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Gao Y, Duan FF, Liu L, Peng XG, Meng XG, Ruan HL. Hypothemycin-Type Resorcylic Acid Lactones with Immunosuppressive Activities from a Podospora sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:483-494. [PMID: 33544615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new hypothemycin-type resorcylic acid lactones, three 10-membered (1-3) and nine 14-membered (4-12), together with seven known analogues (13-19), were obtained from the solid rice-based culture of Podospora sp. G214. Their structures were elucidated utilizing spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by modified Mosher's method, Mo2(OAc)4-induced electronic circular dichroism experiments, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 5, 10, and 12-19 exhibited potent immunosuppressive activities against concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 6.0 to 25.1 μM and lipopolysaccharide-induced B cell proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 6.2 to 29.1 μM. Further studies revealed that 1 induced apoptosis in activated T cells through the JNK-mediated mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Gang Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Gao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Li Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Totzke J, Scarneo SA, Yang KW, Haystead TAJ. TAK1: a potent tumour necrosis factor inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Open Biol 2020; 10:200099. [PMID: 32873150 PMCID: PMC7536066 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling is a hallmark of many inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), irritable bowel disease and lupus. Maladaptive TNF signalling can lead to hyper active downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κβ signalling in turn amplifying a cell's inflammatory response and exacerbating disease. Within the TNF intracellular inflammatory signalling cascade, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) has been shown to play a critical role in mediating signal transduction and downstream NF-κβ activation. Owing to its role in TNF inflammatory signalling, TAK1 has become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as RA. This review highlights the current development of targeting the TNF-TAK1 signalling axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Totzke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Scott A Scarneo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly W Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Timothy A J Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Park KH, Yoon YD, Kang MR, Yun J, Oh SJ, Lee CW, Lee MY, Han SB, Kim Y, Kang JS. Hypothemycin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production by tristetraprolin-dependent down-regulation of mRNA stability in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:863-868. [PMID: 26371861 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypothemycin, a resorcylic acid lactone polyketide, has been shown to inhibit oncogenic ras-transformation and T cell activation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hypothemycin on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in macrophages and the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect. Hypothemycin potently suppressed the TNF-α production without affecting nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. However, hypothemycin had no effect on the activity of TNF-α-converting enzyme, a key enzyme for converting membrane-bound pro-TNF-α into soluble TNF-α. Further study demonstrated that the stability of TNF-α mRNA was decreased by hypothemycin treatment. In addition, hypothemycin suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK. Moreover, knockdown of tristetraprolin (TTP), which is an important trans-acting regulator of TNF-α mRNA stability and downstream target of p38 MAPK and ERK, reversed hypothemycin-mediated inhibition of TNF-α mRNA expression. Collectively, our results suggest that hypothemycin suppresses TNF-α production by TTP-dependent destabilization of TNF-α mRNA and this is mediated, at least in part, by blocking the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Park
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Dae Yoon
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Rim Kang
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Youl Lee
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-783, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-783, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Bioevaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, 363-883, Republic of Korea.
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Shen W, Mao H, Huang Q, Dong J. Benzenediol lactones: a class of fungal metabolites with diverse structural features and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:747-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Gao Y, Liu J, Wang L, Xiao M, Du Y. Total Syntheses of Cochliomycin B and Zeaenol. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Xu L, Xue J, Wu P, Wang D, Lin L, Jiang Y, Duan X, Wei X. Antifungal activity of hypothemycin against Peronophythora litchii in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10091-10095. [PMID: 24106914 DOI: 10.1021/jf4030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of a natural resorcylic acid lactone, hypothemycin (HPM), against Peronophythora litchii in vitro and in vivo was investigated. HPM treatment substantially suppressed spore germination of P. litchi, with the inhibition rate of 100% when 0.78 μg/mL HPM was applied. Similarly, mycelial growth of P. litchii was efficiently inhibited. Furthermore, HPM caused the ultrastructural modifications of P. litchii, including the disruption of the cell wall and the endomembrane system, especially the plasma membrane, mitochondria, and vacuoles, which led to the destruction of the cellular integrity. Moreover, application of HPM significantly reduced decay and suppressed peel browning of postharvest litchi fruit inoculated with P. litchii during storage at 28 °C. Overall, these findings suggested that HPM exhibited excellent antifungal activity against P. litchii both in vitro and in vivo, which could be helpful for the storage of harvest litchi fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation And Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy Of Sciences , Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Hu Y, Waller DL, Wang J, Liu Q. Natural products as kinase inhibitors. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:392-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Napolitano C, Natoni A, Santocanale C, Evensen L, Lorens JB, Murphy PV. Isosteric replacement of the Z-enone with haloethyl ketone and E-enone in a resorcylic acid lactone series and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Miyatake-Ondozabal H, Barrett AGM. Total synthesis of TAK-kinase inhibitor LL-Z1640-2 via consecutive macrocyclization and transannular aromatization. Org Lett 2010; 12:5573-5. [PMID: 21067221 DOI: 10.1021/ol102468k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biomimetic total synthesis of LL-Z1640-2 (3) is reported without the use of phenol protection. The aromatic unit was constructed via the transannular aromatization of macrocyclic triketo-ester 2, which in turn was synthesized by macrolactonization using an intramolecular trapping of a triketo-ketene derived from dioxinone 1.
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Lee SW, Son HY, Yoon WK, Jung JY, Park BK, Cho ES, Park SJ, Kim TH, Ryu SY. Effect of Atrazine, Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Zearalenone on IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-5 mRNA Expression in Jurkat Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, Fax: +353‐91‐525700
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Lawnicka H, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Sicinska P, Altmann KH, Hofmann T, Stepien H. Resorcylic acid lactone L-783,277 inhibits the growth of the human adrenal cancer cell line H295R in vitro. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 22:889-95. [PMID: 20074452 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The resorcylic acid lactone L-783,277, isolated from a Phoma sp. (ATCC 74403), is a potent and specific inhibitor of MEK (Map kinase kinase) that exerts very interesting pharmacological activities including anti-neoplastic properties. However, the role of this compound in the regulation of endocrine-related cancer cell growth and tumor progression remains unknown. In the present study we have evaluated the effect of L-783,277 on the viability, proliferation and cell cycle of the human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line H295R. L-783,277 inhibited viability (IC50 of 22 microM) and cell proliferation (IC50 of 21 microM) of H295R. At concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-8)M this effect was associated with the accumulation of H295R cells in S-phase, whereas at concentrations of 10(-9)-10(-10)M a prolonged G1-phase and reduced transition into S-phase were observed. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the anti-proliferative action of L-783,277 on the human adrenocortical H295R cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lawnicka
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, First Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Fukazawa H, Ikeda Y, Fukuyama M, Suzuki T, Hori H, Okuda T, Uehara Y. The Resorcylic Acid Lactone Hypothemycin Selectively Inhibits the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway in Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:168-73. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidesuke Fukazawa
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yoshimi Ikeda
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Division of Basic Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University
| | - Mari Fukuyama
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Division of Basic Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University
| | | | - Toru Okuda
- Mycology and Metabolic Diversity Research Center, Tamagawa University Research Institute
| | - Yoshimasa Uehara
- Department of Microbial Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacy
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Du H, Matsushima T, Spyvee M, Goto M, Shirota H, Gusovsky F, Chiba K, Kotake M, Yoneda N, Eguchi Y, DiPietro L, Harmange JC, Gilbert S, Li XY, Davis H, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Pelletier R, Wong N, Sakurai H, Yang H, Ito-Igarashi H, Kimura A, Kuboi Y, Mizui Y, Tanaka I, Ikemori-Kawada M, Kawakami Y, Inoue A, Kawai T, Kishi Y, Wang Y. Discovery of a potent, metabolically stabilized resorcylic lactone as an anti-inflammatory lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6196-9. [PMID: 19783437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With bioactivity-guided phenotype screenings, a potent anti-inflammatory compound f152A1 has been isolated, characterized and identified as the known natural product LL-Z1640-2. Metabolic instability precluded its use for the study on animal disease models. Via total synthesis, a potent, metabolically stabilized analog ER-803064 has been created; addition of the (S)-Me group at C4 onto f152A1 has resulted in a dramatic improvement on its metabolic stability, while preserving the anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Du
- Eisai Research Institute of Boston, 4 Corporate Drive, Andover, MA 01810, USA
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15
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Goto M, Chow J, Muramoto K, Chiba KI, Yamamoto S, Fujita M, Obaishi H, Tai K, Mizui Y, Tanaka I, Young D, Yang H, Wang YJ, Shirota H, Gusovsky F. E6201 [(3S,4R,5Z,8S,9S,11E)-14-(Ethylamino)-8, 9,16-trihydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-3,4,9,19-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecine-1,7(8H)-dione], a Novel Kinase Inhibitor of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase (MEK)-1 and MEK Kinase-1: In Vitro Characterization of Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antihyperproliferative Activities. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:485-95. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Hearn BR, Sundermann K, Cannoy J, Santi DV. Semisynthesis and cytotoxicity of hypothemycin analogues. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:1598-600. [PMID: 17691074 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Hearn
- Department of Chemistry, Kosan Biosciences, Inc. 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, California 94545, USA.
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Matos MC, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Macrolide−Saccharide Hybrids by Ring-Closing Metathesis of Precursors Derived from Glycitols and Benzoic Acids. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1803-6. [PMID: 17274658 DOI: 10.1021/jo062159l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The benzomacrolactone structural motif is a privileged or evolutionarily selected scaffold that codes properties required for binding to proteins and novel analogues thereof may provide a source of new bioactive compounds. Saccharides are also privileged structures, with (amino)sugars, iminosugars, and sugar amino acids being applied as scaffolds for the development of nonpeptidal peptidomimetics. The syntheses of novel polyhydroxylated oxamacrolides, structural analogues of natural polyketide derived macrolides, are described herein, providing a basis for their development as scaffolds. The syntheses were carried out from benzoic acids and appropriately protected D-mannitol or D-sorbitol (D-glucitol). Ring-closing metathesis was applied in the macrocyclization step with high E-alkene selectivities being observed. X-ray crystal structures, for two polyhydroxylated derivatives, show that the macrocyclic rings display similar conformations. In addition, intermolecular hydrogen-bonding networks are observed in the lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Matos
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Abstract
While resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) have been known for a long time, the more recent discoveries that radicicol is a potent and selective HSP90 inhibitor while other members such as hypothemycin, LL-Z1640-2 and LL-783,277 are potent kinase inhibitors have stimulated a renewed interest in this family of natural products. The recent developments regarding the chemistry and biology of RALs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Winssinger
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université Louis Pasteur, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Schirmer A, Kennedy J, Murli S, Reid R, Santi DV. Targeted covalent inactivation of protein kinases by resorcylic acid lactone polyketides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4234-9. [PMID: 16537514 PMCID: PMC1449676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600445103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resorcylic acid lactones containing a cis-enone are susceptible to Michael addition reactions and are potent inhibitors of several protein kinases. A structural-bioinformatics analysis identified a conserved Cys residue in the ATP-binding site of the kinases reported to be inhibited by cis-enone resorcylic acid lactones but absent in those that are not. Mining of the kinome database revealed that a subset of some 46 kinases contained this Cys residue. Screening a panel of 124 kinases with the resorcylic acid lactone hypothemycin showed that 18 of 19 targets containing the conserved Cys were inhibited. Kinetic analyses showed time-dependent inhibition, a hallmark of covalent inactivation, and biochemical studies of the interaction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)2 with hypothemycin confirmed covalent adduct formation. Resorcylic acid lactones are unique among kinase inhibitors in that they target mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways at four levels: mitogen receptors, MAP kinase kinase (MEK)1/2 and ERK1/2, and certain downstream ERK substrates. Cell lines dependent on the activation of Tyr kinase mitogen receptor targets of the resorcylic acid lactones were unusually sensitive toward hypothemycin and showed the expected inhibition of kinase phosphorylation due to inhibition of the mitogen receptors and/or MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Among cells without mitogen receptor targets, those harboring an ERK pathway-activating B-RAF V600E mutation were selectively and potently inhibited by hypothemycin. Hypothemycin also prevented stimulated activation of the p38 cascade through inhibition of the Cys-containing targets MEK3/6 and TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and of the JNK/SAPK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase) cascade through inhibition of MEK4/7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumati Murli
- Kosan Biosciences, 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545
| | - Ralph Reid
- Kosan Biosciences, 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- Kosan Biosciences, 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Sellès P, Lett R. Convergent stereospecific synthesis of LL-Z1640-2 (or C292), hypothemycin and related macrolides. Part 2. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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