The need for liver transplantation: a nationwide estimate based on consensus review

Familial Mediterranean fever and cryptogenic cirrhosis

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a febrile disease characterized by acute, spontaneously resolving episodes of fever and pain caused by serosal inflammation and associated with mutations in the FMF gene, MEFV. Prophylaxis is maintained with colchicine. To our knowledge, no study has yet shown an association between FMF and cirrhosis of the liver. We conducted the current study to describe cryptogenic cirrhosis in FMF and to examine the possible relationship between the 2 entities. Patients with chronic liver disease were retrospectively identified through a computer search of a registry of 6000 patients with FMF followed in the clinics of the National Center for FMF. Data pertaining to FMF phenotype and genotype and characteristics of the liver disease were abstracted from patients' charts. Cryptogenic cause of cirrhosis was determined by exclusion of known causes of liver disease. Nine patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis were identified, comprising 0.15% of the FMF patient population, a rate significantly higher than the rate of 0.015% of cirrhosis of all types expected in the total population of Israel (p < 0.000). Most patients had typical FMF, with a normal severity score distribution. The mean daily dose of colchicine was 1.4 +/- 0.4 mg, not different from the usual dose. All 7 patients who underwent mutation analysis had 2 mutations. Five of them were homozygous for M694V. Child-Pugh classification was determined in 6 patients at the time of cirrhosis diagnosis, and was classified as A in 4 of them. These findings suggest that MEFV may serve as a modifier gene in cryptogenic cirrhosis. Genetic analysis in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis unrelated to FMF, particularly patients of a Mediterranean origin, may be warranted in future studies.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and liver transplantation

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end stage liver disease and is often used for primary liver malignancies. The main limitation of its wider application is the availability of suitable donor organs. The use of marginal donor organs, split-liver transplantation and living-related liver transplantation techniques contribute to increase the donor pool. However, the use of these techniques is associated with a higher risk of post transplantation organ dysfunction, predominantly due to ischaemia, preservation and reperfusion injury (IPRI). A number of studies have demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy influences IPRI and consequential acute cellular rejection. This article reviews the rationale of HBO therapy in the field of transplantation with particular emphasis on liver transplantation.

Air transportation of patients with end-stage liver disease to distant liver transplantation centers

The Israeli population does not meet its transplantation organ needs. Therefore, liver transplantation (LTX) candidates are sometimes transported to centers abroad. We aimed to assess the demographic and clinical issues concerning this policy. Records of all candidates transported (2000-2004) were retrospectively reviewed. Data included etiology, disease severity, outcome, distances traveled and destinations, and medical complication arising en route. Forty-three candidates were transported overseas: 12 patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and 31 with cirrhosis. Average MELD score was 19.94, and the APACHE II score for patients with FHF was 20.5. Destinations included the United States, Colombia, Belgium, Germany, China, and Italy. Average distance traveled was 4,660 miles. Two patients were intubated and sedated during flight. All patients safely reached their destinations: 8 died prior to transplantation, 5 died after transplantation, 3 are awaiting transplantation, 3 recovered spontaneously, and the rest successfully underwent transplantation and returned home. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-distance transportation of patients awaiting liver transplantation is safe and technically feasible provided precaution measures are taken. Therefore, allocation regions may be broadened to include larger and more distant populations.

The isolated perfused liver. a new model using autologous blood and porcine slaughterhouse organs

INTRODUCTION

Current models of isolated and perfused livers are limited by nonphysiologic perfusates or the need for the use of high numbers of laboratory animals. The present study was performed in order to rectify these difficulties.

METHODS

To establish a new isolated perfused liver model, a perfusion circuit was developed using normothermic, autologous hemoperfusion and organs obtained from a slaughterhouse.

RESULTS

Stable organ function was maintained over 220 min. The organs displayed physiologic values for measured variables, including oxygen consumption which varied from 5.2+/-1.5 ml/min at 40 min to 5.2+/-2.4 ml/min at 220 min, and bile production (0.15-0.31 ml/min, respectively).

DISCUSSION

The present studies demonstrate a new approach for experimental liver perfusion by combining the optimal perfusion medium of autologous blood and slaughterhouse organs as source material.

Cost-benefit analysis of a nationwide infant immunization programme against hepatitis A in an area of intermediate endemicity

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The availability of safe and effective Hepatitis A vaccines prompts an evaluation of a nationwide infant vaccination campaign to supplement strategies aimed at high-risk groups such as travellers and military personnel.

METHODS

A spreadsheet model was used to estimate costs and benefits of a nationwide infant immunization programme against Hepatitis A for the period from 1997-2014 in Israel.

RESULTS

Immunizing all one year olds in Israel from 1997-2014 would for a cost of $32.0 million to the health services and $42.1 million to society (including $10.1 million lost work and transport costs), reduce the number of cases of Hepatitis A during the next 45 years from 181,000 to 47,000. This would save $57.5 million in health service resources alone, $32.0 million in averted work absences and transport costs in addition to a further $17.0 million in averted premature mortality costs. The health service, resource and societal benefit:cost ratios are 1.80:1, 2.13:1 and 2.54:1, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The recent adoption of a nationwide infant HAV immunisation policy in Israel is both medically and economically justifiable.

Costs and outcomes of liver transplantation in adults: a prospective, 1-year, follow-up study. GRETHECO study group

BACKGROUND

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is widely used to treat patients with end-stage liver disease. However, data on the cost of the procedure are fragmentary. We evaluated the costs, as calculated from resource use, and outcomes of OLT in adults, from registration on the transplant waiting list to the end of the 1st-year of follow-up after the transplant.

METHODS

Two parallel cohort studies were conducted from 1994 to 95. All patients ages 18 years and older, on the waiting list (n=33) according to national criteria or having undergone transplants (n=38) were followed for 1 year or until either the transplant (waiting list cohort) or death (waiting list and transplantation cohorts).

RESULTS

Eighty percent of the patients undergoing transplants were alive after 1 year, and no patient died while on the waiting list. However, the estimated cost of the procedure was high: more than 55,000 pound silver for the 1st year after OLT, to be added to 5,500 pound silver for evaluation and further costs motivated by the planned transplant during an average 6.5 months on the waiting list. Age over 40 and a baseline Child-Pugh score of 10 and over were predictive of high costs. The proportion of costs associated with immunosuppressive therapy and rejection were very high.

CONCLUSIONS

This medical and economic cohort study suggests that OLT is still expensive; the study identifies sources of extra cost that could be limited either by improved selection of patients or, in the future, by technological advances in immunosuppressive therapy that help avoid medical complications. It also suggests the situation is precarious, with outcomes and costs being very sensitive to variation in graft availability.

Liver transplantation in Western Australia: improved services to an isolated population

OBJECTIVE

To assess performance of the Western Australian Liver Transplantation Service in the light of debate about whether small transplant centres can produce optimal outcomes.

DESIGN

Review of patient data collected prospectively and confirmed by retrospective casenote review.

SUBJECTS

All patients referred to the Western Australian Liver Transplantation Assessment Panel. Those who underwent transplantation at the Western Australian Liver Transplantation Service (to June 1996) were compared with those referred to other transplant centres before the elective service was established in July 1994.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Numbers of referrals and transplants; characteristics of the transplantation procedure; and patient outcomes.

RESULTS

Annual referrals for liver transplant in Western Australia (WA) increased from 12 (1985-1993) to 41 (July 1994-June 1996), with five deaths on the "activated" list before July 1994, but none after. To June 1996, 30 patients had received 31 transplants by the Western Australian Liver Transplantation Service (two emergency transplants in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and 28 elective transplants and one retransplant after June 1994), with median operation time of 5.5 hours (range, 3-10.5), median red cell transfusion of 4 units (range, 0-55) and median hospital stay of 24 days (range, 12-128). There was no severe primary graft dysfunction. Major complications included hepatic artery thrombosis or stenosis (5 patients, one requiring retransplant), biliary stricture not associated with hepatic artery pathology, bile leak and perihepatic abscess (4 each), and cytomegalovirus infection (3). Patient survival was 83% and graft survival 81% at a mean follow-up of 13 months, compared with 86% and 83%, respectively, at one year for WA patients who received transplants elsewhere before July 1994.

CONCLUSIONS

Performance of the Western Australian Liver Transplantation Service compares favourably with national and international standards, and WA patients receiving liver transplants have increased dramatically since the service was established. This supports the viability of committed liver transplantation centres with only 10-15 patients a year and argues the need for nationally decentralised services.