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Leong LM, Storace DA. Imaging different cell populations in the mouse olfactory bulb using the genetically encoded voltage indicator ArcLight. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:033402. [PMID: 38288247 PMCID: PMC10823906 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.3.033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are protein-based optical sensors that allow for measurements from genetically defined populations of neurons. Although in vivo imaging in the mammalian brain with early generation GEVIs was difficult due to poor membrane expression and low signal-to-noise ratio, newer and more sensitive GEVIs have begun to make them useful for answering fundamental questions in neuroscience. We discuss principles of imaging using GEVIs and genetically encoded calcium indicators, both useful tools for in vivo imaging of neuronal activity, and review some of the recent mechanistic advances that have led to GEVI improvements. We provide an overview of the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and discuss recent studies using the GEVI ArcLight to study different cell types within the bulb using both widefield and two-photon microscopy. Specific emphasis is placed on using GEVIs to begin to study the principles of concentration coding in the OB, how to interpret the optical signals from population measurements in the in vivo brain, and future developments that will push the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Min Leong
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Douglas A. Storace
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Program in Neuroscience, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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2
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Akgul Caglar T, Gunal MY, Turhan MU, Ozturk G, Cagavi E. Experimental data of labeling the heart and cardiac cultures with a retrograde tracer in vitro and in vivo. Data Brief 2021; 35:106834. [PMID: 33748355 PMCID: PMC7960933 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde dyes are often used in basic research to investigate neuronal innervations of an organ. This article describes the experimental data on the application of retrograde dyes on the mouse heart in vivo and on the cardiac or neuronal cultures in vitro. By providing this information, cardiac or inneinnervations can be evaluated in vivo. Therefore, unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms and systemic interactions in the body can be investigated. In particular, we provided practical tips to lower mortality risks following the cardiac surgery and evaluated the staining capacity and fluorescent characteristics of the Di-8-ANEPPQ dye in the cardiac tissue and cell cultures. First, primary cultures of mouse nodose ganglia (NG) neurons and mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes were stained with Di-8-ANEPPQ. The Di-8-ANEPPQ signal from live cultures were visualized using spinning disk confocal microscopy to verify the lipophilic and fluorescent labeling capacity of Di-8-ANEPPQ. Next, the excitation and emission data of Di-8-ANEPPQ were collected between 415 nm and 690 nm using power spectrum module of confocal microscopy. This spectrum analysis could be useful for the researchers who plan to use Di-8-ANEPPQ in combination with other fluorescent dyes to eliminate any florescent overlap. In order to label the heart tissue with tracer dyes Di-8-ANEPPQ or DiI in vivo, the heart was exposed without damaging lungs or other tissues following anesthetization, then the retrograde dye was applied as a paste for DiI or injected to the apex of the heart for Di-8-ANEPPQ and the operation area was sutured. The surgical procedure required intubation to control the respiratory reflex without the need to perform a tracheotomy and yielded high viability. Following labeling the heart in vivo, the heart was dissected, and images of injection area were captured using confocal microscopy. All fluorescent images of Di-8-ANEPPQ labeled cells were analyzed by using the Fiji software. Overall, these data provide applicable data to other investigators to trace the sensory neurons innervating not only the heart but also other organs using Di-8-ANEPPQ. These data support the original research article titled "Evaluation of bilateral cardiac afferent distribution at the spinal and vagal ganglia by retrograde labeling" that was accepted for publication in Brain Research Journal [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Akgul Caglar
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yalcin Gunal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ugurcan Turhan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Ozturk
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Cagavi
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Medical Biology and Genetics Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Storace DA, Cohen LB, Choi Y. Using Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs) to Study the Input-Output Transformation of the Mammalian Olfactory Bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:342. [PMID: 31417362 PMCID: PMC6684792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are fluorescent protein reporters of membrane potential. These tools can, in principle, be used to monitor the neural activity of genetically distinct cell types in the brain. Although introduced in 1997, they have been a challenge to use to study intact neural circuits due to a combination of small signal-to-noise ratio, slow kinetics, and poor membrane expression. New strategies have yielded novel GEVIs such as ArcLight, which have improved properties. Here, we compare the in vivo properties of ArcLight with Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators (GECIs) in the mouse olfactory bulb. We show how voltage imaging can be combined with organic calcium sensitive dyes to measure the input-output transformation of the olfactory bulb. Finally, we demonstrate that ArcLight can be targeted to olfactory bulb interneurons. The olfactory bulb contributes substantially to the perception of the concentration invariance of odor recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Storace
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lawrence B Cohen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunsook Choi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system revealed by optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:107-119. [PMID: 27623687 PMCID: PMC10717437 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clarification of the functiogenesis of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) has long been problematic, because conventional electrophysiological techniques have several limitations. First, early embryonic neurons are small and fragile, and the application of microelectrodes is challenging. Second, the simultaneous monitoring of electrical activity from multiple sites is limited, and as a consequence, spatiotemporal response patterns of neural networks cannot be assessed. We have applied multiple-site optical recording with a voltage-sensitive dye to the embryonic CNS and paved a new way to analyze the functiogenesis of the CNS. In this review, we discuss key points of optical recording in the embryonic CNS and introduce recent progress in optical investigations on the embryonic CNS with special emphasis on the development of the chick olfactory system. The studies clearly demonstrate the usefulness of voltage-sensitive dye recording as a powerful tool for elucidating the functional organization of the vertebrate embryonic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health, 238 Sakahama, Inagi-shi, Tokyo, 206-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
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Loew LM. Design and Use of Organic Voltage Sensitive Dyes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:27-53. [PMID: 26238048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry and the physics of voltage sensitive dyes (VSDs) should be understood and appreciated as a prerequisite for their optimal application to problems in neuroscience cardiology. This chapter provides a basic understanding of the properties of the large variety of available organic VSDs. The mechanisms by which the dyes respond to voltage guides the best set up of the optics for recording or imaging electrophysiological activity. The physical and chemical properties of the dyes can be tuned to optimize delivery to and staining of the cells in different experimental preparations. The aim of this chapter is to arm the experimentalists who use the dyes with enough information and data to be able to intelligently choose the best dye for their specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Loew
- Department of Cell Biology, R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-6406, USA,
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Momose-Sato Y, Sato K, Kamino K. Monitoring Population Membrane Potential Signals During Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:213-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Aseyev N, Roshchin M, Ierusalimsky VN, Balaban PM, Nikitin ES. Biolistic delivery of voltage-sensitive dyes for fast recording of membrane potential changes in individual neurons in rat brain slices. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 212:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Blivis D, O'Donovan MJ. Retrograde loading of nerves, tracts, and spinal roots with fluorescent dyes. J Vis Exp 2012:4008. [PMID: 22547001 DOI: 10.3791/4008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde labeling of neurons is a standard anatomical method(1,2) that has also been used to load calcium and voltage-sensitive dyes into neurons(3-6). Generally, the dyes are applied as solid crystals or by local pressure injection using glass pipettes. However, this can result in dilution of the dye and reduced labeling intensity, particularly when several hours are required for dye diffusion. Here we demonstrate a simple and low-cost technique for introducing fluorescent and ion-sensitive dyes into neurons using a polyethylene suction pipette filled with the dye solution. This method offers a reliable way for maintaining a high concentration of the dye in contact with axons throughout the loading procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Blivis
- Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Fields DR, Shneider N, Mentis GZ, O'Donovan MJ. Imaging nervous system activity. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2009; Chapter 2:Unit 2.3. [PMID: 19802815 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0203s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes methods for loading ion- and voltage-sensitive dyes into neurons, with a particular focus on the spinal cord as a model system. In addition, we describe the use of these dyes to visualize neural activity. Although the protocols described here concern spinal networks in culture or an intact in vitro preparation, they can be, and have been, widely used in other parts of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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O'Donovan MJ, Bonnot A, Mentis GZ, Arai Y, Chub N, Shneider NA, Wenner P. Imaging the spatiotemporal organization of neural activity in the developing spinal cord. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:788-803. [PMID: 18383543 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the use of imaging to visualize the spatiotemporal organization of network activity in the developing spinal cord of the chick embryo and the neonatal mouse. We describe several different methods for loading ion- and voltage-sensitive dyes into spinal neurons and consider the advantages and limitations of each one. We review work in the chick embryo, suggesting that motoneurons play a critical role in the initiation of each cycle of spontaneous network activity and describe how imaging has been used to identify a class of spinal interneuron that appears to be the avian homolog of mammalian Renshaw cells or 1a-inhibitory interneurons. Imaging of locomotor-like activity in the neonatal mouse revealed a wave-like activation of motoneurons during each cycle of discharge. We discuss the significance of this finding and its implications for understanding how locomotor-like activity is coordinated across different segments of the cord. In the last part of the review, we discuss some of the exciting new prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Donovan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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12
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Fields RD, O'Donovan MJ. Imaging nervous system activity. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2008; Chapter 2:Unit 2.3. [PMID: 18428458 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0203s00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optical imaging methods rely upon visualization of three types of signals: (1) intrinsic optical signals, including light scattering and reflectance, birefringence, and spectroscopic changes of intrinsic molecules, such as NADH or oxyhemoglobin; (2) changes in fluorescence or absorbance of voltage-sensitive membrane dyes; and (3) changes in fluorescence or absorbance of calcium-sensitive indicator dyes. Of these, the most widely used approach is fluorescent microscopy of calcium-sensitive dyes. This unit describes protocols for the use of calcium-sensitive dyes and voltage-dependent dyes for studies of neuronal activity in culture, tissue slices, and en-bloc preparations of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Fields
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Glover JC, Sato K, Sato YM. Using voltage-sensitive dye recording to image the functional development of neuronal circuits in vertebrate embryos. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:804-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Maeda H, Ohno T, Sakurai M. Optical and electrophysiological recordings of corticospinal synaptic activity and its developmental change in in vitro rat slice co-cultures. Neuroscience 2007; 150:829-40. [PMID: 18022322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological recordings and optical imaging with a fast voltage-sensitive dye (di-4-ANNEPS) were used to directly examine the spatiotemporal properties of in vitro corticospinal synapses formed in co-cultures of cerebral cortex and spinal cord slices. Whole cell recordings from spinal cord cells showed both monosynaptic and polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in response to stimulation of corticospinal axons. Monosynaptic EPSCs and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were isolated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing high concentrations of divalent cations. Optical imaging and extracellular recordings were done simultaneously. Both EPSPs and optically recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (optEPSPs) lasted 300-500 ms and were almost always positive. The major component of these long-lasting potentials was blocked by ifenprodil, a specific antagonist of the NR2B subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). The spatial distribution of corticospinal optEPSPs paralleled that of the corticospinal field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), suggesting that positive fEPSP amplitude is a reliable indicator of the distribution of corticospinal synapses. Corticospinal optEPSPs spread into the ventrolateral region by 6-7 days in vitro (DIV), but were restricted to the dorsomedial area by 11-13 DIV, suggesting synapses were eliminated from the ventrolateral side of the spinal cord. After the recordings were complete, corticospinal fibers were often anterogradely labeled with biocytin to assess the relation between presynaptic fiber distribution and the optical signals (optically-recorded presynaptic fiber volley (opt-prevolley) and optEPSP). The distributions of the opt-prevolleys and optEPSPs correlated well with the distribution of presynaptic fibers, suggesting the opt-prevolley reflects corticospinal fiber activity and that the fibers made synapses relatively evenly along their axons. The NR2B-mediated component of the corticospinal synaptic response declined during the interval between 6 and 7 DIV and 11-13 DIV, suggesting that a shift in the NMDAR subtype from NR2B to something else (perhaps NR2A) may be involved in regulating developmental plasticity in the rat spinal cord and the process of corticospinal synapse elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maeda
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Arai Y, Mentis GZ, Wu JY, O'Donovan MJ. Ventrolateral origin of each cycle of rhythmic activity generated by the spinal cord of the chick embryo. PLoS One 2007; 2:e417. [PMID: 17479162 PMCID: PMC1855078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms responsible for generating rhythmic motor activity in the developing spinal cord of the chick embryo are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether the activity of motoneurons occurs before other neuronal populations at the beginning of each cycle of rhythmic discharge. Methodology/Principal Findings The spatiotemporal organization of neural activity in transverse slices of the lumbosacral cord of the chick embryo (E8-E11) was investigated using intrinsic and voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging. VSD signals accompanying episodes of activity comprised a rhythmic decrease in light transmission that corresponded to each cycle of electrical activity recorded from the ipsilateral ventral root. The rhythmic signals were widely synchronized across the cord face, and the largest signal amplitude was in the ventrolateral region where motoneurons are located. In unstained slices we recorded two classes of intrinsic signal. In the first, an episode of rhythmic activity was accompanied by a slow decrease in light transmission that peaked in the dorsal horn and decayed dorsoventrally. Superimposed on this signal was a much smaller rhythmic increase in transmission that was coincident with each cycle of discharge and whose amplitude and spatial distribution was similar to that of the VSD signals. At the onset of a spontaneously occurring episode and each subsequent cycle, both the intrinsic and VSD signals originated within the lateral motor column and spread medially and then dorsally. By contrast, following a dorsal root stimulus, the optical signals originated within the dorsal horn and traveled ventrally to reach the lateral motor column. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that motoneuron activity contributes to the initiation of each cycle of rhythmic activity, and that motoneuron and/or R-interneuron synapses are a plausible site for the activity-dependent synaptic depression that modeling studies have identified as a critical mechanism for cycling within an episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Arai
- Laboratory of Neural Control, Section on Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Z. Mentis
- Laboratory of Neural Control, Section on Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiang-young Wu
- Laboratory of Neural Control, Section on Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., United States of America
| | - Michael J. O'Donovan
- Laboratory of Neural Control, Section on Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Radhakrishnan H, Senapati A, Kashyap D, Peng YB, Liu H. Light scattering from rat nervous system measured intraoperatively by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:051405. [PMID: 16292942 DOI: 10.1117/1.2098487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Our goal is to quantify scattering properties of near-IR light in the rat spinal cord region and to differentiate healthy and demyelinated peripheral nerves intraoperatively based on differential light scattering. For the rat spinal cord, optical reflectance is measured from the spinal cord surface at spatial intervals of 1 mm using a needle probe. Data are acquired from left and right lumbar regions of the animals as well as on the central blood vessels. The reduced scattering coefficient mu(s)' is found to be higher (34.2+/-2.1 cm(-1)) in the lumbar regions of the spinal cord than on the central blood vessel (19.9+/-1.0 cm(-1)). This methodology is extended to detect differences in the rat sciatic nerves following left L4 spinal nerve ligation. The reflectance is taken at the same five regions at postoperative days 1, 4, 7, and 14. Significant differences are seen in both the spectral slope and mu(s)' values on postoperative days 4, 7, and 14, indicating that either of the two quantities could be used as a marker for demyelination. We prove the usefulness of the technique, which may have a possible clinical application for minimally invasive, intraoperative diagnosis and monitoring of demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system or degeneration of the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Radhakrishnan
- University of Texas at Arlington, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Ziskind-Conhaim L, Redman S. Spatiotemporal patterns of dorsal root-evoked network activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord: optical and intracellular recordings. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94:1952-61. [PMID: 15888530 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00209.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal patterns of dorsal root-evoked potentials were studied in transverse slices of the rat spinal cord by monitoring optical signals from a voltage-sensitive dye with multiple-photodiode optic camera. Typically, dorsal root stimulation generated two basic waveforms of voltage images: dual-component images consisting of fast, spike-like signal followed by a slow signal in the dorsal horn, and small, slow signals in the ventral horn. To qualitatively relate the optical signals to membrane potentials, whole cell recordings were combined with measurements of light absorption in the area around the soma. The slow optical signals correlated closely with subthreshold postsynaptic potentials in all regions of the cord. The spike-like component was not associated with postsynaptic action potentials, suggesting that the fast signal was generated by presynaptic action potentials. Firing in a single neuron could not be detected optically, implying that local voltage images originated from synchronously activated neuronal ensembles. Blocking glutamatergic synaptic transmission inhibited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and significantly reduced the slow optical signals, indicating that they were mediated by glutamatergic synapses. Suppressing glycine-mediated inhibition increased the amplitude of both optical signals and EPSPs, while blocking GABA(A) receptor-mediated synapses, increased the amplitude and time course of EPSPs and prolonged the duration of voltage images in larger areas of the slice. The close correlation between evoked EPSPs and their respective local voltage images shows the advantage of the high temporal resolution optical system in measuring both the spatiotemporal dynamics of segmental network excitation and integrated potentials of neuronal ensembles at identified sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ziskind-Conhaim
- Department of Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, 129 SMI, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Sasaki S, Yazawa I, Miyakawa N, Mochida H, Shinomiya K, Kamino K, Momose-Sato Y, Sato K. Optical imaging of intrinsic signals induced by peripheral nerve stimulation in the in vivo rat spinal cord. Neuroimage 2002; 17:1240-55. [PMID: 12414264 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined neural response patterns evoked by peripheral nerve stimulation in in vivo rat spinal cords using an intrinsic optical imaging technique to monitor neural activity. Adult rats were anesthetized by urethane, and laminectomy was performed between C5 and Th1 to expose the dorsal surface of the cervical spinal cord. The median, ulnar, and radial nerves were dissected, and bipolar electrodes were implanted in the forelimb. Changes in optical reflectance were recorded from the dorsal cervical spinal cord in response to simultaneous stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves using a differential video acquisition system. In the region of the cervical spinal cord, intrinsic optical signals were detected between C5 and Th1 at wavelengths of 605, 630, 730, 750, and 850 nm: the image with the largest signal intensity and highest contrast was obtained at 605 nm. The signal intensity and response area expanded with an increase in the stimulation intensity and varied with the depth of the focal plane of the macroscope. The intrinsic optical response was mostly eliminated by Cd(2+), suggesting that the detected signals were mainly mediated by postsynaptic mechanisms activated by sensory nerve fibers. Furthermore, we succeeded in imaging neural activity evoked by individual peripheral nerve stimulation. We found that the response areas related to each peripheral nerve exhibited different spatial distribution patterns and that there were animal-to-animal variations in the evoked neural responses in the spinal cord. The results obtained in this study confirmed that intrinsic optical imaging is a very useful technique for acquiring fine functional maps of the in vivo spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Okada Y, Chen Z, Yoshida H, Kuwana S, Jiang W, Maruiwa H. Optical recording of the neuronal activity in the brainstem-spinal cord: application of a voltage-sensitive dye. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 499:113-8. [PMID: 11729864 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1375-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Although there are several limitations, optical recording techniques are superior to multi-electrode mapping methods, as it is possible to record at large number of points in a small area without destroying the tissue and possible to know relative changes of membrane potentials. Optical recording techniques using voltage-sensitive dyes will be more importantly applied in the study of central respiratory control (e.g., mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation) in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Department of Medicine, Keio University Tsukigase Rehabilitation Center, Shizuoka, Japan
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Demir R, Gao BX, Jackson MB, Ziskind-Conhaim L. Interactions between multiple rhythm generators produce complex patterns of oscillation in the developing rat spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87:1094-105. [PMID: 11826073 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00276.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural networks capable of generating coordinated rhythmic activity form at early stages of development in the spinal cord. In this study, voltage-imaging techniques were used to examine the spatiotemporal pattern of rhythmic activity in transverse slices of lumbar spinal cord from embryonic and neonatal rats. Real-time images were recorded in slices stained with the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye RH414 using a 464-element photodiode array. Fluorescence signals showed spontaneous voltage oscillations with a frequency of 3 Hz. Simultaneous recordings of fluorescence and extracellular field potential demonstrated that the two signals oscillated with the same frequency and had a distinct phase relationship, indicating that the fluorescence changes represented changes in transmembrane potentials. The oscillations were reversibly blocked by cobalt (1 mM), indicating a dependence on Ca(2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Extracellular field potentials revealed oscillations with the same frequency in both stained and unstained slices. Oscillations were apparent throughout a slice, although their amplitudes varied in different regions. The largest amplitude oscillations were produced in the lateral regions. To examine the spatial organization of rhythm-generating networks, slices were cut into halves and quarters. Each fragment continued to oscillate with the same frequency as intact slices but with smaller amplitudes. This finding suggested that rhythm-generating networks were widely distributed and did not depend on long-range projections. In slices from neonatal rats, the oscillations exhibited a complex spatiotemporal pattern, with depolarizations alternating between mirror locations in the right and left sides of the cord. Furthermore, within each side depolarizations alternated between the lateral and medial regions. This medial-lateral pattern was preserved in hemisected slices, indicating that pathways intrinsic to each side coordinated this activity. A different pattern of oscillation was observed in slices from embryos with synchronous 3-Hz oscillations occurring in limited regions. Our study demonstrated that rhythm generators were distributed throughout transverse sections of the lumbar spinal cord and exhibited a complex spatiotemporal pattern of coordinated rhythmic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Demir
- Department of Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Antic S, Cohen LB, Lam YW, Wachowiak M, Zecevic D, Zochowski M. Fast multisite optical measurement of membrane potential: three examples. FASEB J 1999; 13 Suppl 2:S271-6. [PMID: 10619142 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.9002.s271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Antic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Chemotopic, combinatorial, and noncombinatorial odorant representations in the olfactory bulb revealed using a voltage-sensitive axon tracer. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9822753 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-23-09977.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor information is first represented in the brain by patterns of input activity across the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb (OB). To examine how odorants are represented at this stage of olfactory processing, we labeled anterogradely the axons of olfactory receptor neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye Di8-ANEPPQ in zebrafish. The activity induced by diverse natural odorants in afferent axons and across the array of glomeruli was then recorded optically. The results show that certain subregions of the OB are preferentially activated by defined chemical odorant classes. Within these subregions, "ordinary" odorants (amino acids, bile acids, and nucleotides) induce overlapping activity patterns involving multiple glomeruli, indicating that they are represented by combinatorial activity patterns. In contrast, two putative pheromone components (prostaglandin F2alpha and 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one-20-sulfate) each induce a single focus of activity, at least one of which comes from a single, highly specific and sensitive glomerulus. These results indicate that the OB is organized into functional subregions processing classes of odorants. Furthermore, they suggest that individual odorants can be represented by "combinatorial" or "noncombinatorial" (focal) activity patterns and that the latter may serve to process odorants triggering distinct responses such as that of pheromones.
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Abstract
Developing networks of the chick spinal cord become spontaneously active early in development and remain so until hatching. Experiments using an isolated preparation of the spinal cord have begun to reveal the mechanisms responsible for this activity. Whole-cell and optical recordings have shown that spinal neurons receive a rhythmic, depolarizing synaptic drive and experience rhythmic elevations of intracellular calcium during spontaneous episodes. Activity is expressed throughout the neuraxis and can be produced by different parts of the cord and by the isolated brain stem, suggesting that it does not depend upon the details of network architecture. Two factors appear to be particularly important for the production of endogenous activity. The first is the predominantly excitatory nature of developing synaptic connections, and the second is the presence of prolonged activity-dependent depression of network excitability. The interaction between high excitability and depression results in an equilibrium in which episodes are expressed periodically by the network. The mechanism of the rhythmic bursting within an episode is not understood, but it may be due to a "fast" form of network depression. Spontaneous embryonic activity has been shown to play a role in neuron and muscle development, but is probably not involved in the initial formation of connections between spinal neurons. It may be important in refining the initial connections, but this possibility remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J O'Donovan
- Section of Developmental Neurobiology, Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wu JY, Lam YW, Falk CX, Cohen LB, Fang J, Loew L, Prechtl JC, Kleinfeld D, Tsau Y. Voltage-sensitive dyes for monitoring multineuronal activity in the intact central nervous system. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1998; 30:169-87. [PMID: 10188925 DOI: 10.1023/a:1003295319615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical monitoring of activity provides new kinds of information about brain function. Two examples are discussed in this article. First, the spike activity of many individual neurons in small ganglia can be determined. Second, the spatiotemporal characteristics of coherent activity in the brain can be directly measured. This article discusses both general characteristics of optical measurements (sources of noise) as well as more methodological aspects related to voltage-sensitive dye measurements from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wu
- Georgetown Institute of Cognitive and Computational Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Tsau Y, Wenner P, O'Donovan MJ, Cohen LB, Loew LM, Wuskell JP. Dye screening and signal-to-noise ratio for retrogradely transported voltage-sensitive dyes. J Neurosci Methods 1996; 70:121-9. [PMID: 9007751 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(96)00109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel method for retrogradely labeling specific neuronal populations, we tested different styryl dyes in attempt to find dyes whose staining would be specific, rapid, and lead to large activity dependent signals. The dyes were injected into the ventral roots of the isolated chick spinal cord from embryos at days E9-E12. The voltage-sensitive dye signals were recorded from synaptically activated motoneurons using a 464 element photodiode array. The best labeling and optical signals were obtained using the relatively hydrophobic dyes di-8-ANEPPQ and di-12-ANEPEQ. Over the 24 h period we examined, these dyes bound specifically to the cells with axons in the ventral roots. The dyes responded with an increase in fluorescence of 1-3% (delta F/F) in response to synaptic depolarization of the motoneurons. The signal-to-noise ratio obtained in a single trial from a detector that received light from a 14 x 14 microns2 area of the motoneuron population was about 10:1. Nonetheless, signals on neighboring diodes were similar, suggesting that we were not detecting the activity of individual neurons. Retrograde labeling and optical recording with voltage-sensitive dyes provides a means for monitoring the activity of identified neurons in situations where microelectrode recordings are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsau
- Department of Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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