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Raaperi K, Orro T, Viltrop A. Epidemiology and control of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in Europe. Vet J 2014; 201:249-56. [PMID: 24954868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion and balanoposthitis, as well as neurological and systemic disease in cattle. The virus is endemic in cattle populations worldwide although in Europe six countries and several regions in other countries have achieved 'IBR-free' status by implementing control measures. According to European Union (EU) directives, all member states must comply with specific requirements related to BHV-1 infection status in semen and embryos. The requirement that 'IBR-free' states restrict the importation of cattle from endemically infected regions has motivated several European countries to instigate disease eradication programmes. Despite such control measures within the EU, outbreaks of IBR persist in 'IBR-free' states contiguous with infected countries. This review presents a summary of recent research on the epidemiology of BHV-1, highlights the control measures and surveillance systems in place, and discusses the challenges facing eradication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerli Raaperi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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Del Médico Zajac MP, Ladelfa MF, Kotsias F, Muylkens B, Thiry J, Thiry E, Romera SA. Biology of bovine herpesvirus 5. Vet J 2009; 184:138-45. [PMID: 19409823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible for meningoencephalitis in young cattle and is closely antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Both viruses have common aspects in their pathogenesis: (1) they infect epithelial cells at the portal of entry and (2) they establish a latent infection in the sensory nerve ganglia, i.e., the trigeminal ganglia. However, they have different neuroinvasion and neurovirulence capacities. Only in rare cases can BoHV-1 reach the brain of infected cattle. BoHV-5 infection induces different degrees of severity of neurological disease depending on both viral and host factors. Although a case of BoHV-5 associated disease in Europe and some outbreaks in USA and Australia have been reported, the current geographical distribution of BoHV-5 infection is mainly restricted to South America, especially Brazil and Argentina. This review focuses on the genomic characteristics, pathobiology and epidemiology of BoHV-5, in order to provide information on the possible basis of alphaherpesvirus neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Del Médico Zajac
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Flores EF, Weiblen R, Vogel FSF, Dezengrini R, Almeida SRD, Spilki FR, Roehe PM. Neuropatogênese experimental da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 em coelhos. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vários aspectos da biologia do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) têm sido estudados em coelhos, que desenvolvem infecção aguda e doença neurológica após inoculação experimental. A infecção aguda é seguida pelo estabelecimento de infecção latente, que pode ser reativada natural ou artificialmente. Os primeiros experimentos nesta espécie estabeleceram um protocolo de inoculação e monitoramento da infecção, e caracterizaram os principais aspectos virológicos, clínicos e patológicos da infecção aguda. A patogenia da infecção aguda, desde a replicação viral nos sítios de inoculação, vias e cinética de transporte viral até o encéfalo, distribuição e replicação viral no sistema nervoso central (SNC), tropismo celular e tecidual, manifestações clínicas e patologia no SNC foram detalhadamente estudados nestes animais. Posteriormente, vários aspectos biológicos e moleculares da infecção latente também foram elucidados a partir de inoculações de coelhos. Os coelhos também têm sido utilizados para estudar o fenótipo (neuroinvasividade, neurovirulência) de isolados de campo e de cepas vacinais recombinantes, proteção por imunidade passiva, proteção vacinal, eficácia de drogas anti-virais e terapêuticas de suporte da infecção neurológica. Este modelo experimental também foi utilizado para o estudo da origem e distribuição dos estímulos elétricos produzidos durante as convulsões - uma característica da infecção neurológica pelo BoHV-5 -, e para testes de medicamentos anti-convulsivantes. Ressalvadas as diferenças que certamente existem entre bovinos - os hospedeiros naturais - e coelhos, as observações oriundas deste modelo experimental tem contribuído sobremaneira para o conhecimento da biologia do BoHV-5. O presente trabalho apresenta uma coletânea de resultados e observações, publicadas ou não pelo grupo, ao longo de mais de uma década, envolvendo inoculações de coelhos para estudar diversos aspectos da infecção pelo BoHV-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Fepagro Saúde Animal, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Belák K, Koenen F, Vanderhallen H, Mittelholzer C, Feliziani F, De Mia GM, Belák S. Comparative studies on the pathogenicity and tissue distribution of three virulence variants of classical swine fever virus, two field isolates and one vaccine strain, with special regard to immunohistochemical investigations. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:34. [PMID: 18775072 PMCID: PMC2543013 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the tissue distribution and pathogenicity of three virulence variants of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and to investigate the applicability of various conventional diagnostic procedures. METHODS 64 pigs were divided into three groups and infected with the highly virulent isolate ISS/60, the moderately virulent isolate Wingene'93 and the live attenuated vaccine strain Riems, respectively. Clinical signs, gross and histopathological changes were compared in relation to time elapsed post infection. Virus spread in various organs was followed by virus isolation, by immunohistochemistry, applying monoclonal antibodies in a two-step method and by in situ hybridisation using a digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe. RESULTS The tissue distribution data are discussed in details, analyzing the results of the various diagnostic approaches. The comparative studies revealed remarkable differences in the onset of clinical signs as well as in the development of the macro- and microscopical changes, and in the tissue distribution of CSFV in the three experimental groups. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that in the case of highly and moderately virulent virus variants the virulence does not affect the pattern of the viral spread, however, it influences the outcome, the duration and the intensity of the disease. Immunohistochemistry has the advantage to allow the rapid detection and localisation of the virus, especially in cases of early infection, when clinical signs are still absent. Compared to virus isolation, the advantage of this method is that no cell culture facilities are required. Thus, immunohistochemistry provides simple and sensitive tools for the prompt detection of newly emerging variants of CSFV, including the viruses of very mild virulence.
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Diel DG, Almeida SR, Brum MCS, Dezengrini R, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Acute and latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type 5 in experimentally infected goats. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:257-67. [PMID: 17267142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of alphaherpesviruses to infect different ruminant species may have important implications for control/eradication efforts. Serological data indicate that goats may be naturally infected with bovine herpesviruses. To investigate the susceptibility of goats to bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5), 3-4-month-old kids were inoculated intranasally with each of three Brazilian BoHV-5 isolates (G1, n=8; G2, n=5; G3, n=5). The acute infection was characterized by virus shedding in nasal secretions for up to 14 days (titers up to 10(5.97)TCID(50)/mL), mild respiratory signs and conjunctivitis. All animals seroconverted to BoHV-5, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 4 to 32 to the homologous viruses. At day 60 post inoculation (pi), two animals from each group were euthanized for tissue collection and the remaining goats were submitted to dexamethasone administration (0.4 mg kg(-1) for 5 days). Dexamethasone treatment resulted in virus reactivation in 9 out of 12 animals, as ascertained by virus shedding and/or by increase in VN titers. Virus shedding was detected in 8/12 animals and lasted from 1 to 9 days. Latent viral DNA was detected by PCR in the olfactory bulb and/or trigeminal ganglia of 6/6 goats euthanized at day 60 pi and in 12/12 animals euthanized 40 days post-dexamethasone. These results show that young goats are susceptible to BoHV-5 and may shed virus upon reactivation of latent infection. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that goats raised in close contact with cattle in areas where BoHV-5 is endemic may be infected and therefore should be considered potential reservoirs of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Diel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brasil
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Keuser V, Schynts F, Detry B, Collard A, Robert B, Vanderplasschen A, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Improved antigenic methods for differential diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and cervine alphaherpesviruses related to bovine herpesvirus 1. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1228-35. [PMID: 15004081 PMCID: PMC356849 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1228-1235.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) requires sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. As BoHV-1 is antigenically and genetically related to four other alphaherpesviruses of ruminants-namely, BoHV-5, caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CvHV-1) and CvHV-2-diagnostic tests able to discriminate BoHV-1 from these related viruses are needed to avoid misdiagnosis, especially because some of these viruses are able to cross the species barrier. In this study, murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for BoHV-1, BoHV-5, CpHV-1, CvHV-1, and CvHV-2 were produced with the aim of setting up an immunofluorescence assay able to discriminate between these related herpesviruses. Produced MAbs were selected for their viral specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence staining of virus-infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation characterization of the selected MAbs revealed that four of them are directed against glycoprotein C (gC) and one of them is directed against gD of these related viruses. The obtained results demonstrate that the antibodies produced allow an unambiguous discrimination of each of the four alphaherpesviruses related to BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Laurent S, Esnault E, Dambrine G, Goudeau A, Choudat D, Rasschaert D. Detection of avian oncogenic Marek's disease herpesvirus DNA in human sera. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:233-240. [PMID: 11125176 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) has a worldwide distribution and is responsible for T-lymphoma in chickens. The question as to whether MDV poses a public health hazard to humans was first raised when the virus was isolated in 1967. However, no irrefutable results have been obtained in immunological and virological studies. We used a nested-PCR to detect MDV DNA in human serum samples. A total of 202 serum samples from individuals exposed and not exposed to poultry was tested by nested-PCR for a target sequence located in the MDV gD gene. The assay system was specific and sensitive, making it possible to detect a single copy of the target sequence. Forty-one (20%) of the 202 serum samples tested positive for MDV DNA. The prevalence of MDV DNA was not significantly different in the group exposed to poultry and the group not exposed to poultry. There was also no difference due to age or sex. Alignment of the 41 gD sequences amplified from human sera with eight gD sequences amplified from MDV-infected chicken sera showed a maximum nucleotide divergence of 1.65%. However, four 'hot-spot' mutation sites were identified, defining four groups. Interestingly, two groups contained only human MDV-gD sequences. The status of the MDV genome detected in human blood is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laurent
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Barrière d'Espèce, Station de Pathologie aviaire et de parasitologie, INRA, Centre de recherches de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France1
| | - E Esnault
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Barrière d'Espèce, Station de Pathologie aviaire et de parasitologie, INRA, Centre de recherches de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France1
| | - G Dambrine
- Laboratoire de Virologie et d'Oncogénèse Aviaire, Station de Pathologie aviaire et de parasitologie, INRA, Centre de recherches de Tours, France2
| | - A Goudeau
- Département de Microbiologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Tours, France3
| | - D Choudat
- Département Médecine du Travail, Faculté de Médecine Cochin-Port Royal, Paris 14ème, France4
| | - D Rasschaert
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Barrière d'Espèce, Station de Pathologie aviaire et de parasitologie, INRA, Centre de recherches de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France1
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Ros C, Riquelme ME, Forslund KO, Belák S. Improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences. J Virol Methods 1999; 83:55-65. [PMID: 10598083 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), were achieved by the development of specific PCR systems. The highly variable N-terminal of the glycoprotein C was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the CerHV-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein D region. All the assays proved specific since no heterologous virus was amplified. BHV-1 and BHV-5 were detected by using the same PCR assay and the different sizes of the amplification products allowed their identification on agarose gels. The practical diagnostic applicability of the novel PCR assays, with special regard to the BHV-1 system, has been evaluated on clinical samples from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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