, we studied mixed infections in a mouse skin ulcer model. We evaluated the rates of ulcer area reduction and transitions to healing in treated and untreated mice. In addition, a comparison was made between PDT and existing topical drugs.

RESULTS

We found that photodynamic therapy markedly reduced the growth of both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in culture, and it reduced the skin ulcer areas in mice. PDT was also more effective than existing topical medicines.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that photodynamic therapy had antibacterial effects against a mixed infection of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and it promoted skin ulcer healing. These results suggested that photodynamic therapy could be effective in both single- and mixed-bacterial infections.

The efficacy of 2780 nm Er,Cr;YSGG and 940 nm Diode Laser in root canal disinfection: A randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

Effective disinfection of the root canals is the cornerstone of successful endodontic treatment. Diminishing the microbial load within the root canal system is crucial for healing in endodontically treated teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm diode lasers on the eradication of microorganisms from single-rooted teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty participants conforming to the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the disinfection protocol used; Conventional group: 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA solution NaOCl/EDTA, Dual laser group: 2780 nm Erbium, chromium: yttrium scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and 940 nm diode laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode, and Combined group: 17% EDTA and 940 nm diode laser EDTA/Diode. Bacterial samples were collected before and after intervention. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Friedman's test and Kruskal-Wallis test (P ≤ 0.05).

RESULTS

The results of the study showed that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups showed significantly less mean Log10 CFU/ml of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts than the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study we evaluated in vivo the bactericidal efficacy of three disinfection protocols for endodontic treatment of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis. The results indicated that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups provide superior bactericidal effect compared to the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The integration of lasers into root canal disinfection protocols has demonstrated significant bacterial reduction which might promote healing and long-term success.

Novel multiplexed alkali enzyme lysis coupled with EDTA pretreatment for RNA virus extraction from wastewater sludge: Optimization, recovery, and detection

RNA viruses are readily enriched in wastewater sludge owing to adsorption by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) during wastewater treatment, causing pathogenicity. However, conventional wastewater extraction methods often fail to fully extract these viruses from sludge. In this study, three methods: enzymatic (ENP), alkaline (ALP), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pretreatments were applied to sludges and promote the RNA virus extraction from sludge. Our results show that the total recovery rate of RNA viruses increased by 87.73% after ENP pretreatment, whereas ALP pretreatment inhibited virus extraction. The highest recovery rate of viruses from sludge, reaching 296.80%, was achieved with EDTA pretreatment (EDP) coupled with ENP. Notably, the most significant increase was observed in the abundance of Astroviruses, which increased from 7.60 × 107 to 7.86 × 108 copies/g TSS after EDP + ENP treatment. Our investigations revealed that virus extraction was affected by a class of short-wavelength protein substances, as opposed to tryptophan or tyrosine, which were eluted by proteins with beef paste buffer by substitution after EDP + ENP treatment. The results of this study provide essential insights for sludge-based epidemiology with the required sensitivity for managing the extraction of RNA epidemic viruses to control viral transmission.

Effect of EDTA Activation on Blood Clot Structure in Regenerative Endodontics: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study

INTRODUCTION

EDTA plays a crucial role in regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) because of its significant biological effects. However, EDTA is also recognized as the preferred anticoagulant for hematologic tests. Thus, this study aimed to assess the influence of different EDTA activation techniques on the morphology of blood clots after conditioning the root canal dentin.

METHODS

Forty extracted human teeth were prepared to simulate immature teeth and divided into the following 5 groups: (1) saline solution (negative control), (2) EDTA 17% + saline solution (CNI), (3) CNI + ultrasonic activation, (4) CNI + Easy clean activation, and (5) CNI + XP-endo Finisher activation. After irrigation, the roots were cleaved, and the root canals were filled with human blood to clot formation. The morphology and density of erythrocytes, platelets, and the fibrin network were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The fibrin network density was classified using a 4-point scale. Data were analyzed using the Friedman test and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni adjustment (α = 5%).

RESULTS

All groups exhibited consistent blood clot morphology characterized by a high density of erythrocytes, platelets, and white blood cells throughout the entire length of the root canal. The negative control group showed statistically significant high scores of fibrin density compared with the CNI group in all root thirds (P < .05). However, there was no statistical difference in the scores for the fibrin network density between the groups irrigated with EDTA with and without activation (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

EDTA may impair the fibrin network formation compared with the saline group. However, EDTA activation did not significantly change the effects on the blood clot in contact with the conditioned intraradicular dentin.

Citric Acid Conditioning as an Alternative to EDTA for Growth Factors Release and Stem Cell Response in Regenerative Endodontics: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

INTRODUCTION

Citric acid (CA) conditioning may be a promising alternative to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in regenerative endodontic procedures, as reported to improve growth factors' release from dentin. This review systematically investigated the effect of CA conditioning on the growth factors release from dentin and cell behavior compared to EDTA conditioning.

METHODS

Searches were conducted (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, SciELO, Cochrane Library, and grey literature) until May-2023. Only in vitro studies that evaluated the effects of CA on growth factors' release from dentin and cell behavior outcomes compared to EDTA were included. The studies were critically appraised using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute's checklist. Meta-analysis was unfeasible.

RESULTS

Out of the 335 articles screened, nine were included. Among these, three studies used dentin discs/roots from permanent human teeth; the rest combined them with stem cells. 10% CA for 5 or 10 minute was the most used protocol. Meanwhile, EDTA concentrations ranged from 10% to 17%. In eight studies examining the release of growth factors, five reported a significant release of transforming growth factor-β after dentin conditioning with 10% CA compared to 17% EDTA. Regarding cell behavior (6 studies), three studies assessed cell viability. The findings revealed that 10% CA conditioning showed cell viability similar to those of 17% EDTA. Additionally, in two out of three studies, it was observed that 10% CA conditioning did not affect cell morphology. The studies had a low risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of 10% CA to condition dentin for 5-10 minutes resulted in a notable transforming growth factor -β1 release, but its cell responses were similar to those of EDTA.

Eco-friendly approach to decrease the harmful effects of untreated wastewater on growth, yield, biochemical constituents, and heavy metal contents of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Here, the impact of irrigation using untreated wastewater (WW) on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was examined. We hypothesized that the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), dry algal powder (Spirulina platensis or Chlorella vulgaris), and Salix alba leaves powder would function as chelators for harmful contaminants in wastewater. The findings showed that irrigation of carrot plants with the sampled untreated wastewater led to significant decreases in the shoot lengths, fresh, dry weights of shoots and roots at stage I, the diameter of roots, pigment content, carotenoids, total soluble carbohydrate content, and soluble protein content. Furthermore, a significantly increased level of proline, total phenols, and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) was identified in stage I samples. In contrast to the stage I, the length of the roots, the number of leaves on each plant, wet and dry weights of the stage II roots were all greatly enhanced. In spite of the increased yield due to the wastewater irrigation, carrot roots irrigated with wastewater had significantly more cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) than is considered safe. Our data clearly show that the application of Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, EDTA, and leaves powder of salix was able to alleviate the toxicity of wastewater on carrot plants. For example, we recorded a significant decrease in the accumulation of carrot's Cd, Ni, Co, and Pb contents. We conclude that the treatments with Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris can be utilized as eco-friendly tools to lessen the damaging effects of wastewater irrigation on carrot plants.

Antibacterial Synthetic Nanocelluloses Synergizing with a Metal-Chelating Agent

Antibacterial materials composed of biodegradable and biocompatible constituents that are produced via eco-friendly synthetic strategies will become an attractive alternative to antibiotics to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, we demonstrated the antibacterial properties of nanosheet-shaped crystalline assemblies of enzymatically synthesized aminated cellulose oligomers (namely, surface-aminated synthetic nanocelluloses) and their synergy with a metal-chelating antibacterial agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Growth curves and colony counting assays revealed that the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies had an antibacterial effect against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli). The cationic assemblies appeared to destabilize the cell wall of E. coli through electrostatic interactions with anionic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on the outer membrane. The antibacterial properties were significantly enhanced by the concurrent use of EDTA, which potentially removed metal ions from LPS molecules, resulting in synergistic bactericidal effects. No antibacterial activity of the surface-aminated cellulose assemblies was observed against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus even in the presence of EDTA, further supporting the contribution of electrostatic interactions between the cationic assemblies and anionic LPS to the activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring revealed the attractive interaction of the surface-aminated cellulose assembly with LPS Ra monolayers artificially produced on the device substrate.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on TGF-β release from dentin, migration and viability of dental pulp stem cells in regenerative endodontics treatment: An ex vivo study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are oriented by the principles of tissue engineering, incorporating dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), crucial growth factors like Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), and scaffolds to facilitate the regeneration of dental pulp tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, using an 808 nm diode laser on cellular modulation mechanisms in REPs.

METHOD AND MATERIAL

A total of 108 human dentin discs obtained from intact single root teeth were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 8): 1. Positive control (EDTA), 2. PBM-1 (3 J/cm2), 3. PBM-2 (5 J/cm2), 4. EDTA+PBM-1, 5. EDTA+PBM-2, and 6. Negative control (NaOCl). Then, an extract solution was prepared from each disc and the concentration of released TGF-β1 from the discs was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the extract solution was added to DPSC culture medium to evaluate cell viability and migration through MTT assay and scratch test, respectively.

RESULT

The group exposed to PBM-1 showed the highest cell viability, while treatment with EDTA and EDTA+PBM-2 decreased cellular viability. Also, the PBM-treated groups showed significantly higher release of TGF-β1 compared to the negative control. EDTA and EDTA+PBM-1 showed the highest release among all the groups. No significant difference was found between EDTA and EDTA+PBM-1, as well as between PBM-1 and PBM-2. Moreover, the PBM-1 group exhibited the highest migration after 24 h, which was significantly greater than other groups, except for the PBM-2 group.

CONCLUSION

According to the obtained data, 808 nm mediated-PBM (3 J/cm2), both independently and in conjunction with EDTA, enhanced the release of TGF-β1 from dentin and improved cell viability and migration of DPSCs. It seems that, PBM under the specific parameters employed in this study, could be an effective adjunctive therapy in REPs.

In Vitro Evaluation of Smear Layer and Debris Removal and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Irrigating Solutions

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the smear layer and debris removal and antimicrobial activity of two dual-action irrigating solutions for continuous chelation (Triton; Brasseler, Savannah, USA and Dual Rinse HEDP; Medcem GmbH, Weinfelden, Switzerland) with a dual step irrigation protocol with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

METHODS

Thirty single-rooted single-canal teeth were divided into three groups (n=10) and irrigated with Triton, Dual Rinse HEDP mixed with 6% NaOCl and 6% NaOCl/17% EDTA. The teeth were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess the canal wall cleanliness. In addition, 80 dentine discs were contaminated with Candida albicans and 80 discs with Enterococcus faecalis and irrigated with Triton, Dual Rinse HEDP mixed with 6% NaOCl and 6% NaOCl/17% EDTA or not treated (n=20). Fifteen discs were used to evaluate colony-forming units, while 5 discs were analysed by SEM. Data were analysed using the Shapiro- Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and One-Way ANOVA tests.

RESULTS

Triton was statistically more effective than Dual Rinse HEDP and NaOCl/EDTA in removing debris (p<0.05), except with NaOCl/EDTA in the coronal third. Triton was more effective than Dual Rinse HEDP in removing the smear layer from the apical and middle thirds (p<0.05). All the irrigation protocols significantly re- duced the number of E. faecalis. The Triton group showed the lowest number of remaining C. albicans (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Triton was the most effective irrigation solution in removing debris and as effective as NaOCl/ EDTA in removing the smear layer. Triton showed the highest efficacy against C. albicans. New irrigating solutions that provide continuous chelation may provide an alternative to current irrigation protocols.

Precision-milled simulated curved root canals in bovine dentine for the assessment of chemo-mechanical root canal preparation

AIM

The aim was to develop a standardized curved root canal model in bovine dentine and to assess whether that natural substrate would behave differently from the resin in standard plastic training blocks when prepared chemo-mechanically. The impact of substrate microhardness on simulated canal transportation was considered.

METHODOLOGY

High-precision computer numerical control (CNC) milling was used to recreate a simulated root canal from a resin training block (Endo Training Bloc J-Shape, size 15) in longitudinally sectioned, dis- and re-assembled bovine incisor roots. Optical overlays obtained from 10 resin blocks were used to identify an average canal and program the CNC milling apparatus accordingly. Resin and dentine microhardness were measured. Simulated root canals in resin training blocks and their bovine counterparts were then instrumented at 37°C using Reciproc R25 instruments (VDW) with water or 17% EDTA (n = 10). Open-access image processing software was used to superimpose and analyse pre- and postoperative images obtained with a digital microscope. Centering ratios were averaged to indicate canal transportation. The effects of substrate and irrigant on canal transportation were assessed by two-way anova.

RESULTS

Superimposed images showed that resin blocks under investigation varied considerably in terms of simulated canal length and curvature, whilst the milled canals were highly similar. The microhardness of dentine was more than three times higher than that of the resin. Conversely, canal transportation was considerably greater in dentine compared to resin, and in dentine had a tendency to be increased by EDTA. There was a strong effect of substrate on canal transportation (p < .001), no overall effect of irrigant, and a marginally significant interaction between irrigant and substrate (p = .077).

CONCLUSIONS

CNC milling allows to create standardized simulated curved root canals in bovine dentine. These models may be useful to test and compare materials and concepts of chemo-mechanical root canal instrumentation. Microhardness is a bulk feature that does not predict the response to chemo-mechanical instrumentation of a composite material such as dentine.

Potential low-impact immunogen for the production of anti-bothropic serum: Bothrops alternatus venom treated with Na2EDTA

This study proposes an alternative method using Na2EDTA to neutralize B. alternatus venom and using it as an immunogen from the start of inoculation to minimize side effects and enhance antivenom production. To achieve this, 1.8 mg/mL of B. alternatus venom (B.aV) was treated with Na2EDTA, and any extra chelate was eliminated by filtering the resulting solution through a Sephadex G-25 column. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously on days 1, 15 and 30 with B.aV/Na2EDTA (45, 90, 135 μg/mouse) or B.aV (15, 30, 45 μg/mouse), respectively. Both formulations were emulsified with Freund's adjuvant (complete first and incomplete-booster). Blood samples were collected from each mouse on days 14, 29, 41, and 50 post-first immunization, and serum was separated for antibody detection. Animals were then sacrificed and lungs removed for histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin). Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA (anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA) recognized the major venom proteins (20-66 kDa) similarly to the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV (anti-B.aV). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that the anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA had a higher titer (5.76 × 104) than those the anti-B.aV (1.92 × 104). Additionally, sera from animals immunized with B.aV/Na2EDTA significantly neutralized proteolytic, indirect hemolytic and coagulant activity (p < 0.05). Finally, histological examination of the lungs of mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA showed normal appearance, while animals inoculated with B.aV showed interstitial lung injury (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the B.aV/Na2EDTA formulation, free of excess Na2EDTA, proved to be a promising candidate as an immunogen for antivenom production.

COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF LITHIUM HEPARIN AND DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID ON HEMATOLOGIC VALUES IN PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKES (CROTALUS VIRIDIS) AND LAKE ERIE WATER SNAKES (NERODIA SIPEDON INSULARUM)

Anticoagulants prevent clotting of blood samples and preserve cellular morphology for hematologic evaluations, but studies comparing anticoagulants are limited in snakes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lithium heparin (LH) and dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on hematologic values in prairie rattlesnakes (PR; Crotalus viridis, n = 16) and Lake Erie water snakes (LEWS; Nerodia sipedon insularum, n = 21). Venipuncture was performed and blood samples were immediately aliquoted into LH and EDTA microtainers. Packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), 100-cell differential counts, and Avian Leukopet white blood cell counts (WBC) were determined for each anticoagulant. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots revealed that anticoagulant choice did not constantly or proportionally bias the values of any WBC parameter. Mixed models demonstrated that blood anticoagulated with EDTA had higher PCV in PR (P = 0.04) and TS in both species (P < 0.05). However, the magnitude of the differences attributable to anticoagulant choice was relatively small and likely not clinically important. Hemolysis was not appreciated in any samples. Our findings demonstrate that LH and EDTA are equally appropriate for use in PR and LEWS, but may require separate reference values.

Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Chelating Agents on Mineral Content and Erosion of Radicular Dentine: A FESEM-EDS Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Irrigating solutions play an important role in the debridement and disinfection of the root canal space, and thus, it is crucial to comprehend their effects on the composition and surface structure of radicular dentine. This study evaluated and compared the effects of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 9% 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) and 0.2% chitosan on the mineral content and erosion of radicular dentine when used as a final rinse.

METHODS

Sixty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated and instrumented to ProTaper size F2. After final instrumentation, the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to the type of final irrigant used: Normal saline (control), 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the erosion of radicular dentine, and energy dispersive X- ray spectroscopy was used to quantify the radicular dentine mineral composition at the coronal, middle and apical levels of all the prepared samples after final irrigation. The one-way analysis of variance was used for intra-group and inter-group comparisons of means, the Kruskal Wallis test for intra-group and inter-group comparisons of medians and Tukey's post hoc test for pairwise comparisons.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and Ca/P ratio after final rinse with 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan at all three root levels (p>0.05); except at the coronal level, where 0.2% chitosan caused significantly less alteration in Ca levels and Ca/P ratio than 17% EDTA and 9% HEBP respectively (p<0.05). 17% EDTA, 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan caused no erosion at the middle and apical levels. Meanwhile, 17% EDTA and 9% HEBP caused moderate erosion at the coronal level.

CONCLUSION

Alternatives to 17% EDTA during final irrigation can be 9% HEBP and 0.2% chitosan. (EEJ-2023-06-078).

Effect of MMP Inhibitors on the Bond Strength of Fibre Posts After Ageing

AIM

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors on the bond strength of resin-cemented fibre posts to radicular dentin under an aged-loaded condition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Radicular dentin was prepared and irrigated by MMP inhibitor solution after root canal obturation in 60 extracted single-rooted teeth based on 6 groups: (1) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) + loaded; (2) CHX + unloaded; (3) 0.5% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) + loaded; (4) BAC + unloaded; (5) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) + loaded; and (6) EDTA + unloaded. After final rinsing, all specimens were sliced cross-sectionally and kept in a water bath for 12 months of ageing. Groups 1, 3, and 5 were subjected to cyclic loading. Push-out tests were conducted using a universal testing machine, and failure mode was examined. The data were analysed using 3-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests at α = 0.05.

RESULTS

BAC + unloaded demonstrated the highest mean bond strength (3.12 ± 0.18 MPa; P < .001), while the BAC + loaded and CHX + loaded groups showed a significantly lower push-out bond strength than their unloaded counterparts. Mixed adhesive-cohesive failure was the most common failure mode observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Without cycling loading, BAC was superior to CHX and EDTA in preserving the bond strength of resin-cemented fibre posts after 12 months of ageing. Loading significantly weakened the effectiveness of BAC and CHX in preserving the bond strength.

Impact of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid on physiochemical parameters and yield attribute in two varieties of Brassica juncea under lead stress

Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic elements on earth. The harmful effects of Pb at higher concentrations were seen on plant vegetation because plants are directly exposed towards it. Indian mustard, a well-known hyperaccumulator plant is the most promising crop for the environment, engaged in a variety of scenarios for ecological cleanup. In the present study, we used ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a chelating agent that is of remarkable efficiency. The pot experiments were conducted in soil pretreated with 1000 mgkg-1 Pb with different concentrations of EDTA (2-10 mmol). All the growth parameters were reduced significantly in the plants treated with Pb and EDTA, however, a non-significant effect was observed in 5 mmol EDTA compared to Pb alone treatment. Photosynthetic pigments yield, nitrate reductase activity and NPK content were affected negatively; in contrast, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was increased in Pb and Pb+EDTA treated in both the varieties. The Pb accumulation was elevated significantly by the augmentation of 5 mmol EDTA in both varieties. Accumulation of Pb in the shoot was higher in PM 25 than in P. Vijay, whereas root Pb accumulation showed the opposite, i.e., more Pb in roots of P. Vijay than PM 25. Moreover, The Pb accumulation per plant was observed more in P. Vijay as compared to PM 25. Hence, the present study implies that the augmentation of Pb-polluted soil with EDTA works well while dealing with B. juncea assisted phytoremediation and P. Vijay to be a stronger variety than PM 25. Further, 5 mmol of EDTA was optimum for phytoremediation of the soil polluted with up to 1000 mg Pb kg-1 soil.

Effect of dipotassium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or lithium-heparin treatments and storage times on selected clinicopathologic analytes in equine synovial fluid

BACKGROUND

Sample processing methods and storage time affect the outcome of biochemical analysis.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to assess the effects of dipotassium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2-EDTA) and lithium-heparin treatments and storage times on selected analytes in equine synovial fluid (SF).

METHODS

Approximately 2 mL of SF from each horse (n = 7) were collected via femoropatellar joint arthrocentesis into K2-EDTA-treated bottles (K2-EDTA group), lithium-heparin-treated bottles (heparin group), and plain bottles (control group). The pH was determined using an electronic bench pH meter. The total nucleated cell count (TNCC) of samples was determined by hemocytometer method, while total protein (TP) concentrations, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the samples were determined spectrophotometrically at 2, 8, 24, 48, and 168 hours postcollection while being maintained at approximately 4°C.

RESULTS

TP concentrations in the anticoagulant-treated groups remained stable for 48 hours. TNCCs were stable for 8 hours. However, after 2 hours, ALP, LDH, and pH varied significantly (P < 0.05). At 2  hours, mean ALP and LDH activities were significantly elevated in the lithium-heparin treatment samples, while the activity of these analytes was similar in the K2-EDTA and control groups. At 8  hours, the TNCC and pH were significantly elevated in K2-EDTA treated groups, while values were similar in lithium-heparin and control groups. No significant variation was seen in TP values at 2  hours, irrespective of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The analytes-except for TP-became unstable within a few hours postcollection. Lithium-heparin and K2-EDTA treatments significantly altered ALP, LDH, TNCCs, and pH but not the TP concentrations of equine SF. Studies establishing reference intervals for these analytes based on the anticoagulant used are warranted to limit misinterpretations in clinical or research settings.

Comparative evaluation of effect of nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and MTAD on endodontic biofilm eradication, smear layer removal, and depth of sealer penetration

OBJECTIVES

To comparatively evaluate the nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (N-EDTA) and MTAD on cytotoxicity, endodontic biofilm eradication potential, smear layer removal ability, and sealer penetration depth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

N-EDTA was prepared and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBC, MIC, and MBIC) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) strain. The cytocompatibility of N-EDTA and MTAD was evaluated using 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based colorimetric assay. Dentin specimens (n = 88 for antibacterial analysis, n = 170 for sealer penetration depth) were prepared and subjected to the classical irrigating strategy and obturation, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation (SEM) was done for the evaluation of biofilm disruption and smear layer removal. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluation was done for determining percentage of bacterial viability and sealer penetration depth. Statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests for bacterial viability and Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for smear layer removal and depth of penetration were done with the significance level set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

MTAD and N-EDTA showed cytocompatibility without any statistical differences from each other. For N-EDTA, the MIC and MBC values were 12.5 μg/ml (1:8), and MBIC values were 36 μg/ml. Biofilm disruption and killed bacterial percentage of N-EDTA was statistically higher than MTAD, whereas both the materials showed similar efficacy in the removal of the smear layer and sealer penetration depth.

CONCLUSION

N-EDTA had negligible cytotoxicity with similar smear layer removal ability, sealer penetration, and better antibiofilm potential than MTAD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

N-EDTA can serve as a viable alternative endodontic irrigant.

Intra Nasal Use of Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid for Improving Olfactory Dysfunction Post COVID-19

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 has been associated with olfactory dysfunction in many infected patients. The rise of calcium levels in the nasal secretions plays an essential role in the olfaction process with a desensitization effect on the olfactory receptor neurons and a negative impact on the olfaction transmission. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that can bind free calcium in the nasal secretions, thereby reducing the adverse effects of calcium on olfactory function.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the effect of intranasal EDTA on improving olfactory dysfunction following COVID-19.

METHODS

Fifty patients with a history of COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction that persisted for more than 6 months were enrolled in the current prospective randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into 2 equal groups. Twenty-five patients were treated with olfactory training only, while the remaining 25 patients received treatment with olfactory training and a topical nasal spray of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. The olfactory function was assessed before treatment and 3 months later using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Additionally, the determination of calcium level in the nasal secretions was performed using an ion-selective electrode before treatment and 3 months later.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight percent of the patients treated with olfactory training in addition to EDTA exhibited clinical improvement, while 60% showed improvement in patients treated with olfactory training only. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the measured calcium level in the nasal secretions was demonstrated after the use of ethylene diamine tetra compared to patients treated with olfactory training only.

CONCLUSION

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid may be associated with an improvement of the olfactory function post-COVID-19.

In vitro assessment of antimicrobial potential of low molecular weight chitosan and its ability to mechanically reinforce and control endogenous proteolytic activity of dentine

AIMS

Chitosan-based biomaterials exhibit several properties of biological interest for endodontic treatment. Herein, a low molecular weight chitosan (CH) solution was tested for its antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and effects on dentine structure.

METHODOLOGY

The root canal of 27 extracted uniradicular teeth were biomechanically prepared, inoculated with a suspension of E. faecalis and randomly assigned to be irrigated with either 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), 0.2% CH or sterile ultrapure water (W). Bacteriologic samples were collected from root canals and quantified for of E. faecalis colony-forming units (CFUs). The effectiveness of CH over E. faecalis biofilms was further measured using the MBEC Assay®. Additionally, dentine beams and dentine powder were obtained, respectively, from crowns and roots of 20 extracted third molars. Dentine samples were treated or not with 17% EDTA and immersed in either CH or W for 1 min. The effects of CH on dentine structure were evaluated by assessment of the modulus of elasticity, endogenous proteolytic activity and biochemical modifications.

RESULTS

The number of E. faecalis CFUs was significantly lower for samples irrigated with CH and NaClO. No significant differences were found between CH and NaClO treatments. Higher modulus of elasticity and lower proteolytic activity were reported for dentine CH-treated specimens. Chemical interaction between CH and dentine was observed for samples treated or not with EDTA.

CONCLUSIONS

Present findings suggest that CH could be used as an irrigant during root canal treatment with the triple benefit of reducing bacterial activity, mechanically reinforcing dentine and inhibiting dentine proteolytic activity.

Succimer chelation does not produce lasting reductions of blood lead levels in a rodent model of retained lead fragments

Retained lead fragments from nonfatal firearm injuries pose a risk of lead poisoning. While chelation is well-established as a lead poisoning treatment, it remains unclear whether chelation mobilizes lead from embedded lead fragments. Here, we tested whether 1) DMSA/succimer or CaNa2EDTA increases mobilization of lead from fragments in vitro, and 2) succimer is efficacious in chelating fragment lead in vivo, using stable lead isotope tracer methods in a rodent model of embedded fragments. DMSA was > 10-times more effective than CaNa2EDTA in mobilizing fragment lead in vitro. In the rodent model, succimer chelation on day 1 produced the greatest blood lead reductions, and fragment lead was not mobilized into blood. However, with continued chelation and over 3-weeks post-chelation, blood lead levels rebounded with mobilization of lead from the fragments. These findings suggest prolonged chelation will increase fragment lead mobilization post-chelation, supporting the need for long-term surveillance in patients with retained fragments.

A Method for Eliminating Fibroblast Contamination in Mouse and Human Primary Corneal Epithelial Cell Cultures

PURPOSE

This study was designed to determine if previous approaches to eliminate fibroblast contamination in different cells types would be successful in eliminating fibroblast contamination from human and mouse primary corneal epithelial cell cultures, with the primary goal being to describe a simple, easy, and effective method to culture fibroblast-free primary mouse and human corneal epithelial cell cultures.

METHODS

Primary human and mouse corneal stromal cells and epithelial cells were isolated and cultured from human corneal rims and mouse corneas, respectively. Several approaches previously used in other tissue types were evaluated using corneal epithelial cells and mixtures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells to determine the most effective purification method. Methods evaluated included 0.25% trypsin-EDTA, low temperature, mitomycin-C, and dispase. Degree of fibroblast contamination was examined using light microscopy evaluation of cell phenotype, immunofluorescence and western blotting using cell type-specific markers. Anti-pancytokeratin (PanCK) was used as the epithelial immunofluorescence label, and anti-α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) as the fibroblast immunofluorescence label. Epithelial western blot antibodies included PanCK, keratin 12, and E-cadherin, while αSMA, collagen 1A1 and collagen 3A1 were used to identify fibroblasts.

RESULTS

Fibroblast contamination of human and mouse primary cornea epithelial cell cultures was best controlled using the 0.25% trypsin-EDTA method. The other methods examined were not effective at eliminating cornea fibroblast contamination.

CONCLUSIONS

Trypsin-EDTA digestion is a simple and effective method for controlling fibroblast contamination of cultured primary human and mouse corneal epithelial cells.

Performance of Carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel, Modified Carbapenem Inactivation, and EDTA Carbapenem Inactivation Methods for Detecting Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates

Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are a major threat to public health. Timely detection of CRKP will help treat patients with appropriate antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel (CarbaNP), modified carbapenem inactivation (mCIM), and EDTA carbapenem inactivation (eCIM) methods for the detection of CRKP. We compared the results of the three assays with that of real-time PCR. In total, 195 K. pneumoniae isolates, including 150 carbapenem-resistant and 45 carbapenem-susceptible isolates, were investigated. Carbapenem-resistance genes, such as blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaOXA-48-like, were identified using real-time PCR. Among the 150 CRKP isolates, 94 (62.7%) were positive for blaNDM, 29 (19.3%) were positive for blaOXA-48-like, and 27 (18%) were positive for both blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like. For detecting CRKP isolates, CarbaNP, mCIM, and eCIM showed 96.0%, 95.4%, and 96.7% sensitivity, respectively, and all three methods showed 100% specificity. All three phenotypic confirmatory tests are reliable for identifying CRKP, easy to perform, cost-effective, and can be incorporated with routine antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Incomplete filling of spray-dried K2EDTA evacuated blood tubes: impact on measuring routine hematological parameters on Sysmex XN-10

OBJECTIVES

Because there is little published evidence on the effects of incomplete filling of K2EDTA evacuated blood tubes on routine hematological testing, this original study aimed to provide updated information on this preanalytical aspect.

METHODS

The study population consisted of 17 ostensibly healthy volunteers. Blood was drawn by venipuncture with a 10 mL syringe and dispensed in varying amounts (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mL) into 3.0 mL blood tubes containing spray-dried 5.4 mg K2EDTA. All tubes were gently mixed and used to perform routine hematology tests on the Sysmex XN-10. Clinically significant variations were defined when the limits of desirable specifications of bias derived from biologic variation were exceeded.

RESULTS

The desirable bias was exceeded in 33 % filled tubes (1.0 mL) for hematocrit and MCV (increased values) and for MCHC (decreased values), while it was exceeded in 17 % filled tubes (0.5 mL) for hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV (increased values), and for MCHC (decreased values). Finally, the variation of values was higher than the desirable bias for RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and MCV (increase), and for MCHC and MPV (decrease) in 7 % filled tubes (0.2 mL). No clinically significant variations were observed in tubes filled up to 67 % of their nominal volume (i.e., 2.0 mL).

CONCLUSIONS

Consideration should be given to reject spray-dried K2EDTA blood tubes that contain a blood volume <67 % of the nominal fill volume, as biased laboratory data in these samples may interfere with clinical decision making and care management.

COMPARISON OF HEMATOLOGIC DIFFERENCES WITH LITHIUM HEPARIN AND DIPOTASSIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID IN EUROPEAN STARLINGS (STURNUS VULGARIS)

Preservation of blood through use of anticoagulants allows delayed assessment of hematologic health and is commonly employed in veterinary health assessments. The two most common anticoagulants are lithium heparin (LH) and dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and their effects can vary widely between species. The hematologic effects of these anticoagulants on blood from European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) have not been established, and these birds could serve as models for passerine species both in managed collections and in the wild. Blood was drawn from 45 European starlings and immediately divided into either LH or EDTA microtainers. For each sample, packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), and complete blood counts were performed. There were no significant differences between EDTA and LH anticoagulated blood for PCV, white blood cell count (WBC) slide estimates, WBC determined by Leukopet, absolute heterophils, absolute lymphocytes, absolute monocytes, absolute eosinophils, or absolute basophils. Blood anticoagulated with EDTA had higher total solids than blood mixed with LH. For both anticoagulants, Leukopet-measured total WBC were consistently higher than blood film estimates. There were no subjective morphologic differences for WBC and no hemolysis observed in the samples. Thrombocyte clumping was prominent for LH blood samples and minimal for EDTA samples. These results reveal that LH and EDTA are both suitable anticoagulants for use in European starlings, and EDTA may be superior for diagnostic purposes or for qualitative evaluation of thrombocyte quantity.

Evaluation of sodium citrate anticoagulant for the Resolution of edta-dependent pseudo Thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND

EDTA-dependent pseudo thrombocytopenia (EDTA-PTCP) refers to a falsely low platelet count occurring in the presence of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant during blood sample collection, which results in the formation of platelet clumps in vitro. This phenomenon has significant clinical implications, including unnecessary administration of platelets. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy of sodium citrate anticoagulant for the resolution of EDTAPTCP.

METHODS

This retrospective study was conducted in the haematology laboratory of Shifa International Hospital (SIH), Pakistan. Patients with pseudo thrombocytopenia (i.e. platelet count less than 150,000/ul with platelet clumps seen on peripheral smear) were included in this study if they had blood samples drawn in both EDTA and sodium citrate tubes less than 48 hours apart. Data was analyzed using IBM® SPSS Software Version 22.

RESULTS

A total of 151 study participants were included in this study. The mean age was 48.95±20.69 years and the majority were female (52.3%). Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there was a statistically significant difference in platelet count measured in both tubes (Z = -3.223, p=0.001). Overall, blood samples processed in sodium citrate tubes showed lower platelet count than EDTA samples. Sodium citrate anticoagulant was able to correct EDTA-PTCP in 47 (31.1%) of the cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Sodium citrate anticoagulant was only able to resolve one-third of our EDTA-PTCP cases. Our findings do not support the use of sodium citrate as a suitable alternative for correction of EDTA-PTCP.

Evaluation of ethanol and EDTA concentrations in the expression of biofilm-producing smf-1, rpfF genes in XDR clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

BACKGROUND

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is able to cause infections in immunocompromised patients, and the treatment of this opportunistic pathogen is complicated due to its virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm. The main goals of this study were to assess the susceptibility of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates to ethanol and EDTA, and evaluating the synergistic effect of these disinfectants, and also survey the effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of ethanol and EDTA on the expression of biofilm-producing smf-1, rpfF genes.

RESULTS

The results showed that EDTA significantly increased the effectiveness of the ethanol and have a synergistic effect. All of the 10 XDR isolates included in the current study harbored smf-1 and rpfF genes and produced biofilm. After exposure to MIC, sub-MIC, synergism, and sub-synergism of ethanol and EDTA, the expression of smf-1 and rpfF genes was repressed significantly.

CONCLUSION

In the current study, it was indicated that the expression of biofilm-producing genes was repressed when bacteria are exposed to different concentrations of ethanol and EDTA. Future studies should include more complex microbial communities residing in the hospitals, and more disinfectants use in hospitals. Expression of other virulence genes in different conditions is suggested.

Exploring the Influence of Spacers in EDTA-β-Cyclodextrin Dendrimers: Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Biological Behavior

The synthesis of a new family of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) core dimers and G0 dendrimers end-capped with two and four β-cyclodextrin (βCD) moieties was performed by click-chemistry conjugation, varying the spacers attached to the core. The structure analyses were achieved in DMSO-d6 and the self-inclusion process was studied in D2O by 1H-NMR spectroscopy for all platforms. It was demonstrated that the interaction with adamantane carboxylic acid (AdCOOH) results in a guest-induced shift of the self-inclusion effect, demonstrating the full host ability of the βCD units in these new platforms without any influence of the spacer. The results of the quantitative size and water solubility measurements demonstrated the equivalence between the novel EDTA-βCD platforms and the classical PAMAM-βCD dendrimer. Finally, we determined the toxicity for all EDTA-βCD platforms in four different cell lines: two human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), human cervical adenocarcinoma cancer cells (HeLa), and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (SK-LU-1). The new EDTA-βCD carriers did not present any cytotoxicity in the tested cell lines, which showed that these new classes of platforms are promising candidates for drug delivery.

Evaluation of the effects of different chelation agents on root dentin roughness

Successful root canal treatment requires effective irrigation of the entire root canal system. While chelating agents support irrigation, they can also alter physicochemical properties of the root dentin structure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different chelation agents on root dentin roughness. Twenty-five extracted maxillary incisors were used in this study. Samples were separated longitudinally and divided into five groups: distilled water, NaOCl, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phytic acid and citric acid (CA). Atomic force microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses were used for analysing. One-way analysis of variance and Turkey tests were used in the statistical analysis of the study. EDTA, CA and phytic acid solutions increased the roughness and phytic acid and CA solutions decreased the Ca/P ratio in dentin tissue. No statistical difference was observed in the other groups. The decrease of Ca/P ratio should be taken under consideration during irrigation. The increase in surface roughness may provide clinical benefit by supporting the adhesion of the root canal filling materials to the dentin surface.

Effect of different chelating agents on the shear bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to coronal dentin

We evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (BD) to coronal dentin after treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phytic acid (IP6), or etidronic acid (HEDP). Sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin surfaces were randomly divided into four groups according to conditioning protocol namely, 17% EDTA, 2.5% IP6, 9% HEDP, or distilled water (DS). Specimens were further divided according to the type of cement placed on conditioned dentin and SBS was tested. The results showed that DS/MTA and IP6/MTA groups had the highest values, and there was no significant difference between these two groups. IP6/BD group showed a lower SBS value compared to IP6/MTA; however, this did not reach the level of significance. The BS to dentin was influenced by the type of calcium silicate material and chelating agent. IP6 either improved or maintained the bonding while EDTA and HEDP showed a negative or no influence effect.

Impact on canine neutrophil preservation with the addition of bovine serum albumin to K3 -EDTA whole blood samples

BACKGROUND

Cellular deterioration occurs with blood sample aging, impacting white blood cell (WBC) identification and differential accuracy. This may be exacerbated in samples from patients experiencing inflammation. Previously, bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been shown to improve cellular preservation of blood and other samples, but the effect on cell preservation in canine blood has not been assessed.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to determine the effects of BSA on neutrophil nuclear area when added to potassium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (K3 -EDTA)-anticoagulated canine blood prior to blood smear preparation. We evaluated the impact of inflammatory leukograms, sample storage temperatures (4° and 20°C), and time on outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Canine K3 -EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples stored at 4° and 20°C were used from unique patients, 10 with and 10 without inflammatory leukograms. Blood smears were prepared from aliquots with or without the addition of 22% BSA at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h. The nuclear area was measured for 25 randomly selected neutrophils per slide using Fiji software. Mixed-effect linear regression modeling was performed (significance: P < 0.05).

RESULTS

Nuclear area increased over time with and without added BSA. Both sample storage temperatures and the presence or absence of an inflammatory leukogram significantly impacted neutrophil nuclear area. Samples with added BSA had slightly higher predicted nuclear areas than those without BSA, but this difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

BSA did not significantly impact neutrophil nuclear area and did not improve neutrophil preservation in canine blood samples.

Bromelain-based endodontic irrigant: preparation, properties, and biocompatibility: An in-vitro study

The aim of the study was to determine the properties, efficacy and biocompatibility of combining bromelain enzyme, chlorohexidine and EDTA (BCE) to create a novel endodontic irrigant. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry was performed to confirm the stability of the BCE and direct contact inhibition test was performed to determine antibacterial action. Baseline pH and surface tension of irrigants was compared with determine stability. Subcutaneous injection to dorsal skin of rabbits was graded for presence of inflammation, oedema, granulation and fibrosis. BCE caused less overall irritation, less oedematous and was earlier to heal than 2.5% NaOCl. The pH stability of BCE was also superior to 2.5% NaOCl. A one-way ANOVA test was performed for the direct contact inhibition and microleakage test. A significant difference was determined (p ≤ 0.05) between BCE and 2.5% NaOCl for antibacterial action. BCE irrigant is effective in preparing dentinal surfaces for root canal without adverse effects and promising longevity.

Novel combination of nanoparticles and metallo-β-lactamase inhibitor/antimicrobial-based formulation to combat antibiotic resistant Enterococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. strains

Nanotechnology presents an innovative strategy to combat the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their resistance genes throughout different ecosystems. To address this challenge, nanoparticles (silver, gold, zinc and copper) alone or in combination with metallo-β-lactamase inhibitor/antimicrobial-based formulation (EDTA/HLE) showed antimicrobial activity against antibiotic resistant Enterococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. strains. Furthermore, the observed synergistic effect was detected notably for silver, zinc or copper nanoparticles with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and silver nanoparticles with HLE against planktonic Enterococcus sp. strains, or gold nanoparticles+EDTA or HLE against Pseudomonas sp. Regarding activity against bacterial biofilms, zinc nanoparticles combined with either of the reagents caused strong inhibition of developing biofilms of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus sp. Pseudomonas sp. strains, while preformed biofilms were mainly inhibited by silver nanoparticles+reagent. Microscopic analyses confirmed that the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles was caused by adsorption to the bacterial cell surface, and further enhanced by chelating agents. Hence, we can conclude that nanoparticles+EDTA or HLE could represent a good alternative to limit the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the food chain and the environment.

Synergistic action of indole-3-carbinol with membrane-active agents against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) with membrane-active agents, namely carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial persisters. The determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that I3C was effective against Acinetobacter baumannii (3.13‒6.25 × 10-3 mol l-1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8 × 10-3 mol l-1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.25‒12.5 × 10-3 mol l-1), and Escherichia coli (6.25‒12.5 × 10-3 mol l-1). Our study demonstrated that EDTA synergistically enhanced the bactericidal activity of I3C against most MDR Gram-negative bacteria isolates and contributed to an 8- to 64-fold MIC reduction compared with that of I3C alone, yet CCCP only displayed synergy with I3C against P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. The EDTA-I3C combination also significantly reduced the viable number of testing bacteria (P = 7.2E-05), effectively reduced bacterial persisters, and repressed bacterial growth compared with that the use of I3C alone. Our data demonstrate that use of EDTA as adjuvant molecules can effectively improve the antibacterial activity of I3C and may help to reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Evaluation of Effect of Natural Extract Sodium Gluconate on Smear Layer and Dentine Decalcification Compared with EDTA - An In-vitro Study

OBJECTIVE

Mechanical instrumentation of the root canal system generates a smear layer on the canal walls which are removed most commonly with the help of chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) but can potentially cause severe dentinal erosion. Considerable research has been conducted to find an al- ternative to EDTA which removes the smear layer without causing dentinal erosion. The current study aimed at evaluating the ability of sodium gluconate compared with that of 17% EDTA in smear layer removal along with its effect on dentine decalcification when used as a final irrigant.

METHODS

Twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were collected and prepared based on the pre-set criteria. Following preparation, the specimens were exposed to the test solutions as a final irrigant. Then the specimens were subjected to (Scanning electron microscope) SEM analysis at 1000x for evaluating the smear layer and 5000x for evaluating the dentinal erosion, and a Vickers microhardness tester was used for evaluat- ing the reduction in dentine microhardness post-treatment. The values obtained were analysed using SPSS software for a statistically significant difference with Mann-Whitney U test for evaluating of smear layer remov- al and dentinal erosion and using one-way (Analysis of variance) ANOVA test for microhardness evaluation.

RESULTS

The smear layer removal capability of sodium gluconate was as effective as EDTA on the contrary so- dium gluconate did not cause any dentinal erosion compared to EDTA with a statistically significant difference (p=0.002 in middle third and p=0.001 in apical third of the canal). Microhardness reduction caused by sodium gluconate was less compared to EDTA, however, no statistically significant difference (p=0.113) was noted.

CONCLUSION

Sodium gluconate, therefore, can produce a balance between smear layer removal and dentinal decalcification and can be considered a potential alternative to EDTA. (EEJ-2023-01-017).

Effects of stepwise chilling with calcium incubation on proteolysis and tenderization in postmortem goose muscle

White Roman goose (12-wk-old male, N = 30) carcasses were obtained from a local government-inspected slaughter plant at approximately ∼10-min postmortem. Each carcass was individually sealed in a zip-lock bag and chilled immediately in a water bath at 15°C for 1 h. Both sides of Pectoralis major muscles were excised from each carcass and incubated in 30 mM CaCl2 or 30 mM EDTA at 15°C for 5 h. After incubation, calcium-incubated and EDTA-incubated breast muscles were vacuum-packaged individually and stored at 5°C for 72 h. Control samples (without CaCl2 or EDTA incubation) were directly vacuum-packaged and chilled in a water bath at 15°C for 5 h and stored at 5°C for 72 h. Muscle specimens were taken from the left side of breast muscles at 1 h of chilling (∼1-h postmortem) and at 5 h of incubation at 15°C (∼6-h postmortem), as well as 24, 48, and 72 h of aging at 5°C for measuring the activities of calpain-1 and calpain-11 as well as the contents of 80 kDa calpain-1 subunit and desmin. The samples of shear force value and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) were taken from the right side of breast muscle at 24 h and 72 h of 5°C storage. Our results showed that the decrease of the activities of calpain-1 and calpain-11 and the contents of 80 kDa calpain-1 subunit and desmin was more rapid (P < 0.05) in calcium-incubated samples than in control and EDTA-incubated samples. The shear force was lower, but the MFI was higher in calcium-incubated samples than in control and EDTA-incubated samples (P < 0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that the calpain-mediated proteolysis and tenderization in postmortem goose muscle could be greatly enhanced by combine effects of stepwise chilling with calcium incubation at 15°C and thereafter aging at 5°C. With applying this procedure, commercial slaughter plants may have an alternative way to improve the tenderness of goose meat.

Effect of pretreatment of root dentin surface with cold atmospheric plasma on improving the bond strength of fiber post and resin cement: In vitro study

INTRODUCTION

Achieving stable adhesion between fiber post and interradicular dentin is a challenging process in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of surface pretreatment with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on improving the bond strength between them.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-eight single-canal mandibular premolars were cut 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction to keep the root length of 14 mm or more. After endodontic treatment and preparation of the post space, the teeth were divided into four groups regarding the pretreatment of dentin surfaces, including normal saline, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), CAP, and CAP + EDTA groups. The data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance and the significance level was set at p < .05.

RESULTS

The bond strength was significantly higher in the coronal third than in the apical third in all the groups. Moreover, the bond strength was significantly higher in the CAP + EDTA-treated group. The bond strength increased significantly in the CAP group compared to the normal saline group. In addition, the bond strength increased significantly in the CAP or EDTA groups compared to the control group. The lowest bond strength belonged to the control group (normal saline).

CONCLUSION

The surface pretreatment with CAP (alone or in combination with EDTA) played a significant role in improving the bond strength of fiber post and root canal dentin.