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Kolar M, Nohejlova K, Duska F, Mares J, Pachl J. Changes of cortical perfusion in the early phase of subarachnoid bleeding in a rat model and the role of intracranial hypertension. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S545-S551. [PMID: 29355383 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion is reduced early after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to intracranial hypertension and early vasospasm. The contribution of these two mechanisms is unknown. By performing a prophylactic decompressive craniectomy (DC) in a rat model of SAH we aimed to study brain perfusion after the component of intracranial hypertension has been eliminated. We used 2x2 factorial design, where rats received either decompressive craniectomy or sham operation followed by injection of 250 microl of blood or normal saline into prechiasmatic cistern. The cortical perfusion has been continually measured by laser speckle-contrast analysis for 30 min. Injection of blood caused a sudden increase of intracranial pressure (ICP) and drop of cerebral perfusion, which returned to baseline within 6 min. DC effectively prevented the rise of ICP, but brain perfusion after SAH was significantly lower and took longer to normalize compared to non-DC animals due to increased cerebral vascular resistance, which lasted throughout 30 min experimental period. Our findings suggest that intracranial hypertension plays dominant role in the very early hypoperfusion after SAH whilst the role of early vasospasm is only minor. Prophylactic DC effectively maintained cerebral perfusion pressure, but worsened cerebral perfusion by increased vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Teaching Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Vanaclocha V, Sáiz-Sapena N, Rivera-Paz M, Herrera JM, Ortiz-Criado JM, Verdu-López F, Vanaclocha L. Can we safely monitor posterior fossa intracranial pressure? A cadaveric study. Br J Neurosurg 2017; 31:557-563. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2017.1332336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Vanaclocha
- Neurosurgery, Consorci Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marlon Rivera-Paz
- Neurosurgery, Consorci Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Herrera
- Neurosurgery, Consorci Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Ortiz-Criado
- Anatomy, Instituto Anatómico-Forense de Valencia, Universidad Catolica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Singh K, Trivedi R, Devi MM, Tripathi RP, Khushu S. Longitudinal changes in the DTI measures, anti-GFAP expression and levels of serum inflammatory cytokines following mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26216663 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of human mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI; 70%) lack radiological evidence of injury, yet may present long term cognitive, and behavioral dysfunctions. With the hypothesis of evident damaged neural tissue and immunological consequences during acute phase of mTBI, we used closed skull weight-drop TBI model to address human mTBI condition. Serum cytokines (TNF-α, IL-10) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression were examined at day 0 (control, pre-injury), 4h, day 1, day 3 and day 5 post injury (PI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed at similar timepoints to identify neuroinflammation translation into imaging abnormalities and monitor injury progression. DTI indices including mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity values were quantified from cortex (CTX), hippocampus and corpus callosum regions. One way ANOVA showed significant increase in TNF-α at 4h and IL-10 at day 1 PI as compared to control. GFAP(+) cells were significantly increased at day 3 and day 5 as compared to control in CTX. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant decreases in MD, RD values in CTX at day 3 and day 5 as compared to day 0. A significant, inverse correlation was observed between cortical MD (r=-0.74, p=0.01), AD (r=-0.60, p=0.03) and RD (r=-0.72, p=0.01) values with mean GFAP(+) cells in the cortical region. These findings suggest that mTBI leads to elevated cytokine expression and subsequent hypertrophy of astrocytic processes. The increased numbers of reactive glial cells contribute diffusion restrictions in the CNS leading to reduced MD and RD values. These findings are in line with the deficits and pathologies associated with clinical mTBI, and support the use of mTBI model to address pathology and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Trivedi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
| | - M Memita Devi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra P Tripathi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Subash Khushu
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Use Of A Codman® Microsensor Intracranial Pressure Probe: Effects On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements And Cerebral Hemodynamics In Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 645:321-7. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rooker S, Jander S, Reempts JV, Stoll G, Jorens PG, Borgers M, Verlooy J. Spatiotemporal pattern of neuroinflammation after impact-acceleration closed head injury in the rat. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:90123. [PMID: 16864909 PMCID: PMC1570383 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/90123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain damage. We analyzed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the proinflammatory key molecules: interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in a rat closed head injury (CHI) paradigm. 51 rats were used for RT-PCR analysis after CHI, and 18 for immunocytochemistry. We found an early upregulation of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA between 1h and 7h after injury; the expression of iNOS mRNA only revealed a significant increase at 4h. After 24h, the expression decreased towards baseline levels, and remained low until 7d after injury. Immunocytochemically, IL-1beta induction was localized to ramified microglia in areas surrounding the primary impact place as well as deeper brain structures. Our study shows rapid induction of inflammatory gene expression that exceeds by far the primary impact site and might therefore contribute to tissue damage at remote sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servan Rooker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital
Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- *Servan Rooker:
| | - Sebastian Jander
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University,
40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jos Van Reempts
- Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Research
Foundation, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University,
40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians University,
97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philippe G. Jorens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital
Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marcel Borgers
- Department of Life Sciences, Janssen Research
Foundation, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Verlooy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital
Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Morales DM, Marklund N, Lebold D, Thompson HJ, Pitkanen A, Maxwell WL, Longhi L, Laurer H, Maegele M, Neugebauer E, Graham DI, Stocchetti N, McIntosh TK. Experimental models of traumatic brain injury: do we really need to build a better mousetrap? Neuroscience 2005; 136:971-89. [PMID: 16242846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 4000 human beings experience a traumatic brain injury each day in the United States ranging in severity from mild to fatal. Improvements in initial management, surgical treatment, and neurointensive care have resulted in a better prognosis for traumatic brain injury patients but, to date, there is no available pharmaceutical treatment with proven efficacy, and prevention is the major protective strategy. Many patients are left with disabling changes in cognition, motor function, and personality. Over the past two decades, a number of experimental laboratories have attempted to develop novel and innovative ways to replicate, in animal models, the different aspects of this heterogenous clinical paradigm to better understand and treat patients after traumatic brain injury. Although several clinically-relevant but different experimental models have been developed to reproduce specific characteristics of human traumatic brain injury, its heterogeneity does not allow one single model to reproduce the entire spectrum of events that may occur. The use of these models has resulted in an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, including changes in molecular and cellular pathways and neurobehavioral outcomes. This review provides an up-to-date and critical analysis of the existing models of traumatic brain injury with a view toward guiding and improving future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Morales
- Traumatic Brain Injury Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3320 Smith Walk, 105C Hayden Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Rooker S, Jorens PG, Van Reempts J, Borgers M, Verlooy J. Continuous measurement of intracranial pressure in awake rats after experimental closed head injury. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 131:75-81. [PMID: 14659826 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study validates a method for continuous measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) in freely moving rats after experimental induction of impact-acceleration injury. Rats subjected to either mild or moderate trauma were individually placed in a Bas-Ratturn system, equipped with a sensor that synchronously turns the cage in response to the locomotor activity of the animal. In this way correct probe positioning is permanently assured and damage due to coiling is avoided. The evolution of ICP and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in injured rats was compared with that of a non-traumatized sham group. Since the animals regained consciousness after surgery, interference of anaesthesia on these sensitive parameters should be minimised. The results showed that immediately after induction of neurotrauma, ICP was significantly higher in traumatized rats (sham: 7.7 +/- 0.5 mmHg; mild trauma: 10.4 +/- 0.7 mmHg; moderate trauma: 14.9 +/- 2.4 mmHg; P<0.05). Regression analysis showed a stable ICP up to 3 h post-insult for all three conditions. From 4 h onwards till the end of the experiment at 10 h post-insult, a significant increase in ICP was seen for sham-operated and mildly traumatized rats (16.1 +/- 3.4 and 30.5 +/- 6.9 mmHg, respectively; P<0.05), but not for moderately traumatized rats (47.3 +/- 11.9 mmHg). The method allows observation of ICP for a critical period up to 3 h. As such the method can be regarded as clinically relevant to study early pathological aspects of intracranial hypertension and to define a therapeutic window for pharmacological intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Servan Rooker
- Department of Neurosurgery, UZA, University Hospital of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium.
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