1
|
Santema LL, Fraaije MW. Activity assays for flavoprotein oxidases: an overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2025; 109:115. [PMID: 40341429 PMCID: PMC12062150 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-025-13494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2025] [Revised: 04/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025]
Abstract
Flavoprotein oxidases have found many biotechnological applications. For identifying and improving their characteristics, it is essential to have reliable and robust assay methodology available. The methodologies used to monitor their activity seem to be scattered in the literature and seem often selected based on convenience. Due to the diversity of reactions catalyzed by flavoprotein oxidases, it is virtually impossible to recommend a single activity assay. A literature analysis of 60 recent papers describing flavoprotein oxidases revealed that continuous spectrophotometric assays, in particular colorimetric assays, are the preferred choice, as they are facile, scalable and allow for better interpretation of data than discontinuous assays. Colorimetric assays typically rely on the extinction coefficient of a monitored chromogenic product, which can be highly variable depending on the experimental conditions. Therefore, it is important to determine the extinction coefficient under the specific experimental conditions used, rather than taking it directly from the literature. To provide a guideline and assist in standardization, this review describes the most commonly utilized activity assays for flavoprotein oxidases, along with their respective merits and limitations. KEY POINTS: • Researchers should be more aware of limitations of activity assays. • Extinction coefficients should be determined for the appropriate experimental setup. • New robust activity assays are desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars L Santema
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 3, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang LY, Tang H, Zhao JQ, Wang MN, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Correlation Analysis of Key Residue Sites between Computational-Aided Design Thermostability d-Amino Acid Oxidase and Ancestral Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20177-20186. [PMID: 38064545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) from Rhodotorula taiwanensis has proven to have great potential for applications due to its excellent catalytic kinetic parameters. However, its poor thermal stability has limited its performance in biocatalysis. Herein, starting from the variant SHVG of RtwDAAO, this study employed a comprehensive computational design approach for protein stability engineering, resulting in positive substitutions at specific sites (A43S, T45M, C234L, E195Y). The generated variant combination, SHVG/SMLY, exhibited a significant synergistic effect, leading to an extension of the half-life and Tmapp. The ancestral sequence reconstruction revealed the conservation of the variant sites. The association of the variant sites with the highly stable ancestral enzyme was further explored. After determining the contribution of the variant sites to thermal stability, it was applied to other homologous sequences and validated. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the increased hydrophobicity of the variant SHVG/SMLY was a key factor for the increased stability, with strengthened intersubunit interactions playing an important role. In addition, the physical properties of the amino acids themselves were identified as crucial factors for thermal stability generality in homologous enzymes, which is important for the rapid acquisition of a series of stable enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Heng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Qiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Chu H, Liu W, Feng W. Simultaneous synthesis of l-DOPA and oxidation of d-amino acid by specific coupling of a peroxidase to d-amino acid oxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 121:8-16. [PMID: 30554648 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3,4 Dihydroxy phenyl l-alanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard Parkinson's disease therapy. A heme-dependent peroxidase (HDP) catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of l-tyrosine to l-DOPA using H2O2 as the co-substrate. d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d-amino acids (e.g. d-alanine), and H2O2 is evolved. However, both the enzymes DAAO and HDP can be inactivated by H2O2 during the catalysis. In situ generation and utilization of H2O2 can siginificatly reduce the inactivation by H2O2. HDP exists as a monomer and DAAO is a dimeric enzyme. Herein, the C-terminus of HDP was specifically ligated to the N-terminus of the DAAO subunit with native peptide through the in vivo monomer-subunit splicing. In the splicing product HDP&DAAO, HDP is close to the DAAO subunit at a molecular distance, and the transfer of H2O2 from DAAO to HDP is facilitated. In addition, HDP&DAAO exhibited a higher stability than HDP. Kinetics analysis showed that both the substrates l-tyrosine and d-alanine obey the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. For the deamination of d-alanine, the catalytic efficiency of HDP&DAAO is 3.05 times that of DAAO. For the sybthesis of l-DOPA from l-tyrosine, the catalytic efficiency of HDP&DAAO is 1.58 times that of HDP. Furthermore, HDP&DAAO was encapsulated within a Znic-based coordination polymer (Zn-CP). The morphorogy of HDP&DAAO/Zn-CP can be regulated by the enzyme concentration, the catalytic efficiency of the conjugates was found to be dependent on the morphorogy. The conjugates HDP&DAAO/Zn-CP exhibited a higher catalytic efficiency than free HDP&DAAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Chu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Immobilization of d -amino acid oxidase via a biomimetic coating and its application for the production of 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
5
|
Development of a multi-enzymatic desymmetrization and its application for the biosynthesis of l -norvaline from dl -norvaline. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
6
|
Tanigawa M, Suzuki C, Niwano K, Kanekatsu R, Tanaka H, Horiike K, Hamase K, Nagata Y. Participation of D-serine in the development and reproduction of the silkworm Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 87:20-29. [PMID: 26828952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori contains high concentrations of free D-serine, an optical isomer of L-serine. To elucidate its function, we first investigated the localization of D-serine in various organs of silkworm larvae, pupae, and adult moths. Using immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-D-serine antibody, we found D-serine in the microvilli of midgut goblet and cylindrical cells and in peripheral matrix components of testicular and ovarian cells. By spectrophotometric analysis, D-serine was also found in the hemolymph and fat body. D-Alanine was not detected in the various organs by immunohistochemistry. Serine racemase, which catalyzes the inter-conversion of L- and D-serine, was found to co-localize with D-serine, and D-serine production from L-serine by intrinsic serine racemase was suggested. O-Phospho-L-serine is an inhibitor of serine racemase, and it was administered to the larvae to reduce the D-serine level. This reagent decreased the midgut caspase-3 level and caused a delay in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The reagent also decreased mature sperm and egg numbers, suggesting D-serine participation in these processes. D-Serine administration induced an increase in pyruvate levels in testis, midgut, and fat body, indicating conversion of D-serine to pyruvate. On the basis of these results, together with our previous investigation of ATP biosynthesis in testis, we consider the possible involvement of D-serine in ATP synthesis for metamorphosis and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tanigawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kimio Niwano
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Rensuke Kanekatsu
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kihachiro Horiike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kenji Hamase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagata
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-Ward, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coban HB, Demirci A, Patterson PH, Elias RJ. Enhanced phenylpyruvic acid production with Proteus vulgaris in fed-batch and continuous fermentation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:157-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.995813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan B. Coban
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul H. Patterson
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Findrik Z, Valentović I, Vasić-Rački Đ. A Mathematical Model of Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acid Catalyzed by Two d-Amino Acid Oxidases and Influence of Aeration on Enzyme Stability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3092-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Alkyl-substituted methoxysilanes enhance the activity and stability of D-amino acid oxidase encapsulated in biomimetic silica. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1493-8. [PMID: 22488440 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several alkyl-substituted methoxysilanes were evaluated as potential activity and stability enhancing agents for biomimetic silicification of Rhodosporidium toruloides D-amino acid oxidase (RtDAO). When methyl-substituted silanes along with tetramethoxysilane were used as silicic acid precursors for polyallylamine (PAA)--or R5 peptide-catalyzed silicic encapsulation, the RtDAO activity increased with the degree of substitution and the molar ratio up to 15 % of methyl-substituted silanes added. In the presence of 15 mol% trimethylmethoxysilane, the specific activities of encapsulated RtDAO catalyzed by PAA and R5 increased by 1.4- and 4.8-fold, respectively. For PAA-catalyzed encapsulation, a 2.4-fold increase occurred with 30 mol% n-propyltrimethoxysilane; this modification increased the T (m) value by 10 °C and gave a threefold longer half-life in the presence of 10 mM H(2)O(2) as compared to the encapsulation using tetramethoxysilane only.
Collapse
|
10
|
Findrik Z, Presečki AV, Vasić-Rački Đ. The influence of aeration on activity and operational stability of two snake venom amino acid oxidases. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
11
|
Effects of dissolved oxygen availability and culture biomass at induction upon the intracellular expression of monoamine oxidase by recombinant E. coli in fed batch bioprocesses. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Stabilization of d-amino acid oxidase from Rhodosporidium toruloides by encapsulation in polyallylamine-mediated biomimetic silica. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Stabilization of D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodosporidium toruloides by immobilization onto magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 31:557-63. [PMID: 19066733 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodosporidium toruloides was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated magnetic nanoparticles. Approximately four enzyme molecules were attached to one magnetic nanoparticle when the weight ratio of the enzyme to the support was 0.12. After immobilization, the T(m) was increased from 45 degrees C of the free form to 55 degrees C. In the presence of 20 mM H2O2, the immobilized form retained 93% of its activity after 5 h while the free form was completely inactivated after 3.5 h.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stabilization of native and double D-amino acid oxidases from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Trigonopsis variabilis by immobilization on streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1973-81. [PMID: 18594772 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Double D: -amino acid oxidases (dRtDAO and dTvDAO) were previously genetically constructed by linking the C-terminus of one subunit of their corresponding native DAOs from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Trigonopsis variabilis (RtDAO and TvDAO) to the N-terminus of the other identical subunit. We have now immobilized these double DAOs and their native counterparts onto streptavidin-coated magnetic beads through the interaction between biotin and streptavidin. The catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(M)) of immobilized DAOs toward D: -alanine and cepharosporin C remained similar to those of their soluble forms, except the catalytic efficiency of immobilized TvDAO toward D: -alanine was decreased by 56%. After immobilization, the T(m) value for RtDAO was shifted 15 degrees C higher to 60 degrees C, while those for dRtDAO, TvDAO and dTvDAO were increased by 5-8 degrees C to 56, 60 and 60 degrees C, respectively. In the presence of 10 mM H(2)O(2), immobilized RtDAO, dRtDAO, TvDAO and dTvDAO exhibited half-lives of about 8, 10, 3 and 5 h, respectively, giving 16-, 10-, 6- and 7-fold greater stability than their soluble forms, respectively. Therefore, immobilization through biotin-streptavidin affinity binding enhances the thermal and oxidative stability of native and double DAOs studied, especially RtDAO. The additive stabilizing effect of subunit fusion and immobilization was more pronounced in the case of RtDAO than TvDAO.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuan I, Liao R, Hsieh H, Chen K, Yu C. Properties of Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase immobilized on magnetic beads through his-tag. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:110-5. [PMID: 18343336 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase catalyzes one of the key steps in the production of semisynthetic cephalosporins. We expressed and purified recombinant Rhodotorula gracilis D-amino acid oxidase with C-terminal his-tags. This engineered enzyme was immobilized onto Ni(2+)-chelated nitrilotriacetic acid magnetic beads through the interaction between his-tag and Ni(2+). The kinetic constants, storage properties, and the reusability of the immobilized d-amino acid oxidase were determined. The effects of temperature, pH, and hydrogen peroxide on the activity of immobilized d-amino acid oxidase were also studied. The highest activity recovery was 75%. Thermal stability was improved after immobilization; the relative activity of the immobilized enzyme was 56% whereas the free enzyme was completely inactivated after incubation at 50 degrees C for 1 h. In the presence of 10 mM hydrogen peroxide, the immobilized enzyme did not show a rapid loss of activity during the first 2 h of incubation, which was observed in the case of the free enzyme; the residual activity of the immobilized enzyme after 9 h was 72% compared with 22% of the free form. The long-term storage stability was improved; the residual activity of the immobilized enzyme was 74% compared with 20% of the free enzyme when stored at room temperature for 10 d. The immobilized form retained 37% of its initial activity after 20 consecutive reaction cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iching Kuan
- Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan N. Rd. Sec. 3, Taipei 10452, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Subunit fusion of two yeast D-amino acid oxidases enhances their thermostability and resistance to H2O2. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1415-22. [PMID: 18330517 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidases from Rhodosporidium toruloides and Trigonopsis variabilis (RtDAO and TvDAO) are both yeast homodimeric flavoenzymes. Two of their cDNA genes were connected by a hexanucleotide linker and heterologously expressed in E. coli to produce the corresponding double DAOs (dRtDAO and dTvDAO) with two subunits fused into a single polypeptide. The specific activities of double DAOs remained similar to those of native dimeric DAOs, although the catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(M)) were decreased due to higher K(M) values. The T(m) value for dRtDAO was shifted 5 degrees C higher while that for dTvDAO was increased only by 2 degrees C, in comparison with the corresponding native counterparts. In the presence of 10 mM H(2)O(2), dRtDAO and dTvDAO exhibited half-lives of about 60 and 40 min, respectively, which were 2- and 1.5-fold, respectively, longer than their native DAOs. These yeast DAOs can therefore be thermally and oxidatively stabilized by linking their subunits together.
Collapse
|
17
|
López-Gallego F, Betancor L, Sio C, Reis C, Jimenez PN, Guisan J, Quax W, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Evaluation of Different Glutaryl Acylase Mutants to Improve the Hydolysis of Cephalosporin C in the Absence of Hydrogen Peroxide. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Slavica A, Dib I, Nidetzky B. Selective modification of surface-exposed thiol groups inTrigonopsis variabilisD-amino acid oxidase using poly(ethylene glycol) maleimide and its effect on activity and stability of the enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 96:9-17. [PMID: 16948164 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modification of purified Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase using maleimide-activated poly(ethylene glycol) 5000 yielded a stable bioconjugate in which three surface-exposed cysteine side chains were selectively derivatized. Compared with the native enzyme, the PEGylated variant displayed substantially (approximately 3.3-fold) slowed dissociation rate of FAD cofactor at 50 degrees C, and this caused a twofold thermostabilization of the enzyme activity. The stability under reaction conditions at 30 degrees C was also markedly enhanced in the PEG-oxidase conjugate. PEGylation did not affect steady-state kinetic parameters for oxidative deamination of D-methionine when 2,6-dichloroindophenol replaced dioxygen as the cosubstrate while it caused a ninefold decrease in substrate catalytic efficiency for the dioxygen-dependent reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Slavica
- Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Findrik Z, Vasić-Rački D, Geueke B, Kuzu M, Hummel W. Kinetic Modeling of Amino Acid Oxidation Catalyzed by a NewD-Amino Acid Oxidase fromArthrobacter protophormiae. Eng Life Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200520105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
20
|
Lopez-Gallego F, Batencor L, Hidalgo A, Mateo C, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Guisan J. One-Pot Conversion of Cephalosporin C to 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid in the Absence of Hydrogen Peroxide. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
22
|
Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
23
|
Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
24
|
Pollegioni L, Caldinelli L, Molla G, Sacchi S, Pilone MS. Catalytic properties of D-amino acid oxidase in cephalosporin C bioconversion: a comparison between proteins from different sources. Biotechnol Prog 2004; 20:467-73. [PMID: 15058991 DOI: 10.1021/bp034206q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lacking an efficient process to produce 7-aminocephalosporanic acid from cephalosporin C in a single step, d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) is of foremost importance in the industrial, two-step process used for this purpose. We report a detailed study on the catalytic properties of the three available DAAOs, namely, a mammalian DAAO and two others from yeast (Rhodotorula gracilis and Trigonopsis variabilis). In comparing the kinetic parameters determined for the three DAAOs, with both cephalosporin C and d-alanine as substrate, the catalytic efficiency of the two enzymes from microorganism is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of pig kidney DAAO. Furthermore, the mammalian enzyme is more sensitive to product inhibition (from hydrogen peroxide and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid). Therefore, enzymes from microorganisms appear to be by far more suitable catalysts for bioconversion, although some different minor differences are present between them (e.g., a higher activity of the R. gracilis enzyme when the bioconversion is carried out at saturating oxygen concentration). The mammalian DAAO, even being a poor catalyst, is more stable with respect to temperature than the R. gracilis enzyme in the free form. In any case, for industrial purposes DAAO is used only in the immobilized form where a strong enzyme stabilization occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Okrasa K, Guibé-Jampel E, Plenkiewicz J, Therisod M. In vitro bi-enzymatic synthesis of benzaldehyde from phenylalanine: practical and mechanistic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Graziewicz MA, Day BJ, Copeland WC. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase as a target of oxidative damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:2817-24. [PMID: 12087165 PMCID: PMC117047 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are responsible for oxidative modification of biomolecules, including proteins. Due to its association with mitochondrial DNA, DNA polymerase gamma (pol gamma) is in an environment to be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals that may be generated in the presence of iron ions associated with DNA. We tested whether human pol gamma was a possible target of ROS with H2O2 and investigated the effect on the polymerase activities and DNA binding efficiency. A 1 h treatment with 250 microM H2O2 significantly inhibited DNA polymerase activity of the p140 subunit and lowered its DNA binding efficiency. Addition of p55 to the p140 catalytic subunit prior to H2O2 treatment offered protection from oxidative inactivation. Oxidatively modified amino acid residues in pol gamma resulting from H2O2 treatment were observed in vitro as well as in vivo, in SV40-transfected human fibroblasts. Pol gamma was detected as one of the major oxidized mitochondrial matrix proteins, with a detectable decline in polymerase activity. These results suggest pol gamma as a target of oxidative damage, which may result in a reduction in mitochondrial DNA replication and repair capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Graziewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|