1
|
Kindermann D, Sanzenbacher M, Nagy E, Greinacher A, Cranz A, Nikendei A, Friederich HC, Nikendei C. Prevalence and risk factors of secondary traumatic stress in emergency call-takers and dispatchers - a cross-sectional study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1799478. [PMID: 33062208 PMCID: PMC7534265 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1799478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emergency call-takers and dispatchers (ECDs) field emergency calls and dispatch the appropriate emergency services. Exposure to the callers' traumatic experiences can lead to psychological stress and even to secondary traumatic stress (STS). In addition, previous studies suggest that ECDs may also suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety disorders. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of STS and to screen for PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders in ECDs. We further aimed to identify sociodemographic variables and attachment styles as possible risk factors for higher STS symptom load in ECDs. Methods: STS and PTSD regarding lifetime traumatic events, as well as depression and anxiety disorders, were investigated in N = 71 ECDs. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors for higher STS symptom load. Results: The analysis determined a prevalence of 8.5% for moderate STS and 2.8% for severe STS. A total of 11.3% of the ECDs screened positive for PTSD, 15.5% for depression and 7.0% for anxiety disorders. A higher number of children and the absence of a secure attachment style were identified to be significantly associated with higher STS symptom load. Conclusions: STS resulting from exposure to traumatic emergency caller content is a common phenomenon among ECDs. Specific sociodemographic variables and the attachment style are significant risk factors of STS symptom load. ECDs should receive regular psychoeducational interventions and supervision to identify and mitigate mental distress at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kindermann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monique Sanzenbacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ede Nagy
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Greinacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Cranz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nikendei
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stewart TM, Hunter SC, Rhodes SM. A narrative synthesis of the applicability of the CaR–FA–X model in child and adolescent populations: a systematic review. Memory 2017; 25:1161-1190. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1275699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M. Stewart
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon C. Hunter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sinéad M. Rhodes
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gutenbrunner C, Salmon K, Jose PE. Do Overgeneral Autobiographical Memories Predict Increased Psychopathological Symptoms in Community Youth? A 3-Year Longitudinal Investigation. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 46:197-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Willén RM, Granhag PA, Strömwall LA. Factors Affecting Two Types of Memory Specificity: Particularization of Episodes and Details. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166469. [PMID: 27851775 PMCID: PMC5112775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory for repeated events is relevant to legal investigations about repeated occurrences. We investigated how two measures of specificity (number of events referred to and amount of detail reported about the events) were influenced by interviewees' age, number of experienced events, interviewer, perceived unpleasantness, and memory rehearsal. Transcribed narratives consisting of over 40.000 utterances from 95 dental patients, and the corresponding dental records, were studied. Amount of detail was measured by categorizing the utterances as generic, specific, or specific-extended. We found that the two measures were affected differently by all five factors. For instance, number of experienced events positively influenced number of referred events but had no effect on amount of detail provided about the events. We make suggestions for future research and encourage reanalysis of the present data set and reuse of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Willén
- IGDORE, The Globally Distributed Institute for Open Research and Education
- * E-mail:
| | - Pär Anders Granhag
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Norwegian Police University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leif A. Strömwall
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Howell KH, Barnes SE, Miller LE, Graham-Bermann SA. Developmental variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. J Inj Violence Res 2016; 8:43-57. [PMID: 26804945 PMCID: PMC4729333 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v8i1.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive problem impacting individuals around the globe. The consequences of IPV extend beyond the adults in the relationship, as children witness a significant proportion of such violence. Exposure to IPV during childhood has devastating effects across multiple domains of functioning. METHODS This article reviews empirical studies of the effects of exposure to IPV by developmental stage. RESULTS The psychological, social, physical, and cognitive consequences of witnessing IPV are examined across development; from the impact of prenatal exposure to effects in infancy and toddlerhood, the preschool years, school-aged children, and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The review concludes by providing suggestions for future research based on the identified developmental variations, recommendations for developmentally-sensitive interventions for children who have witnessed IPV, and directions for policy to address the issue of violence exposure early in the lives of children.
Collapse
|
6
|
Data from Interviews with 95 Respondents Recollecting Repeated Dental Visits. JOURNAL OF OPEN PSYCHOLOGY DATA 2015. [DOI: 10.5334/jopd.an] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
7
|
O'Carroll RE, Dalgleish T, Drummond LE, Dritschel B, Astell A. Effects of age, dysphoria, and emotion-focusing on autobiographical memory specificity in children. Cogn Emot 2015; 20:488-505. [PMID: 26529217 DOI: 10.1080/02699930500341342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is strongly associated with depression in adults and appears to reflect a stable cognitive bias. However, it is not known whether this bias exists in children or what factors contribute to its development. We examined the roles of age, dysphoria, and a new variable, emotion-focusing (EF), on the production of specific autobiographical memory (AM) in children, using the standard Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986 ). Results show that older children are more specific than younger children, irrespective of cue valence. Dysphoria was linked to less specific retrieval of positive memories in children. A three-way interaction between age, valence, and dysphoria was also found, such that older dysphoric children demonstrated a difficulty in retrieving specific negative memories. In addition, emotion-focusing was associated with specific AM recall, especially to negative cues. Results are discussed with reference to the development of depressogenic biases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan E O'Carroll
- a School of Psychology , University of St. Andrews , UK.,b Department of Psychology , University of Stirling , UK.,c Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council , Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- a School of Psychology , University of St. Andrews , UK.,b Department of Psychology , University of Stirling , UK.,c Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council , Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Lyndsey E Drummond
- a School of Psychology , University of St. Andrews , UK.,b Department of Psychology , University of Stirling , UK.,c Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council , Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Barbara Dritschel
- a School of Psychology , University of St. Andrews , UK.,b Department of Psychology , University of Stirling , UK.,c Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council , Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Arlene Astell
- a School of Psychology , University of St. Andrews , UK.,b Department of Psychology , University of Stirling , UK.,c Emotion Research Group, Medical Research Council , Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) is widely used in research contexts to measure the extent to which participants (children or adults) report specific or general memories in response to cue words. Recalling fewer specific and more general memories (overgeneral memory) has been shown to be linked to depression in adults, but findings for youth, in particular, are mixed. Different versions of the AMT may be one contributing factor, yet this issue has received little research attention. The current study investigated the influence of reporting mode (written vs. spoken) on the specificity, length, and content of memories provided by 8- to 10-year-old children (N = 48). No significant differences were found in the number of specific responses given in the written and spoken modes. On the other hand, the spoken mode elicited longer and more detailed memories, although most content differences were eliminated when memory length was controlled. These findings suggest that different reporting modes can influence the nature of the memories reported, but the absolute differences are relatively small.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Glynn
- a School of Psychology , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Karen Salmon
- a School of Psychology , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Paul Jose
- a School of Psychology , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harris LS, Block SD, Ogle CM, Goodman GS, Augusti EM, Larson RP, Culver MA, Pineda AR, Timmer SG, Urquiza A. Coping style and memory specificity in adolescents and adults with histories of child sexual abuse. Memory 2015; 24:1078-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1068812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Katz C. The dead end of domestic violence: spotlight on children's narratives during forensic investigations following domestic homicide. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1976-1984. [PMID: 24961554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study provides an in-depth exploration of the narratives of children who witnessed their father killing their mother. This exploration was conducted using a thematic analysis of the children's forensic interviews based on seven investigative interviews that were conducted with children following the domestic homicide. Investigative interviews were selected for study only for substantiated cases and only if the children disclosed the domestic homicide. All of the investigative interviews were conducted within 24h of the domestic homicide. Thematic analysis revealed the following four key categories: the domestic homicide as the dead end of domestic violence, what I did when daddy killed mommy, that one time that daddy killed mommy, and mommy will feel better and will go back home. The discussion examines the multiple layers of this phenomenon as revealed in the children's narratives and its consequences for professionals within the legal and clinical contexts.
Collapse
|
11
|
Willén RM, Granhag PA, Strömwall LA, Fisher RP. Facilitating particularization of repeated similar events with context-specific cues. Scand J Psychol 2014; 56:28-37. [PMID: 25382708 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-five dental care patients participated in a quasi-experiment in which they were interviewed twice about dental visits they had made during the past ten years. Objective truth was established by analysing their dental records. The main purpose of the study was to investigate to what extent context-specific cues could facilitate particularization (i.e., recollection of events and details) of repeated and similar events. A mixed design was employed and the effects of three types of cues were explored: two types of context-specific cues vs. cues commonly used in police practise when interviewing plaintiffs. In line with our hypothesis, context-specific cues tended to be more effective for recollection of individual events than the comparison cues. In addition, context-specific cues generated more details than the comparison cues and the difference was marginally significant. Rehearsal of the memories by telling them to others was associated with an increased number of recollected events and details. The results are discussed from a legal psychology perspective with focus on recollection of repeated abuse.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The present study examined the specificity of autobiographical memory in adolescents and adults with versus without child sexual abuse (CSA) histories. Eighty-five participants, approximately half of whom per age group had experienced CSA, were tested on the autobiographical memory interview. Individual difference measures, including those for trauma-related psychopathology, were also administered. Findings revealed developmental differences in the relation between autobiographical memory specificity and CSA. Even with depression statistically controlled, reduced memory specificity in CSA victims relative to controls was observed among adolescents but not among adults. A higher number of posttraumatic stress disorder criteria met predicted more specific childhood memories in participants who reported CSA as their most traumatic life event. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of childhood trauma and autobiographical memory functioning and underscore the importance of considering the role of age and degree of traumatization within the study of autobiographical memory.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hitchcock C, Nixon RD, Weber N. A review of overgeneral memory in child psychopathology. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 53:170-93. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan Weber
- School of Psychology; Flinders University; Adelaide Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bunnell SL, Greenhoot AF. When and why does abuse predict reduced autobiographical memory specificity? Memory 2012; 20:121-37. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2011.648197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
15
|
Event memory and suggestibility in abused and neglected children: Trauma-related psychopathology and cognitive functioning. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 110:520-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
L’Entretien Cognitif est-il efficace pour aider de très jeunes enfants à témoigner d’un Événement répété dans le temps ? ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2011. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503310004033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Hipwell AE, Sapotichne B, Klostermann S, Battista D, Keenan K. Autobiographical memory as a predictor of depression vulnerability in girls. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2011; 40:254-65. [PMID: 21391022 PMCID: PMC3057434 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.546037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM), the tendency to recall categories of events when asked to provide specific instances from one's life, is purported to be a marker of depression vulnerability that develops in childhood. Although early adolescence is a period of risk for depression onset especially among girls, prospective examination of this putative risk factor is lacking. The current study examined the prospective associations between AM recall and depressive symptomatology in an enriched community sample of predominantly African American girls. Girls (n = 195) were interviewed about depressive symptoms at ages 11 and 12 years, and AM recall was assessed at age 11. The findings showed that overgeneral retrieval to positive, but not negative, cue words predicted subsequent depressive symptoms after controlling for age 11 symptoms, race, poverty, and Verbal IQ. A moderating effect of race was also shown, whereby overgeneral AM bias predicted depressive symptoms more strongly among European American girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Hipwell
- Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Verkampt F, Ginet M, Colomb C. L’Entretien Cognitif est-il efficace pour aider de très jeunes enfants à témoigner d’un Événement répété dans le temps ? ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2010. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.104.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
20
|
King MJ, MacDougall AG, Ferris SM, Levine B, MacQueen GM, McKinnon MC. A review of factors that moderate autobiographical memory performance in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010; 32:1122-44. [DOI: 10.1080/13803391003781874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. King
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- b Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arlene G. MacDougall
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley M. Ferris
- b Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- c Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- d Departments of Psychology and Medicine (Neurology) , University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenda M. MacQueen
- e Department of Psychiatry , University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- b Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Exposure to childhood trauma, especially child maltreatment, has important implications for memory of emotionally distressing experiences. These implications stem from cognitive, socio-emotional, mental health, and neurobiological consequences of maltreatment and can be at least partially explained by current theories concerning the effects of childhood trauma. In this review, two main hypotheses are advanced: (a) Maltreatment in childhood is associated with especially robust memory for emotionally distressing material in many individuals, but (b) maltreatment can impair memory for such material in individuals who defensively avoid it. Support for these hypotheses comes from research on child abuse victims' memory and suggestibility regarding distressing but nonabusive events, memory for child abuse itself, and autobiographical memory. However, more direct investigations are needed to test precisely when and how childhood trauma affects memory for emotionally significant, distressing experiences. Legal implications and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Valentino K, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. Autobiographical memory functioning among abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated children: the overgeneral memory effect. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50:1029-38. [PMID: 19490313 PMCID: PMC3513357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation addresses whether there are differences in the form and content of autobiographical memory recall as a function of maltreatment, and examines the roles of self-system functioning and psychopathology in autobiographical memory processes. METHODS Autobiographical memory for positive and negative nontraumatic events was evaluated among abused, neglected, and nonmaltreated school-aged children. RESULTS Abused children's memories were more overgeneral and contained more negative self-representations than did those of the nonmaltreated children. Negative self-representations and depression were significantly related to overgeneral memory, but did not mediate the relation between abuse and overgeneral memory. CONCLUSIONS The meaning of these findings for models of memory and for the development of overgenerality is emphasized. Moreover, the clinical implications of the current research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
,Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Knutson JF, Lawrence E, Taber SM, Bank L, DeGarmo DS. Assessing children's exposure to intimate partner violence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2009; 12:157-73. [PMID: 19437117 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-009-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely acknowledged as a threat to the psycho-social and academic well-being of children. Unfortunately, as reflected in the literature, the specific link between such exposure and childhood outcomes is ambiguous. Based on a review of the literature, this article suggests that this state of affairs is due, in part, to the manner with which exposure to IPV is operationally defined. After reviewing the dominant strategies for operationally defining exposure to IPV and the problems associated with those strategies, this article reports original data contrasting three measures derived from maternal reports, three measures derived from child reports, and the limited concordance among those different indices of exposure to IPV. The implications of these findings for research on child outcomes and the clinical assessment of children who might have been exposed to IPV are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Knutson
- University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2008; 49:22-9. [PMID: 18063037 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to test Williams' (Williams JMG. Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory. In: Rubin D, ed. Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory. London: Cambridge University Press; 1996:244-267.) theory of suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults by examining the relationship among suicidal behaviors, defective ability to retrieve specific autobiographical memories, impaired interpersonal problem solving, negative life events, repression, and hopelessness. METHODS Twenty-five suicidal adolescent and young adult inpatients (16.5 y +/- 2.5) were compared with 25 nonsuicidal adolescent and young adult inpatients (16.5 y +/- 2.5) and 25 healthy controls. Autobiographical memory was tested by a word association test; problem solving by the means-ends problem solving technique; negative life events by the Coddington scale; repression by the Life Style Index; hopelessness by the Beck scale; suicidal risk by the Plutchik scale, and suicide attempt by clinical history. RESULTS Impairment in the ability to produce specific autobiographical memories, difficulties with interpersonal problem solving, negative life events, and repression were all associated with hopelessness and suicidal behavior. There were significant correlations among all the variables except for repression and negative life events. CONCLUSIONS These findings support Williams' notion that generalized autobiographical memory is associated with deficits in interpersonal problem solving, negative life events, hopelessness, and suicidal behavior. The finding that defects in autobiographical memory are associated with suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults may lead to improvements in the techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy in this age group.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Does trauma exposure impair retrieval of autobiographical memories? Many theorists have suggested that the reduced ability to access specific memories of life events, termed overgenerality, is a protective mechanism helping attenuate painful emotions associated with trauma. The authors addressed this question by reviewing 24 studies that assessed trauma exposure and overgenerality, examining samples with posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, depression, traumatic event exposure, and other clinical disorders. Limitations are discussed, including variations in assessment of events, depression, and overgenerality and the need for additional comparison groups. Across studies, there was no consistent association between trauma exposure and overgenerality, suggesting that trauma exposure is unlikely to be the primary mechanism leading to overgenerality. Instead, psychopathology factors such as depression and posttraumatic stress appear to be more consistently associated with overgenerality. Alternative overgenerality theories may help identify key overgenerality mechanisms, improving current understanding of autobiographical memory processes underlying psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vrielynck N, Deplus S, Philippot P. Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory and Depressive Disorder in Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 36:95-105. [PMID: 17206885 DOI: 10.1080/15374410709336572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Overgeneral autobiographical memory seems to be a stable cognitive marker in depressed adults and may predict persistence of depression. This study investigated whether depressive disorders in children are associated with overgeneral memory. Sixty children (ages 9 to 13 years) participated; 15 were diagnosed with lifetime depressive disorder, 25 had other lifetime psychiatric disorders, and 20 had no history of psychiatric disorder. Depressed children gave fewer specific memories compared to children with no or other psychiatric disorders, even after controlling for depressive mood, potential traumatic life events, verbal IQ, and verbal memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vrielynck
- University of Louvain, Place Cardinal Mercier 10, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Building upon methods and research utilized with normative populations, we examine extant assumptions regarding the effects of child maltreatment on memory. The effects of stress on basic memory processes is examined, and potential neurobiological changes relevant to memory development are examined. The impact of maltreatment-related sequelae (including dissociation and depression) on basic memory processes as well as false memories and suggestibility are also outlined. Although there is a clear need for additional research, the investigations that do exist reveal that maltreated children's basic memory processes are not reliably different from that of other, nonmaltreated children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Howe
- Lancaster University, Department of Psychology, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Johnson RJ, Greenhoot AF, Glisky E, McCloskey LA. The Relations Among Abuse, Depression, and Adolescents' Autobiographical Memory. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2005; 34:235-47. [PMID: 15901224 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3402_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relations among early and recent experiences with abuse, depression, and adolescents' autobiographical memory in a longitudinal study of family violence. Participants' (N = 134) exposure to violence was documented when they were 6 to 12 years old and again when they were 12 to 18 years old. The second assessment included measures of depression and autobiographical memory for childhood experiences. Memory problems were more consistently related to current circumstances than childhood abuse history. For instance, depressive symptoms were associated with increased rates of "overgeneral" childhood memories. Recent exposure to family violence predicted more overgeneral memories, shorter memories, and lower rates of negative memories. The patterns suggest that adolescents currently stressed by depression or family violence might strategically avoid the details of past experiences to regulate affect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Johnson
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Hermans D, Van den Broeck K, Belis G, Raes F, Pieters G, Eelen P. Trauma and autobiographical memory specificity in depressed inpatients. Behav Res Ther 2004; 42:775-89. [PMID: 15149898 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2003] [Revised: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on autobiographical memory has shown that clinical depression is associated with a difficulty in retrieving specific autobiographical memories in response to cue words. This study examined the relation between lack of autobiographical memory specificity and self-reported trauma in a group of depressed adults (N = 23). In addition to the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986) participants completed a number of questionnaires assessing the presence of traumatic experiences in the past, level of depression and neuroticism. The number of specific responses was not related to depression severity, but was significantly associated with the presence and severity of reported physical abuse. Participants who had been victim of physical abuse were less specific than participants who had not been confronted with such physical adversities. The results are discussed in the context of a functional hypothesis about the developmental relations between memory specificity, trauma and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hermans
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|