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Gao X, Su B, Sun Z, Xu L, Wei Y, Wu D. Patterns of Gray and White Matter Volume Alterations in Patients With Post-Traumatic Anosmia: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:690760. [PMID: 35860485 PMCID: PMC9289146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.690760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTraumatic brain injury is one of the major causes of human olfactory dysfunction and leads to brain structure alterations, mainly in the cortical olfactory regions. Our study aimed to investigate volume changes in the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in patients with post-traumatic anosmia and then to explore the relationship between GM volume and olfactory function.MethodsEthics committee approved prospective studies which included 22 patients with post-traumatic anosmia and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks. High-resolution 3-dimensional T1 MRIs of the participants were acquired on a 3T scanner and the data were collected for voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis. Furthermore, the GM and WM volumes of the whole brain regions were compared and correlated with olfactory function.ResultsThe analysis revealed significant GM volume reduction in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), gyrus rectus (GR), olfactory cortex, insula, parahippocampal, temporal pole, and cerebellum (all P < 0.001) in patients. Besides, WM volume loss was also found in the OFC, GR, and insula (all P < 0.001) in patients. All WM atrophy areas were connected to areas of GM volume loss spatially. Correlation analysis showed the olfactory scores were significantly positively correlated with the GM volume of the occipital cortex (P < 0.001, and PFWE < 0.05), while no significant correlation was found between the Sniffin' Sticks test scores and the WM volume in patients.ConclusionThe reduction of GM and WM volume in olfactory-related regions was responsible for olfactory dysfunction in post-traumatic patients. The occipital cortex may play a compensation mechanism to maintain the residual olfactory function. To our knowledge, we report here for the first time on white matter volume alterations specifically in post-traumatic patients with anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Baihan Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Wei
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Dawei Wu
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2
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Rekow D, Baudouin JY, Durand K, Leleu A. Smell what you hardly see: Odors assist visual categorization in the human brain. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119181. [PMID: 35413443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual categorization is the brain ability to rapidly and automatically respond to a certain category of inputs. Whether category-selective neural responses are purely visual or can be influenced by other sensory modalities remains unclear. Here, we test whether odors modulate visual categorization, expecting that odors facilitate the neural categorization of congruent visual objects, especially when the visual category is ambiguous. Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while natural images depicting various objects were displayed in rapid 12-Hz streams (i.e., 12 images / second) and variable exemplars of a target category (either human faces, cars, or facelike objects in dedicated sequences) were interleaved every 9th stimulus to tag category-selective responses at 12/9 = 1.33 Hz in the EEG frequency spectrum. During visual stimulation, participants (N = 26) were implicitly exposed to odor contexts (either body, gasoline or baseline odors) and performed an orthogonal cross-detection task. We identify clear category-selective responses to every category over the occipito-temporal cortex, with the largest response for human faces and the lowest for facelike objects. Critically, body odor boosts the response to the ambiguous facelike objects (i.e., either perceived as nonface objects or faces) over the right hemisphere, especially for participants reporting their presence post-stimulation. By contrast, odors do not significantly modulate other category-selective responses, nor the general visual response recorded at 12 Hz, revealing a specific influence on the categorization of congruent ambiguous stimuli. Overall, these findings support the view that the brain actively uses cues from the different senses to readily categorize visual inputs, and that olfaction, which has long been considered as poorly functional in humans, is well placed to disambiguate visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Rekow
- Development of Olfactory Communication & Cognition Lab, Center for Taste, Smell & Feeding Behavior, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, Institut Agro Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Laboratoire Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Éducation (DIPHE), Département Psychologie du Développement, de l'Éducation et des Vulnérabilités (PsyDÉV), Institut de psychologie, Université de Lyon (Lumière Lyon 2), 5, avenue Pierre-Mendès-France, 69676, Bron, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Development of Olfactory Communication & Cognition Lab, Center for Taste, Smell & Feeding Behavior, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, Institut Agro Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Leleu
- Development of Olfactory Communication & Cognition Lab, Center for Taste, Smell & Feeding Behavior, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, Institut Agro Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France.
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3
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Decreased activity of piriform cortex and orbitofrontal hyperactivation in Usher Syndrome, a human disorder of ciliary dysfunction. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1176-1185. [PMID: 34850367 PMCID: PMC9107447 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is a condition characterized by ciliary dysfunction leading to retinal degeneration and hearing/vestibular loss. Putative olfactory deficits in humans have been documented at the psychophysical level and remain to be proven at the neurophysiological level. Thus, we aimed to study USH olfactory impairment using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed differences in whole-brain responses between 27 USH patients and 26 healthy participants during an olfactory detection task with a bimodal odorant (n-butanol). The main research question was whether between-group differences could be identified using a conservative whole-brain approach and in a ROI-based approach in key olfactory brain regions. Results indicated higher olfactory thresholds in USH patients, thereby confirming the hypothesis of reduced olfactory acuity. Importantly, we found decreased BOLD activity for USH patients in response to odorant stimulation in the right piriform cortex, while right orbitofrontal cortex showed increased activity. We also found decreased activity in other higher-level regions in a whole brain approach. We suggest that the hyper activation in the orbitofrontal cortex possibly occurs as a compensatory mechanism after the under-recruitment of the piriform cortex. This study suggests that olfactory deficits in USH can be objectively assessed using functional neuroimaging which reveals differential patterns of activity both in low- and high-level regions of the olfactory network. 1. Psychophysical olfactory deficits are present in Usher Syndrome, a ciliary disorder. 2. USH patients show decreased BOLD activity in the right piriform olfactory cortex; 3. USH patients show increased activity in the orbitofrontal olfactory cortex; 4. USH patients show patterns of decreased activity in high-level cortical regions; 5. Functional neuroimaging unravels USH olfactory deficits at the population level.
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4
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Bontempi C, Jacquot L, Brand G. Sex Differences in Odor Hedonic Perception: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:764520. [PMID: 34733137 PMCID: PMC8558558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.764520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor hedonic evaluation (pleasant/unpleasant) is considered as the first and one of the most prominent dimension in odor perception. While sex differences in human olfaction have been extensively explored, gender effect in hedonic perception appears to be less considered. However, a number of studies have included comparisons between men and women, using different types of measurements (psychophysical, psychophysiological,…). This overview presents experimental works with non-specific and body odors separately presented as well as experimental studies comparing healthy participants vs patients with psychiatric disorders. Contrary to sensitivity, identification or discrimination, the overall literature tends to prove that no so clear differences occur in odor hedonic judgment between men and women. On the whole, gender effect appears more marked for body than non-specific odors and is almost never reported in psychiatric diseases. These findings are discussed in relation to the processes classically implied in pleasantness rating and emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bontempi
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Jacquot
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gérard Brand
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive – UR481, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CSGA Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, Dijon, France
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5
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Altered glucose metabolism of the olfactory-related cortices in anosmia patients with traumatic brain injury. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:4813-4821. [PMID: 33744988 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Impaired brain cortices contribute significantly to the pathophysiological mechanisms of post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD). This study aimed to use 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) to measure cerebral cortices' metabolism activity and then to explore their associations with olfaction in patients with PTOD. METHODS Ethics committee-approved prospective studies included 15 patients with post-traumatic anosmia and 11 healthy volunteers. Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks. Participants underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scan and the image data were collected for the voxel-based whole brain analysis. Furthermore, the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of the whole brain regions was measured and correlated with olfactory function. RESULTS Patients with post-traumatic anosmia showed significantly reduced glucose metabolism in bilateral rectus, bilateral superior and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), bilateral thalamus, left hippocampus and parahippocampus and left superior temporal pole (all p < 0.001). In contrast, patients with post-traumatic anosmia had significantly increased glucose metabolism in the bilateral insula (all p < 0.001). SUVR values among a total of 17 cerebral cortices including frontal, limbic, and temporal regions were significantly and positively correlated with olfactory function. The cerebral cortices with the top three correlations were the right middle frontal OFC (r = 0.765, p = 0.001), right caudate (r = 0.652, p = 0.010) and right putamen (r = 0.623, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Patients with post-traumatic anosmia presented with distinct patterns of brain metabolism and key cortices that highly associated with the retained olfactory function were identified. The preliminary results further support the potential use of PET imaging for precisely assessing brain metabolism in patients with PTOD.
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Xu M, Minagawa Y, Kumazaki H, Okada KI, Naoi N. Prefrontal Responses to Odors in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Functional NIRS Measurement Combined With a Fragrance Pulse Ejection System. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:523456. [PMID: 33132871 PMCID: PMC7579723 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.523456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are impaired not only in social competencies but also in sensory perception, particularly olfaction. The olfactory ability of individuals with ASD has been examined in several psychophysical studies, but the results have been highly variable, which might be primarily due to methodological difficulties in the control of odor stimuli (e.g., the problem of lingering scents). In addition, the neural correlates of olfactory specificities in individuals with ASD remain largely unknown. To date, only one study has investigated this issue using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The present study utilized a sophisticated method-a pulse ejection system-to present well-controlled odor stimuli to participants with ASD using an ASD-friendly application. With this advantageous system, we examined their odor detection, identification, and evaluation abilities and measured their brain activity evoked by odors using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). As the odor detection threshold (DT) of participants with ASD was highly variable, these participants were divided into two groups according to their DT: an ASD-Low DT group and an ASD-High DT group. Behavioral results showed that the ASD-High DT group had a significantly higher DT than the typically developing (control) group and the ASD-Low DT group, indicating their insensitivity to the tested odors. In addition, while there was no significant difference in the odor identification ability between groups, there was some discrepancy between the groups' evaluations of odor pleasantness. The brain data identified, for the first time, that neural activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was significantly weaker in the ASD-High DT group than in the control group. Moreover, the strength of activity in the right DLPFC was negatively correlated with the DT. These findings suggest that participants with ASD have impairments in the higher-order function of olfactory processing, such as olfactory working memory and/or attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdi Xu
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center of Life-Span Development of Communication Skills, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Minagawa
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center of Life-Span Development of Communication Skills, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Global Centre for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Okada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Naoi
- Global Centre for Advanced Research on Logic and Sensibility, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Arts and Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Comparative studies on brain asymmetry date back to the 19th century but then largely disappeared due to the assumption that lateralization is uniquely human. Since the reemergence of this field in the 1970s, we learned that left-right differences of brain and behavior exist throughout the animal kingdom and pay off in terms of sensory, cognitive, and motor efficiency. Ontogenetically, lateralization starts in many species with asymmetrical expression patterns of genes within the Nodal cascade that set up the scene for later complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. These take effect during different time points of ontogeny and create asymmetries of neural networks in diverse species. As a result, depending on task demands, left- or right-hemispheric loops of feedforward or feedback projections are then activated and can temporarily dominate a neural process. In addition, asymmetries of commissural transfer can shape lateralized processes in each hemisphere. It is still unclear if interhemispheric interactions depend on an inhibition/excitation dichotomy or instead adjust the contralateral temporal neural structure to delay the other hemisphere or synchronize with it during joint action. As outlined in our review, novel animal models and approaches could be established in the last decades, and they already produced a substantial increase of knowledge. Since there is practically no realm of human perception, cognition, emotion, or action that is not affected by our lateralized neural organization, insights from these comparative studies are crucial to understand the functions and pathologies of our asymmetric brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix Ströckens
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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8
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Koehler L, Fournel A, Albertowski K, Roessner V, Gerber J, Hummel C, Hummel T, Bensafi M. Impaired Odor Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder Is Associated with Decreased Activity in Olfactory Cortex. Chem Senses 2019; 43:627-634. [PMID: 30219913 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterized by atypical sensory functioning in the visual, tactile, and auditory systems. Although less explored, olfactory changes have been reported in ASD patients. To explore these changes on a neural level, 18 adults with ASD and 18 healthy neurotypical controls were examined in a 2-phase study. Participants were first tested for odor threshold and odor identification. Then, (i) structural magnetic resonance (MR) images of the olfactory bulb were acquired, and (ii) a functional MR imaging olfaction study was conducted. ASD patients exhibited decreased function for odor thresholds and odor identification; this was accompanied by a relatively decreased activation in the piriform cortex. In conclusion, these findings suggest, that the known alterations in olfaction in ASD are rooted in the primary olfactory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Koehler
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Fournel
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, France
| | - K Albertowski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Gerber
- Department of Neuroradiology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - C Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, "Technische Universität Dresden," Fetscherstraße, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Bensafi
- CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Lyon, France
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Asal N, Bayar Muluk N, Inal M, Şahan MH, Doğan A, Buturak SV. Olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in psychotic patients and patients with anxiety disorder/depression. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 275:3017-3024. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Zhou B, Feng G, Chen W, Zhou W. Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:1718-1728. [PMID: 28334302 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our perception of the world builds upon dynamic inputs from multiple senses with different temporal resolutions, and is threaded with the passing of subjective time. How time is extracted from multisensory inputs is scantly known. Utilizing psychophysical testing and electroencephalography, we show in healthy human adults that odors modulate object visibility around critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF)-the limit at which chromatic flickers become perceived as a stable color-and effectively alter CFF in a congruency-based manner, despite that they afford no clear environmental temporal information. The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object's flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one's temporal sensitivity. These findings point to a neuronal network in the right temporal cortex that executes flexible temporal filtering of upstream visual inputs based on olfactory information. Moreover, they collectively indicate that the very process of sensory integration at the stage of object processing twists time perception, hence casting new insights into the neural timing of multisensory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guo Feng
- Institute of Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Manescu S, Daniel B, Filiou RP, Lepore F, Frasnelli J. Nostril Advantage in Trigeminal/Olfactory Perception and Its Relation to Handedness. Perception 2016; 46:377-392. [PMID: 27864554 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616680375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Few studies investigated nostril-advantage in chemosensory perception, particularly, in relation to handedness. The aim of the present article was therefore to assess whether trigeminal/olfactory perception is altered by handedness. Methods We tested 50 (all right-handed) and 43 (22 left-handed) participants in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. We used binary mixtures of cinnamaldehyde and eucalyptol, in different proportions presented as physical mixtures (the same exact mixture presented birhinally to each nostril) or as a dichorhinic mixtures (different mixtures presented to each nostril). Presenting dichorhinic mixtures allowed us to assess nostril dominance based on participants' report on whether the mixture smelled more like cinnamon or eucalyptus. Participants also evaluated whether the stimuli were "painful," "warm," "cold," and "intense" on visual scales. Results In Study 1, we find that in right handers, stimuli presented to the right nostril dominated over those presented to the left nostril. These stimuli were also rated as more "painful" and "intense." In Study 2, we could not corroborate the findings in the right-handed individuals, and we found limited support for a nostril advantage left-handed individuals. Conclusion Although our data points toward a certain nostril advantage in chemosensory perception, the finding is not systematic, we discuss possible underlying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Manescu
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Benjhyna Daniel
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Renée-Pier Filiou
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Franco Lepore
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition (CERNEC), Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada.,Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada
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12
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Mathew PG, Robertson CE. No Laughing Matter: Gelastic Migraine and Other Unusual Headache Syndromes. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2016; 20:32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-016-0560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Satpute AB, Kang J, Bickart KC, Yardley H, Wager TD, Barrett LF. Involvement of Sensory Regions in Affective Experience: A Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1860. [PMID: 26696928 PMCID: PMC4678183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work suggests that sensory processes may also contribute to affective experience. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of affective experiences driven through visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory stimulus modalities including study contrasts that compared affective stimuli to matched neutral control stimuli. We found, first, that limbic and paralimbic regions, including the amygdala, anterior insula, pre-supplementary motor area, and portions of orbitofrontal cortex were consistently engaged across two or more modalities. Second, early sensory input regions in occipital, temporal, piriform, mid-insular, and primary sensory cortex were frequently engaged during affective experiences driven by visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory inputs. A classification analysis demonstrated that the pattern of neural activity across a contrast map diagnosed the stimulus modality driving the affective experience. These findings suggest that affective experiences are constructed from activity that is distributed across limbic and paralimbic brain regions and also activity in sensory cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin C. Bickart
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, BostonMA, USA
| | - Helena Yardley
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, BoulderCO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, BoulderCO, USA
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, BoulderCO, USA
| | - Lisa F. Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, BostonMA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, BostonMA, USA
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14
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Cohen Y, Putrino D, Wilson DA. Dynamic cortical lateralization during olfactory discrimination learning. J Physiol 2015; 593:1701-14. [PMID: 25604039 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.288381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral cortical circuits are not necessarily symmetrical. Asymmetry, or cerebral lateralization, allows functional specialization of bilateral brain regions and has been described in humans for such diverse functions as perception, memory and emotion. There is also evidence for asymmetry in the human olfactory system, although evidence in non-human animal models is lacking. In the present study, we took advantage of the known changes in olfactory cortical local field potentials that occur over the course of odour discrimination training to test for functional asymmetry in piriform cortical activity during learning. Both right and left piriform cortex local field potential activities were recorded. The results obtained demonstrate a robust interhemispheric asymmetry in anterior piriform cortex activity that emerges during specific stages of odour discrimination learning, with a transient bias toward the left hemisphere. This asymmetry is not apparent during error trials. Furthermore, functional connectivity (coherence) between the bilateral anterior piriform cortices is learning- and context-dependent. Steady-state interhemispheric anterior piriform cortex coherence is reduced during the initial stages of learning and then recovers as animals acquire competent performance. The decrease in coherence is seen relative to bilateral coherence expressed in the home cage, which remains stable across conditioning days. Similarly, transient, trial-related interhemispheric coherence increases with task competence. Taken together, the results demonstrate transient asymmetry in piriform cortical function during odour discrimination learning until mastery, suggesting that each piriform cortex may contribute something unique to odour memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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Olfactory short-term memory encoding and maintenance — An event-related potential study. Neuroimage 2014; 98:475-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Right occipital cortex activation correlates with superior odor processing performance in the early blind. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71907. [PMID: 23967263 PMCID: PMC3743806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in ten early blind humans, we found robust occipital activation during two odor-processing tasks (discrimination or categorization of fruit and flower odors), as well as during control auditory-verbal conditions (discrimination or categorization of fruit and flower names). We also found evidence for reorganization and specialization of the ventral part of the occipital cortex, with dissociation according to stimulus modality: the right fusiform gyrus was most activated during olfactory conditions while part of the left ventral lateral occipital complex showed a preference for auditory-verbal processing. Only little occipital activation was found in sighted subjects, but the same right-olfactory/left-auditory-verbal hemispheric lateralization was found overall in their brain. This difference between the groups was mirrored by superior performance of the blind in various odor-processing tasks. Moreover, the level of right fusiform gyrus activation during the olfactory conditions was highly correlated with individual scores in a variety of odor recognition tests, indicating that the additional occipital activation may play a functional role in odor processing.
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Galliot E, Comte A, Magnin E, Tatu L, Moulin T, Millot JL. Effects of an ambient odor on brain activations during episodic retrieval of objects. Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 7:213-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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State-dependent coherences between the olfactory bulbs for delta and theta oscillations. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:44-8. [PMID: 20594948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correlations of neuronal oscillations in different brain regions are closely related to a variety of brain functions. The delta and theta oscillations in the olfactory bulb (OB), coupled with respiration rhythm, could play important roles in olfactory tasks. The correlations between the two OBs, however, are largely unknown. By simultaneously recording local field potentials from the OBs, we found that for these oscillations, the intrabulbar coherences were high and state-independent, while the interbulbar coherences were also high but state-dependent. Higher activity states, generated by lighter depth of anesthesia or peripheral odor stimulation, have lower coherence, suggesting that the high interbulbar correlations can be modulated by both internal and external factors.
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Stankewitz A, Voit HL, Bingel U, Peschke C, May A. A new trigemino-nociceptive stimulation model for event-related fMRI. Cephalalgia 2009; 30:475-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging of human trigemino-nociceptive processing provides meaningful insights into altered pain processing in head and face pain diseases. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers high temporal and spatial resolution, most studies available were done with radioligand-positron emission tomography, as fMRI requires non-magnetic stimulus equipment and fast on–off conditions. We developed a new approach for painful stimulation of the trigeminal nerve that can be implemented within an event-related design using fMRI and aimed to detect increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals as surrogate markers of trigeminal pain processing. Using an olfactometer, 20 healthy volunteers received intranasally standardized trigeminal nociceptive stimuli (ammonia gas) as well as olfactory (rose odour) and odourless control stimuli (air puffs). Imaging revealed robust BOLD responses to the trigeminal nociceptive stimulation in cortical and subcortical brain areas known to be involved in pain processing. Focusing on the trigeminal pain pathway, significant activations were observed bilaterally in brainstem areas at the trigeminal nerve entry zone, which are agreeable with the principal trigeminal nuclei. Furthermore, increased signal changes could be detected ipsilaterally at anatomical localization of the trigeminal ganglion and bilaterally in the rostral medulla, which probably represents the spinal trigeminal nuclei. However, brainstem areas involved in the endogenous pain control system that are close to this anatomical localization, such as raphe nuclei, have to be discussed. Our findings suggest that mapping trigeminal pain processing using fMRI with this non-invasive experimental design is feasible and capable of evoking specific activations in the trigeminal nociceptive system. This method will provide an ideal opportunity to study the trigeminal pain system in both health and pathological conditions such as idiopathic headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stankewitz
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - HL Voit
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - U Bingel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Peschke
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A May
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Lombion S, Comte A, Tatu L, Brand G, Moulin T, Millot JL. Patterns of cerebral activation during olfactory and trigeminal stimulations. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:821-8. [PMID: 18330871 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that most odorants stimulate both the olfactory system and the trigeminal system. However, the overlap between the brain processes involved in each of these sensorial perceptions is still poorly documented. This study aims to compare fMRI brain activations while smelling two odorants of a similar perceived intensity and pleasantness: phenyl ethyl alcohol (a pure olfactory stimulus) and iso-amyl-acetate (a bimodal olfactory-trigeminal stimulus) in a homogeneous sample of 15 healthy, right-handed female subjects. The analysis deals with the contrasts of brain activation patterns between these two odorant conditions. The results showed a significant recruitment of the right insular cortex, and bilaterally in the cingulate in response to the trigeminal component. These findings are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these odorants compared with those tested in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lombion
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques, 1 Place Leclerc, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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21
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Brancucci A, Lucci G, Mazzatenta A, Tommasi L. Asymmetries of the human social brain in the visual, auditory and chemical modalities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:895-914. [PMID: 19064350 PMCID: PMC2666086 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional asymmetries are present in many regions of the human brain responsible for motor control, sensory and cognitive functions and communication. Here, we focus on hemispheric asymmetries underlying the domain of social perception, broadly conceived as the analysis of information about other individuals based on acoustic, visual and chemical signals. By means of these cues the brain establishes the border between 'self' and 'other', and interprets the surrounding social world in terms of the physical and behavioural characteristics of conspecifics essential for impression formation and for creating bonds and relationships. We show that, considered from the standpoint of single- and multi-modal sensory analysis, the neural substrates of the perception of voices, faces, gestures, smells and pheromones, as evidenced by modern neuroimaging techniques, are characterized by a general pattern of right-hemispheric functional asymmetry that might benefit from other aspects of hemispheric lateralization rather than constituting a true specialization for social information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University of ChietiBlocco A, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy
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22
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Kleemann AM, Albrecht J, Schöpf V, Haegler K, Kopietz R, Hempel JM, Linn J, Flanagin VL, Fesl G, Wiesmann M. Trigeminal perception is necessary to localize odors. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:401-5. [PMID: 19303891 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human ability to localize odorants has been examined in a number of studies, but the findings are contradictory. In the present study we investigated the human sensitivity and ability to localize hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S), which in low concentrations stimulates the olfactory system selectively, the olfactory-trigeminal substance isoamyl acetate (IAA), and the trigeminal substance carbon dioxide (CO(2)). A general requirement for testing of localization was the conscious perception of the applied stimuli by the participants. Using Signal Detection Theory, we determined the human sensitivity in response to stimulation with these substances. Then the subjects' ability to localize the three different substances was tested. We found that humans can detect H(2)S in low concentration (2 ppm) with moderate sensitivity, and possess a high sensitivity in response to stimulation with 8 ppm H(2)S, 17.5% IAA, 50% v/v CO(2). In the localization experiment, subjects could localize neither the low nor the high concentration of H(2)S. In contrast, subjects possessed the ability to localize IAA and CO(2) stimuli. These results clearly demonstrate that humans, in spite of the aware perception, are not able to localize substances which only activate the olfactory system independent of their concentration, but they possess an ability to localize odorants that additionally excite the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kleemann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany.
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23
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Demarquay G, Royet JP, Mick G, Ryvlin P. Olfactory hypersensitivity in migraineurs: a H(2)(15)O-PET study. Cephalalgia 2008; 28:1069-80. [PMID: 18727640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory hypersensitivity (OHS) may occur during migraine attacks and seems to be very specific to this form of headache. OHS is also observed during migraine-free periods and is associated with the presence of odour-triggered attacks. Yet the pathophysiology of OHS remains unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate olfactory processing in migraineurs with OHS and to investigate whether regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) associated with olfactory stimulation is modified in these patients compared with controls. Eleven migraineurs with OHS and 12 controls participated in a H(2)(15)O-positron emission tomography study, including three scans in which odours were delivered and three scans where only odourless air was delivered. rCBF during olfactory condition was compared with that for the odourless baseline condition. Between-group analyses were performed using voxel-based and region-of-interest analyses. During both olfactory and non-olfactory conditions, we observed higher rCBF in the left piriform cortex and antero-superior temporal gyrus in migraineurs compared with controls. During odour stimulation, migraineurs also showed significantly higher activation than controls in the left temporal pole and significantly lower activation in the frontal (left inferior as well as left and right middle frontal gyri) and temporo-parietal (left and right angular, and right posterior superior temporal gyri) regions, posterior cingulate gyrus and right locus coeruleus. These results could reflect a particular role of both the piriform cortex and antero-superior temporal gyrus in OHS and odour-triggered migraine. Whether these rCBF changes are the cause or a consequence of odour-triggered migraines and interictal OHS remains unknown. Further comparisons between migraineurs with and without OHS are warranted to address this issue. The abnormal cerebral activation patterns during olfactory stimulation might reflect altered cerebrovascular response to olfactory stimulation due to the migraine disease, or an abnormal top-down regulation process related to OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Demarquay
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse; INSERM, U821, Université Claude-Bernard, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Atanasova B, Graux J, El Hage W, Hommet C, Camus V, Belzung C. Olfaction: a potential cognitive marker of psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1315-25. [PMID: 18555528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are well documented in psychiatric disorders, particularly in schizophrenia and depression. Cognitive activity roots in perceptions. However, research on sensorial alterations in psychiatric conditions has mainly focused on visual or auditory processes and less on olfaction. Here, we examine data on olfactory deficits in psychiatric patients using a systematic review of recent publications. Schizophrenic patients are mainly characterized by no reliable change in odour sensitivity and by a deficit in odour identification, recognition and discrimination. Depressed patients principally exhibit a deficit in the hedonic aspects of this perception, even if, in some case, alterations in sensitivity or identification are also found. Changes in odour perception are also found in dementia and in some neurodegenerative disease, but in this case alterations concern all aspects of the sensorial experience (detection threshold, identification and recognition). Taken together, these data indicate that olfactory abnormalities might be a marker of psychiatric conditions, with a specific pattern for each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boriana Atanasova
- INSERM U-930 FRE CNRS 2448, Université François Rabelais Tours, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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25
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Lombion-Pouthier S, Vandel P, Nezelof S, Haffen E, Millot JL. Odor perception in patients with mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:187-91. [PMID: 16376994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfaction has obvious correlates with emotional processes but little is known about the several aspects of olfaction in psychiatric disorders characterized by mood disturbance. This research aims at pointing out the specificities of olfactory perception in patients in order to identify the specific cerebral impairments involved in these disorders. METHODS Olfactory sensitivity, detection, identification, self-evaluation of intensity and pleasantness have been recorded in a control group of healthy subjects (N = 58) and in three sample populations admitted to a Psychiatry Department: depressive patients (N = 49), anorectic patients (N = 17), and patients suffering from addiction to alcohol or drugs (N = 21). RESULTS Depressive patients have a poor sensitivity, poor detection abilities but over-evaluate the pleasantness of odors. Anorectic patients have a high sensitivity, over-evaluate the intensities of the odors but under-evaluate their pleasantness. Alcoholic/drug addicted patients showed impairments in identification. LIMITATION This study does not identify inter-individual differences in olfactory perception. CONCLUSION The psychiatric diseases, here at hand although every one of them may be characterized by depressive components, show diverging impairments in olfactory perception. When variations in sensitivity are usually attributed to peripheral cues, impairments in emotional and cognitive aspects of olfaction are typically related to specific brain structures and processes which could be particularly involved in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lombion-Pouthier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Place Leclerc, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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26
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Eftekhari M, Assadi M, Kazemi M, Saghari M, Esfahani AF, Sichani BF, Gholamrezanezhad A, Beiki D. A preliminary study of neuroSPECT evaluation of patients with post-traumatic smell impairment. BMC NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2005; 5:6. [PMID: 16313675 PMCID: PMC1314885 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2385-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most olfactory testings are subjective and since they depend upon the patients' response, they are prone to false positive results. The aim of this study was to use quantitative brain perfusion SPECT in order to detect possible areas of brain activation in response to odorant stimulation in patients with post-traumatic impaired smell in comparison to a group of normal subjects. METHODS Fourteen patients with post-traumatic impaired smell and ten healthy controls were entered in this prospective study. All subjects underwent brain SPECT after intravenous injection of 740-MBq 99mTc-ECD and 48 hours later, the same procedure was repeated following olfactory stimulus (vanilla powder). RESULTS In most of seven regions of interest (Orbital Frontal Cortex, Inferior Frontal Pole, Superior Frontal Pole, Posterior Superior Frontal Lobe, Parasagittal Area, Occipital Pole, and Cerebellar area) the post-stimulation quantitative values show increased cortical perfusion being more pronounced in normal volunteers than the anosmic patients (except cerebellar areas and the right occipital pole). Maximal activation was observed in orbitofrontal regions (right+ 25.45% and left +25.47%). CONCLUSION Brain SPECT is a valuable imaging technique in the assessment of post-traumatic anosmia and could be competitive as an alternative to other imaging techniques, especially when functional MRI is unavailable or unsuitable. However, this procedure may benefit from complementary MRI or CT anatomical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Eftekhari
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Assadi
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kazemi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Amiralam hospital, Sadi St, 13185-1678 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saghari
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Armaghan Fard Esfahani
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Fallahi Sichani
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gholamrezanezhad
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Beiki
- Research Institute for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati hospital, Northern Kargar St, 14114 Tehran, Iran
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27
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Rupp CI, Fleischhacker WW, Kemmler G, Kremser C, Bilder RM, Mechtcheriakov S, Szeszko PR, Walch T, Scholtz AW, Klimbacher M, Maier C, Albrecht G, Lechner-Schoner T, Felber S, Hinterhuber H. Olfactory functions and volumetric measures of orbitofrontal and limbic regions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 74:149-61. [PMID: 15721995 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory deficits in schizophrenia patients have been suggested to reflect medial temporal and/or prefrontal brain abnormalities. In this study, we examined the relationship between different olfactory functions and volumes of the hippocampus-amygdala complex (HAC) and the orbitofrontal brain region using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Thirty-three young men with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) and 40 healthy controls performed unirhinal olfactory assessment including the main olfactory functions (threshold, discrimination, and identification), and odor judgements (intensity, edibility, familiarity, and pleasantness). Volumes of regions in the medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and amygdala) and the prefrontal region (orbitofrontal gray and white matter) were measured on MRI scans. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed bilaterally impaired thresholds, quality discrimination and identification, as well as edibility judgements. Olfactory deficits were not attributable to smoking, premorbid intelligence, or impaired thresholds. Relative to controls, patients had bilateral reduced hippocampus and amygdala volumes. In patients, smaller hippocampus volumes were associated with poorer olfactory discrimination ability. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory deficits in schizophrenia appear to be associated with morphometric abnormalities in the medial temporal rather than the orbitofrontal region (OFR). These results indicate that olfactory quality discrimination deficits are related to structural hippocampus abnormalities. Future studies of genetic and behavioral high-risk samples seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Rupp
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
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Doty RL, Kerr KL. Episodic odor memory: Influences of handedness, sex, and side of nose. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43:1749-53. [PMID: 16154450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is not known whether, or to what degree, odor memory is influenced by lateralized brain processes. In this study, we administered a 12-item match-to-sample odor memory test separately to the left and right sides of the nose of 30 left- and 30 right-handed subjects of equivalent age, sex distribution, and overall general smell ability. For each test item, one of three delay intervals (10-, 30-, and 60-s) was interspersed between smelling the target stimulus and smelling the first of four response alternatives. Women, but not men, performed significantly better on the left than on the right side of the nose, conceivably reflecting greater reliance upon left-hemisphere semantic processes. Subjects who received the first test on the right side of the nose outperformed those who received the first test on the left side of the nose. As in previous work, an age-related decrement in odor memory test scores was present. These data contribute to the debate on the role of lateralized brain processes in episodic odor memory, and suggest that performance on a standardized match-to-sample odor memory task is influenced by a number of interacting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center, 5 Ravdin Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Rupp CI, Fleischhacker WW, Hausmann A, Mair D, Hinterhuber H, Kurz M. Olfactory functioning in patients with alcohol dependence: impairments in odor judgements. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 39:514-9. [PMID: 15456691 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prior studies indicate that alcohol-dependent patients have impaired olfactory sensitivity, odor quality discrimination and identification ability. However, olfactory functioning with regard to the immediate, perception driven odor associations is unknown. Therefore, this study assessed olfactory judgements in nonamnesic and nondemented patients with alcohol dependence. METHODS Thirty alcohol-dependent patients and 30 healthy control subjects, well matched for gender, age and smoking status, and screened for olfactory sensitivity, were asked to rate intensity, familiarity, edibility and pleasantness of 16 odors using visual rating scales. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients showed lower scores in odor familiarity and impaired edibility judgements. These impairments were observed bilaterally, were present independently of age, gender, general mental abilities and length of abstinence, and not attributable to smoking or impaired olfactory sensitivity. No differences between groups were found in odor intensity and pleasantness judgements. CONCLUSION These results extend prior findings of alcohol-related olfactory deficits, indicating impairments in olfactory processes of odor familiarity and edibility in alcohol-dependent patients. Although the basis of these deficits is still unknown, our finding of a distinct pattern of olfactory functional impairment and sparing (intensity, pleasantness) [corrected] suggests that there is no generalized [corrected] olfactory dysfunction, but [corrected] neural olfactory networks may be affected differently. However, alcoholism appears to be associated with a variety of disturbances in olfactory processing [corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Rupp
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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30
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Klosse PR, Riga J, Cramwinckel AB, Saris WHM. The formulation and evaluation of culinary success factors (CSFs) that determine the palatability of food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-5740.2004.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The psychological basis of odor quality is poorly understood. For pragmatic reason, descriptions of odor quality generally rely on profiling odors in terms of what odorants they bring to mind. It is argued here that this reliance on profiling reflects a basic property of odor perception, namely that odor quality depends on the implicit memories that an odorant elicits. This is supported by evidence indicating that odor quality as well as one's ability to discriminate odors is affected by experience. Developmental studies and cross-cultural research also point to this conclusion. In this article, these findings are reviewed and a model that attempts to account for them is proposed. Finally, the model's consistency with both neurophysiological and neuropsychological data is examined.
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Rupp CI, Kurz M, Kemmler G, Mair D, Hausmann A, Hinterhuber H, Fleischhacker WW. Reduced olfactory sensitivity, discrimination, and identification in patients with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:432-9. [PMID: 12658108 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000057945.57330.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various olfactory deficits have been reported in the alcohol-induced amnestic syndrome (Korsakoff's syndrome). Less is known about olfactory functioning in nonamnesic and nondemented alcoholic patients. METHODS Olfactory performance of 30 alcohol-dependent patients was assessed unirhinally using the Sniffin' Sticks (threshold, discrimination, identification, composite TDI score) and compared with that of 30 healthy controls, matched for sex, age, and smoking status. RESULTS Patients showed significantly reduced olfactory sensitivity (higher threshold), discrimination, and identification compared with controls. No group differences were observed in laterality. Identification and discrimination group differences remained significant after controlling for differences in sensitivity. Olfactory deficits in patients were present independent of age, gender, and duration of abstinence (<3 months) and were not attributable to smoking or general cognitive abilities. More than half of the patients (56.7%) could be classified as hyposmic. Lower overall olfactory functioning (TDI) was associated with longer duration of a regular alcohol intake and higher values of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction is common in nonamnesic and nondemented patients with alcohol dependence. Results suggest a detrimental effect of alcohol on central olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Rupp
- University Clinics of Innsbruck, Department of General Psychiatry, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Disorders of the sense of smell can be frustrating for both the patient and physician. Ongoing research in this field has provided insight into the possible mechanisms for smell loss; however, therapy is still limited. Commercially distributed smell testing kits and newer screening tests using material available in all clinical settings have made diagnosis and measurement of the degree of impairment available to all physicians. A detailed history and physical examination are the most powerful tools in the evaluation of smell disorders, whereas imaging studies are reserved for preoperative planning or detailed assessment of positive physical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-1225, USA
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35
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Abstract
In two experiments, implicit and explicit tests were used to investigate the lateralization of odor memory. Odors were at all times presented monorhinically. At test, odors were presented to either the ipsi- or the contralateral side of the nostril used for inspection. In Experiment 1, participants were first primed to a set of odors. At test, response latencies for odor identification were measured. The results were that priming odors tested via the left but not the right nostril were identified faster than control odors. In Experiment 2, a similar design probed episodic recognition memory. Memory performance did not differ between the left and right nostrils, but the measures of response latency favored the right side. The study demonstrates that it is possible to tap differences in memory performance between the cerebral hemispheres through monorhinic presentation of odors in healthy persons, and that these differences depend on the test nostril rather than the inspection nostril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats J Olsson
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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36
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Bisson LF, Waterhouse AL, Ebeler SE, Walker MA, Lapsley JT. The present and future of the international wine industry. Nature 2002; 418:696-9. [PMID: 12167877 DOI: 10.1038/nature01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wine production is both art and science, a blend of individual creativity and innovative technology. But wine production is also business, with economic factors driving manufacturing practices. To be successful in the modern marketplace, a winemaker must integrate the artistic and economic aspects of wine production, and possess a solid understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie purchase motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Bisson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8749, USA
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Brand G, Millot JL, Saffaux M, Morand-Villeneuve N. Lateralization in human nasal chemoreception: differences in bilateral electrodermal responses related to olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. Behav Brain Res 2002; 133:205-10. [PMID: 12110454 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of olfactory lateralization in humans has given rise to many publications, but the findings have often been contradictory. There is growing evidence to suggest that the nature of the olfactory stimulus influences the processes of lateralization. An important factor could be the trigeminal component. Indeed, most odorants simultaneously stimulate both olfactory (CN I) and trigeminal (CN V) systems which differ in terms of their central projections, ipsilaterally for CN I and contralaterally for CN V. The aim of this study was to investigate variations in psychophysiological measurements between a nasal input with low (phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA)) and high (allyl isothiocyanate (AIC)) intranal trigeminal stimulation. In a first experiment (20 subjects), the intensity, hedonicity and irritation levels of stimulus were tested with a psychophysical evaluation to study the possible influences of perceptual characteristics. A second experiment (37 subjects) used bilateral electrodermal recordings and compared the skin conductance responses (SCRs) for both nasal inputs on either monorhinal and birhinal stimulations. Firstly, the electrodermal activity (EDA) results showed no differences between the two nostrils for PEA as well as AIC, but differences in relation to the type of stimulus, e.g. higher amplitude in response to AIC versus PEA. Secondly, the results indicated bilateral differences in EDA recordings related to the nature of the stimulus and are discussed in terms of hemispheric asymmetric activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brand
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Faculté des Sciences, Place Leclerc, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Abstract
The study of olfactory lateralization processes in humans has given rise to many publications, but the resulting data have not been homogeneous. Sensorial cerebral asymmetry depends on several factors (nature of task, characteristics of subjects, etc.) and could also depend on the quality of the stimulus, especially in olfaction. This field appears to be widely unexplored and the quality of odor is a complex property. The aim of this study was to investigate variations in psychophysiological measurements (bilateral electrodermal recordings) related to the quality of odors. Electrodermal asymmetries were used as a function of differential hemispheric activation. Two major characteristics of odor were explored, the hedonic valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and the trigeminal component (irritant/non-irritant). The results obtained in a sample of 30 right-handed subjects (15 males and 15 females) showed a predominance of the right hemisphere in the treatment of olfactory information not depending on the quality of odor, except the trigeminal-nerve activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brand
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Faculte des Sciences, Place Leclerc, 25000 Besançon, France.
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